Revision 109866 of "គាហ្គីស្ថាន" on kmwiki

{{Infobox Republic
|native_name              =<span style="line-height:1.33em;">Российская Федерация<br />Кыргыз Республикасы</span>
|conventional_long_name   =<span style="line-height:1.33em;">សហព័ន្ធ​គាហ្គីស</span>
|common_name              =គាហ្គីស្ថាន
|national_anthem          =Kyrgyz Respublikasynyn Mamlekettik Gimni{{spaces|2}}<small>(Russian)</small><br />''ភ្លេងជាតិសហព័ន្ធ​គាហ្គីស''{{spaces|2}}<small>
{| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0
|image_flag               =Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg
|image_coat              =National emblem of Kyrgyzstan.svg
|image_map              =LocationKyrgyzstan.svg
|map_width              =220px
|capital                  =[[ប៊ីសកេក]]
|latd=42|latm=52|latNS=N|longd=74|longm=36|longEW=E
|largest_city             =[[ប៊ីសកេក]]
|official_languages       =[[ភាសា​គាហ្គីស|គាហ្គីស]]; [[ភាសា​រុស្ស៊ី|រុស្ស៊ី]]
|ethnic_groups=៦៨.៩% គាហ្គីស<br />១៤,៤% អ៊ូបេគ<br />៩,១% រុស្ស៊ី<br />៧,៦% ផ្សេង
|demonym                  =គាហ្គីស
|government_type          =
|leader_title1            =[[ប្រធានាធិបតី​រុស្ស៊ី|ប្រធានាធិបតី]]
|leader_name1             =រូហ្សា​ អូទុនបាយីវ៉ា
|sovereignty_type         =[[ការ​បង្កើត]]
|established_event1       =[[សាធារណះរដ្ឋសូវៀតគាហ្គីស]]
|established_date1        =៥​ ធ្នូ ១៩៣៦
|established_event2       =ឯករាជ្យ
|established_date2        =២៥​ ធ្នូ ១៩៩១
|area_km2                 =១៩៩.៩០០
|area_sq_mi               =៧៧.១៨១
|area_rank                =ទី​៨៦
|area_magnitude           =
|percent_water            =៣.៦
|population_estimate      =៥.៤៨២.០០០
|population_estimate_year =២០០៩
|population_estimate_rank =ទី​១១០
|population_census = ៤.៨៩៦.១០០
|population_census_year    =១៩៩៩
|population_density_km2      =២៧.៤
|population_density_sq_mi    =៧១
|population_density_rank     =ទី​១៧៦
|GDP_PPP_year                =២០១០
|GDP_PPP                     =$១២.០១៦.០០០.០០០
|GDP_PPP_rank                =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita          =២.២៤៨
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank     =
|GDP_nominal                 =$៤.៦១៥.០០០.០០០
|GDP_nominal_rank            =
|GDP_nominal_year            =២០១០
|GDP_nominal_per_capita      =៨៦៣
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
|HDI_year                    =២០១០
|HDI                         ={{increase}} ០,៥៩៨
|HDI_rank                    =ទី​១០៩
|HDI_category                =<span style="color:#090;">medium</span>
|Gini                        =៣០.៣
|Gini_year                   =២០០៣
|currency                    =សុម
|currency_code               =KGS
|time_zone                   =
|utc_offset                  =+៦
|time_zone_DST               =
|utc_offset_DST              =
|drives_on                   =ស្ដាំ
|mail    = 
|cctld                       =[[.kg]]
|calling_code                =+៩៩៦
}}

គាហ្គីស្ថានជាប្រទេសនៅទ្វីប[[អាស៊ី]]។​ ព្រំដែន[[កាហ្សាក់ស្ថាន]] [[អ៊ូបេគីស្ថាន]] [[តាជីគីស្ថាន]] និង [[ចិន]]។


{{About|the country|the airline|Kyrgyzstan (airline)}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name              = Кыргыз Республикасы<br />''Kyrgyz Respublikasy''
|conventional_long_name   = Kyrgyz Republic
|common_name              = Kyrgyzstan
|image_flag               = Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg
|image_coat               = National emblem of Kyrgyzstan.svg
|symbol_type              = Emblem
|national_anthem          = ''[[National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic|Kyrgyz Respublikasynyn Mamlekettik Gimni]]''<br/>''National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic''</center><br>[[File:National Anthem of Kyrgyzstan.ogg]]
|ethnic_groups            = 68.9% [[Kyrgyzs|Kyrgyz]]<br />14.4% [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]]<br />9.1% [[Russians|Russian]]<br />7.6% others
|image_map                = LocationKyrgyzstan.svg
|official_languages       = [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] <small>(State)</small><br /> [[Russian language|Russian]] <small>(official)</small><ref>{{cite web | url= http://eng.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=47| title= Constitution | accessdate= 2009-09-23 | publisher= [[Government of Kyrgyzstan]] | quote= <br />Article 5<br />1. The state language of the Kyrgyz Republic shall be the Kyrgyz language.<br />2. In the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian language shall be used in the capacity of an official language.}}</ref>
|demonym                  = Kyrgyz<br />Kyrgyzstani<ref name="factbook">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kg.html CIA World Factbook entry on Kyrgysztan]</ref>
|government_type          = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[parliamentary republic]]
|leader_title1            = [[President of Kyrgyzstan|President]]
|leader_name1             = [[Almazbek Atambayev]]
|leader_title2            = [[Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan|Prime Minister]]
|leader_name2             = [[Omurbek Babanov]]
|leader_title3            = [[List of Chairmen of the Legislative Assembly of Kyrgyzstan|Speaker of Parliament]]
|leader_name3             = [[Asylbek Jêênbekov]]<ref>[http://lenta.ru/news/2011/12/21/kyrgyz/ Lenta.ru: Спикером киргизского парламента стал соратник президента(Russian)]</ref><ref>[http://www.news-asia.ru/view/2254 Kyrgyz parliamentarians elected a new speaker(Russian)]</ref>
|legislature              = [[Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan|Supreme Council]]
|capital                  = [[Bishkek]]
|latd                     = 42
|latm                     = 52
|latNS                    = N
|longd                    = 74
|longm                    = 36
|longEW                   = E
|largest_city             = capital
|area_km2                 = 199,900
|area_sq_mi               = 77,181 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|area_magnitude           = 1 E11
|area_rank                = 86th
|percent_water            = 3.6
|population_estimate      = 5,550,239
|population_estimate_year = 2010
|population_estimate_rank = 110th
|population_census        = 5,362,800
|population_census_year   = 2009
|population_density_km2   = 27.4
|population_density_sq_mi = 71 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank  = 176th
|GDP_PPP_year             = 2011
|GDP_PPP                  = $13.125 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=29&pr.y=7&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=917&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Kyrgyzstan|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2012-04-18}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_rank             = 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita       = $2,372<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  = 
|GDP_nominal              = $5.920 billion<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_year         = 2011
|GDP_nominal_per_capita   = $1,070<ref name=imf2/>
|HDI_year                 = 2010 <!-- Please use the year in which the HDI data refers to and not the publication year -->
|HDI                      = {{increase}} 0.598<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_KGZ.html|title=Human Development Report 2009: Kyrgyzstan|publisher=The United Nations|accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref>
|HDI_rank                 = 109th
|HDI_category             = <span style="color:#fc0;">medium</span>
|Gini                     = 30.3
|Gini_year                = 2003
|Gini_category            = <span style="color:#fc0;">medium</span>
|sovereignty_type         = [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)|Independence]]
|sovereignty_note         = from the [[Soviet Union]]
|established_event1       = [[Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast|Established]]
|established_date1        = 14 October 1924
|established_event2       = [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Kirghiz SSR]]
|established_date2        = 5 December 1936
|established_event3       = Declared
|established_date3        = 31 August 1991
|established_event4       = Recognized
|established_date4        = 25 December 1991
|currency                 = [[Kyrgyzstani Som|Som]]
|currency_code            = KGS
|time_zone                = [[Kyrgyzstan Time|KGT]]
|utc_offset               = +5 to +6
|time_zone_DST            = 
|utc_offset_DST           = 
|drives_on                = right
|cctld                    = [[.kg]]
|calling_code             = +996
|footnotes                = 
}}
'''Kirgizstan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɨ|r|ɡ|ɨ|s|t|ɑː|n}} {{respell|KIR|gi-zstahn}}) ([[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]: {{linktext|Кыргызстан}}, {{lang-ru|}} {{linktext|Киргизстан}} or {{linktext|Кыргызстан}} or {{linktext|Киргизия}}) or '''Kyrgyzstan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɜː|ɡ|ɨ|s|t|ɑː|n}} {{respell|KUR|gi-stahn}}), officially the '''Kirgiz Republic''' or '''Kyrgyz Republic''' is a nation located in [[Central Asia]]. [[Landlocked]] and [[mountain]]ous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by [[Kazakhstan]] to the north, [[Uzbekistan]] to the west, [[Tajikistan]] to the southwest and [[China]] to the east. Its [[Capital city|capital]] and [[List of cities in Kyrgyzstan|largest city]] is [[Bishkek]].

Kyrgyzstan is officially a [[democratic]] [[parliamentary republic]]. [[2010 Kyrgyzstani revolution|A revolution in April 2010]] overthrew the former president [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]] and resulted in the adoption of a [[Constitution of Kyrgyzstan|new constitution]] and the appointment of an interim government. [[Kyrgyz presidential election, 2011|Presidential elections]] were held in November 2011. 

Kyrgyzstan is one of the active members of the [[Turkic Council]] and the [[TÜRKSOY]] community. The national language, [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], is also closely related to the other [[Turkic languages]], with which it shares strong cultural and [[Turkic peoples|historical ties]]. 

Additionally, Kyrgyzstan is a member of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], the [[Eurasian Economic Community]], the [[Non-aligned movement]] and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

==Etymology==
"[[Kyrgyz (disambiguation)|Kyrgyz]]" is believed to have been derived from the Turkic word for "forty", in reference to the forty clans of [[Epic of Manas|Manas]], a legendary hero who united forty regional clans against the [[Uyghur Khaganate|Uyghurs]]. Literally it means ''We are forty''. At the time, in the early 9th century AD, the Uyghurs dominated much of Central Asia (including Kyrgyzstan), Mongolia, and parts of Russia and China.<ref>[http://www.sras.org/news2.phtml?m=483 Forty tribes and the 40-ray sun on the flag of Kyrgyzstan], SRAS–The School of Russian and Asian Studies</ref>

The 40-ray sun on the [[flag of Kyrgyzstan]] is a reference to those same forty tribes and the graphical element in the sun's center depicts the wooden crown of a [[yurt]] – a portable dwelling traditionally used by nomads in the steppes of Central Asia.

==History==
{{Main|History of Kyrgyzstan}}

===Early history===
[[Image:NestorianTombstoneIssykKul1312.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Nestorian Church|Nestorian]] tombstone with inscriptions in [[Uyghur alphabet|Uyghur]], found in [[Issyk Kul]], dated 1312]]
According to David C. King, "[[Scythians]] were early settlers in present-day Kyrgyzstan"<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Kyrgyzstan |year=2005 |publisher= Marshall Cavendish| url=http://books.google.com/?id=UlVVmaoW260C |isbn=0-7614-2013-4 |pages= 144 |author1= King, David C |date= 2005-09 }}</ref>

As early as the 7th century, Turkic traders introduced Islam to Central Asia, including what is now Kyrgyzstan, through doing business with Arabic people.<ref name="Kyrgyzstan timeline">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1296570.stm |title=Kyrgyzstan timeline |publisher=BBC News |date=2010-06-12}}</ref> The [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] state reached its greatest expansion after, under the leadership of Jordan the Superior, defeating the [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] Khanate in 840 A.D.<ref name="Kyrgyzstan timeline"/> Then the Kyrgyz quickly moved as far as the [[Tian Shan]] range and maintained their dominance over this territory for about 200 years.

In the twelfth century, however, the Kyrgyz dominion had shrunk to the [[Altay Mountains|Altay]] Range and [[Sayan Mountains]] as a result of the [[Mongols before Genghis Khan|Mongol expansion]]. With the rise of the [[Mongol Empire]] in the thirteenth century, the Kyrgyz migrated south. The [[Mongol invasion of Central Asia|Kyrgyz were conquered]] by [[Genghis Khan]] in 1207.

[[Chinese people|Chinese]] and Muslim sources of the 7th–12th centuries AD describe the early Kyrgyz as red-haired with white skin and blue eyes, which is indicative of ancient Iranic mountain tribes like the Pamiri people or Dardic people.<ref name=Bartold>[[Vasily Bartold|V.V. Bartold]], ''The Kyrgyz: A Historical Essay'', Frunze, 1927. Reprinted in V.V. Bartold, ''Collected Works'', Volume II, Part 1, Izd. Vostochnoi Literatury, Moscow, 1963, p. 480 {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>[http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/20Roots/ZakievGenesis/ZakievGenesis302-357-2En.htm Mirfatyh Zakiev, ''Origins of the Turks and Tatars''], Part Two, Third Chapter, sections 109–100, 2002. Retrieved on 15 May 2009</ref> The descent of the Kyrgyz from the autochthonous [[Siberia]]n population is confirmed on the other hand by the recent genetic studies.<ref>[http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/PNAS_2001_v98_p10244.pdf The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity]</ref> Because of the processes of migration, conquest, intermarriage, and assimilation, many of the Kyrgyz peoples that now inhabit Central and Southwest Asia are of mixed origins, often stemming from fragments of many different tribes, though they now speak closely related languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/326091/Kyrgyzstan |year=2010 |accessdate=2010-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/342096 |author=Tatjana Zerjal ''et al.'' |title=A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |year=2002 |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=466–482 |pmid=12145751 |pmc=419996}}</ref>
[[File:Киргизские кибитки на реке Чу.jpg|thumb|Kyrgyz yurt, 1869-1870, by [[Vasily Vereshchagin]]]]
Issyk Kul Lake was a stopover on the [[Silk Road]], a land route for traders, merchants and other travelers from the Far East to Europe. Many historians believe that the lake was the point of origin for the [[Black Death]] that plagued [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] during the early and mid-14th century.<ref>[http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/n-s/silkroute5.html The Silk Route – Channel 4]</ref>

Kyrgyz tribes were overrun in the 17th century by the Mongol [[Oirats]], in the mid-18th century by the [[Manchu]] Qing Dynasty, and in the early 19th century by the Uzbek [[Khanate of Kokand]].<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/kyrgyzstan/2.htm Kyrgyzstan–Mongol Domination]" [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref>

===Russian era===
[[File:Перекочевка киргизов.jpg|thumb|Kyrgyz nomads, 1869-1870, by Vasily Vereshchagin]]
In the late nineteenth century, the majority part of what is today Kyrgyzstan was ceded to Russia through two treaties between China (then [[Qing Dynasty]]) and Russia. The territory, then known in Russian as "Kirgizia", was formally incorporated into the [[Russian Empire]] in 1876. The Russian takeover was met with numerous revolts against Tsarist authority, and many of the Kyrgyz opted to move to the [[Pamir Mountains]] and [[Afghanistan]].

In addition, the suppression of the [[Central Asian Revolt|1916 rebellion]] against Russian rule in [[Central Asia]] caused many Kyrgyz later to migrate to [[China]].<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/10.htm Uzbekistan – The Jadidists and Basmachis]". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> Since many ethnic groups in the region were (and still are) split between neighboring states at a time when borders were more porous and less regulated, it was common to move back and forth over the mountains, depending on where life was perceived as better; this might mean better rains for pasture or better government during oppression.

===Soviet era===

[[File:Bischkek.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bishkek]]]] 

[[File:E7901-Bishkek-museum-Lenin-carpet.jpg|thumb|right|Displays in the former Lenin Museum (now part of the National Museum) celebrated Kyrgyzstan's membership in the Soviet Union]]

Soviet power was initially established in the region in 1919, and the [[Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast]] was created within the [[Russian SFSR]] (the phrase Kara-Kirghiz was used until the mid-1920s by the Russians to distinguish them from the Kazakhs, who were also referred to as Kirghiz). On 5 December 1936, the [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic]] was established as a full republic of the [[Soviet Union]].

During the 1920s, Kyrgyzstan developed considerably in cultural, educational and social life. [[Literacy]] was greatly improved, and a standard literary language was introduced by imposing Russian on the populace. Economic and social development also was notable. Many aspects of Kyrgyz national culture were retained despite the suppression of nationalist activity under [[Joseph Stalin]], and, therefore, tensions with the all-Union authorities were constant.

The early years of [[glasnost]] had little effect on the political climate in Kyrgyzstan. However, the Republic's press was permitted to adopt a more liberal stance and to establish a new publication, ''Literaturny Kirghizstan'', by the Union of Writers. Unofficial political groups were forbidden, but several groups that emerged in 1989 to deal with the acute housing crisis were permitted to function.

In 1989 protests flared up against the discriminatory policy of the Soviet government directed at pushing ethnic Kyrgyz inhabitants out of major cities, which could then be occupied by new settlers from Russia and the other Soviet republics. {{Citation needed| date=July 2010}}

According to the last Soviet census in 1989, ethnic Kyrgyz made up only 22% of the residents of the northern city of [[Bishkek|Frunze]] (now Bishkek), while more than 60% were Russians, Ukrainians, and people from other [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] nations (only 36 percent of Bishkek residents surveyed said Russian was their first language).<ref>{{cite web|last=Djumataeva |first=Venera |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Kyrgyz_Protests_in_1989_Verged_On_Ethnic_Conflict/1901704.html |title=1989 Kyrgyz Protests Verged On Ethnic Conflict |publisher=Rferl.org |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>

In June 1990, ethnic tensions between [[Uzbeks]] and Kyrgyz surfaced in [[Osh Oblast]] (southern Kyrgyzstan), where Uzbeks form a majority of the population.<ref name="conflict">{{cite news |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=33728 |title=KYRGYZSTAN: Economic disparities driving inter-ethnic conflict |publisher=[[IRIN]] Asia |date=2006-02-15}}</ref> Attempts to appropriate Uzbek collective farms for housing development triggered the [[Osh riots (1990)|Osh Riots]]. A state of emergency and curfew were introduced<ref>"[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav012506.shtml Ethnic Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan Voice Complaints Over Discrimination, Corruption]". EurasiaNet.org. January 24, 2006.</ref> and [[Askar Akayev]], the youngest of five sons born into a family of collective farm workers (in northern Kyrgyzstan), was elected President in October of that same year.

By then, the [[Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement]] (KDM) had developed into a significant political force with support in Parliament. In December 1990, the Supreme Soviet voted to change the republic's name to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. (In 1993, it became the Kyrgyz Republic.) The following January, Akayev introduced new government structures and appointed a new government composed mainly of younger, reform-oriented politicians. In February 1991, the name of the capital, Frunze, was changed back to its pre-revolutionary name of [[Bishkek]].

Despite these political moves toward independence, economic realities seemed to work against secession from the Soviet Union. In a referendum on the preservation of the Soviet Union in March 1991, 88.7% of the voters approved the proposal to retain the Soviet Union as a "renewed federation". Nevertheless, secessionist forces pushed Kyrgyzstan's independence through in August of that same year.

On 19 August 1991, when the [[State Emergency Committee]] assumed power in [[Moscow]], there was an attempt to depose Akayev in Kyrgyzstan. After the coup collapsed the following week, Akayev and Vice President German Kuznetsov announced their resignations from the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU), and the entire bureau and secretariat resigned. This was followed by the Supreme Soviet vote declaring independence from the Soviet Union on 31 August 1991 as the '''Republic of Kyrgyzstan'''.

===Independence===
In October 1991, Akayev ran unopposed and was elected president of the new independent Republic by direct ballot, receiving 95% of the votes cast. Together with the representatives of seven other Republics that same month, he signed the Treaty of the New Economic Community. Finally, on 21 December 1991, Kyrgyzstan joined with the other four Central Asian Republics to formally enter the new [[Commonwealth of Independent States]]. Kyrgyzstan gained full independence a few days later on 25 December 1991. The following day, 26 December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. In 1992, Kyrgyzstan joined the [[United Nations]] and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE).

On 5 May 1993, the "Republic of Kyrgyzstan" was renamed the "Kyrgyz Republic".

Political stability appeared to be elusive, however, as various groups and factions allegedly linked to [[organized crime]] jockeyed for power. Three of the 75 members of Parliament elected in March 2005 were assassinated, and another member was assassinated on 10 May 2006 shortly after winning his murdered brother's seat in a by-election. All four are reputed to have been directly involved in major illegal business ventures.
[[Image:Central Asia Ethnic en.svg|thumb|right|250px|Ethnolinguistic map of Central Asia in 1992]]
Current concerns{{When|date=June 2010}} in Kyrgyzstan include privatisation of state-owned enterprises, expansion of [[Western world|Western]] influence, inter-ethnic relations and terrorism.

On 6 April 2010, [[2010 Kyrgyzstan riots|civil unrest broke out]] in the town of [[Talas, Kyrgyzstan|Talas]], spreading to the capital [[Bishkek]] by the following day. Protesters attacked President [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]]'s offices, as well as state-run radio and television stations. As a result, Bakiyev declared a state of emergency. Reports say that at least 80 people died as a result of clashes with police.<ref>[http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AS_KYRGYZSTAN_PROTEST?SITE=NCGRE&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT], Associated Press</ref> A transition government, led by former foreign minister [[Roza Otunbayeva]], by 8 April 2010 had taken control of state media and government facilities in the capital, but Bakiyev had not resigned from office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/04/09/Expert-Kyrgysztan-could-face-civil-war/UPI-78531270835021/ |title=Expert: Kyrgysztan could face civil war |publisher=UPI.com |date=2010-04-09 |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Fri&nbsp;Apr&nbsp;9, 12:50&nbsp;pm&nbsp;ET |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20100409/wl_afp/kyrgyzstanunrestpolitics_20100409165057;_ylt=ArwrcVMlZCzj3i_zXOzgftyQOrgF;_ylu=X3oDMTJ2cmp1NG40BGFzc2V0A2FmcC8yMDEwMDQwOS9reXJneXpzdGFudW5yZXN0cG9saXRpY3MEcG9zAzEEc2VjA3luX3BhZ2luYXRlX3N1bW1hcnlfbGlzdARzbGsDb3V |title=Ousted Kyrgyz president is offered 'safe passage' – Yahoo! News |publisher=News.yahoo.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

President [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]] returned to his home in [[Jalal-Abad]] and stated his terms of resignation at a 13 April 2010 press conference.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8617729.stm |title=Kyrgyz President Bakiyev 'will resign if safe' |publisher=BBC News |date=2010-04-13 |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> On 15 April 2010, Bakiyev left the country and flew to neighboring [[Kazakhstan]], along with his wife and two children. The country's provisional leaders announced that Bakiyev signed a formal letter of resignation prior to his departure.<ref name="yahoo1">{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100415/ap_on_re_as/as_kyrgyzstan |title=Kyrgyzstan's deposed president flies to Kazakhstan – Yahoo! News |publisher=News.yahoo.com |date=2010-04-09 |accessdate=2010-04-17}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

===2010 riots===
====April riots====
{{Main|2010 Kyrgyzstani riots}}
{{plot|section|date=January 2012}}
On 6 April 2010, a demonstration in [[Talas, Kyrgyzstan|Talas]] protested against government corruption and increased living expenses. The protests turned violent and spread nationwide. There were conflicting reports that Interior Minister [[Moldomusa Kongatiyev]] had been beaten. On 7 April 2010, Kyrgyz President [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]] imposed a state of emergency. Police and special services arrested many opposition leaders. In response, protesters took control of the internal security headquarters (former [[KGB]] headquarters) and a state television channel in the capital, Bishkek.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} Reports by Kyrgyzstan government officials indicated that at least 75 people were killed and 458 hospitalized in bloody clashes with police in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |author=Maxim Tkachenko |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/04/08/kyrgyzstan.violence/index.html?iref=allsearch |title=Kyrgyz president says he won't resign |publisher=CNN |date= 2010-04-09 |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref>

Prime Minister [[Daniar Usenov]] accused Russia of supporting the protests; this accusation was denied by Russian Prime Minister, [[Vladimir Putin]]. Opposition members also called for the closing of the US controlled [[Manas Air Base]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=10305761 |title=ABC News |publisher=ABC News |date=2010-04-07 |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref> On 15 April 2010, Bakiyev left the country and flew to neighboring [[Kazakhstan]], along with his wife and two children. The country's provisional leaders announced that Bakiyev signed a formal letter of resignation prior to his departure.<ref name="yahoo1"/><ref>{{cite news|author=By the CNN Wire Staff |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/04/15/kyrgystan.gunfire/index.html?hpt=T2 |title=Ousted Kyrgyz president quits, leaves country |publisher=CNN |date= 2010-04-16 |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref>

Russia's President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] ordered measures to ensure the safety of Russian nationals and tighten security around Russian sites in Kyrgyzstan to protect them against possible attacks.

{{Main|2010 South Kyrgyzstan riots}}
Clashes occurred between the two main ethnic groups—the Uzbeks and Kyrgyz—in [[Osh]], the second largest city in the country, on 11 June 2010.  The clashes incited fears that the country could be heading towards a civil war.<ref>{{cite news |author=By the BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/asia_pacific/10296635.stm|title=There are clashes in the Kyrgyzstan again |publisher=BBC |date= 2010-06-11 |accessdate=2010-06-11}}</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2007709,00.html "Signs of Uzbek Persecution Rising in Kyrgyzstan"]</ref>

Finding it difficult to control the situation, [[Roza Otunbayeva]], the interim leader, sent a letter to Russian president Dimitry Medvedev asking him to send Russian troops to help the country control the situation. Medvedev's Press Attaché, [[Natalya Timakova]], said in a reply to the letter, "It is an internal conflict and for now Russia does not see the conditions for taking part in its resolution". The clashes caused a shortage of food and other essential commodities with more than 200 killed and 1,685 people hurt, {{As of|2010|06|12|lc=on}}. The Russian government, however, said it would be sending humanitarian aid to the troubled nation.<ref name="By2010">{{cite news|author= By the BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/asia_pacific/10300348.stm|title=Kyrgyz president asks for Russian help|publisher=BBC |date= 2010-06-12|accessdate=2010-06-12}}</ref>

According to local sources, there was a clash between two local gangs and it did not take long for the violence to spread to the rest of the city. There were also reports that the armed forces supported ethnic Kyrgyz gangs entering the city, but the government denied the allegations.<ref name="By2010" />

Ethnic fighting continued into a third day as armed groups, mainly Kyrgyz, continued to threaten local Uzbeks. By 13 June 2010, the unrest had claimed about 100 lives, while the number injured had increased to over 1,000. The riots spread to neighboring areas, and the government declared a state of emergency in the entire southern [[Jalal-Abad]] region. To control the situation, the interim government gave special shoot-to-kill powers to the security forces. The Russian government decided to send a battalion to the country to protect Russian facilities.<ref name="By the BBC">{{cite news|author= By the BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/asia_pacific/10304165.stm|title=Situation worsens in Kyrgyzstan|publisher=bbc.co.uk |date= 2010-06-13|accessdate=2010-06-13}}</ref>

The interim president, Roza Otunbayeva, accused the family of ousted president [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]] of "instigating the riots".<ref>{{cite news|author= The Indian Express |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/russia-turns-down-kyrgyz-call-for-help-as-toll-rises/633045/0|title=Ousted Kyrgyz President's family blamed| publisher=http://www.indianexpress.com| date= |accessdate=2010-06-13}}</ref> AFP reported "a veil of smoke covering the whole city". Authorities in neighboring [[Uzbekistan]] said at least 30,000 Uzbeks had crossed the border to escape the riots.<ref name="By the BBC"/>

[[Osh]] became relatively calm on the 14 June 2010, but [[Jalal-Abad]] witnessed sporadic incidents of arson. The interim government accepted that the security situation was worsening nearing Jalal-Abad.{{Clarify|date=June 2010}} The entire region was still under a state of emergency as Uzbeks were reluctant to leave their houses for fear of attacks by the mobs. The [[United Nations]] decided to send an envoy to assess the situation.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|author= By the BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/asia_pacific/10307406.stm|title=Osh gets relatively calmer but Jalalabad flares up |publisher=BBC |date= 2010-06-14 |accessdate=2010-06-14}}</ref>

[[Temir Sariyev]], deputy chief of the interim government, said there were local clashes and that it was not possible [for the government] to fully control the situation. He added that there were not sufficient security forces to contain the violence. Media agencies reported on 14 June 2010 that the Russian government was considering a request by the Kyrgyz government. An emergency meeting of [[Collective Security Treaty Organisation]] (CSTO) was held on the same day (14 June) to discuss the role it could play in helping to end the violence. The deputy head of Uzbekistan's emergency services, Riza Ibragimov, confirmed the presence of more than 60,000 Uzbek refugees in [[Andijan Province]].<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/>

Ethnic violence waned, according to the Kyrgyz government, by 15 June 2010 and Kyrgyz president Roza Otunbayeva held a news conference on Tuesday (15 June 2010) and declared that there was no need for [[Russia]] to send in troops to quell the violence. There were at least 170 people left dead by 15 June 2010 but Pascale Meige Wagner of the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] said the [official] death toll was an underestimate. The UN High Commissioner told reporters in [[Geneva]] that evidence suggested that the violence seemed to have been staged up. The United Nations called for a "humanitarian corridor" to be set up to help the people affected by the riots and described the situation as a "tinder-box". There were fears that a referendum, which would pave the way for parliamentary style elections in October 2010, would be delayed but the Kyrgyz president calmed such fears by declaring that the referendum would be held as scheduled.<ref>{{cite news |author= By the BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/asia_pacific/10319247.stm |title=Violence wanes according to the Kyrgyz government |publisher=BBC |date= 2010-06-15|accessdate=2010-06-15}}</ref>

There were no reports of heavy fighting between the Kyrgyz and the Uzbeks on 16 June 2010 and UN airplanes with tents and other emergency aid started arriving in neighboring Uzbekistan. Russian government cargo airplanes carrying food and blankets also landed in [[Bishkek]]. According to the [[World Food Programme]], it had enough food in Kyrgyzstan to feed 87,000 people for two months.<ref name="http">{{cite news |author= By the BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/asia_pacific/10325589.stm|title=UN and Russian aid arrives |publisher=BBC |date= 2010-06-16 |accessdate=2010-06-16}}</ref>

The clashes left some 300,000 people internally displaced and Uzbek leaders wanted the UN peacekeeping force to intervene because they did not trust the Kyrgyz forces any longer.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/asia_pacific/10325589.stm As reported by the BBC]</ref> Another 100,000 refugees crossed the border into Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.N. doubles estimate of Uzbek refugees as crisis grows in Kyrgyzstan |publisher=The Washington Post |date=2010-06-18 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/17/AR2010061705954.html?hpid=sec-world}}</ref> Ethnic Uzbeks threatened to blow up an oil depot in Osh if they failed to get guarantees of protection. The United Nations said it believed that the attacks were "orchestrated, targeted and well-planned". Kyrgyz officials told the media that a person suspected to be behind the violence in Jalal-Abad had been detained.<ref name="http"/>

====Investigation====
On 2 August 2010, a Kyrgyz government commission began investigating the causes of the clashes. Members of the National Commission, led by former parliament speaker Abdygany Erkebaev, met with people from the predominantly ethnic Uzbek villages of Mady, Shark, and Kyzyl-Kyshtak in the Kara-Suu district of Osh Oblast. This National Commission, including representatives of many ethnic groups, was established by a presidential decree.

The commission's preliminary report will be sent by 10 September 2010 to President Roza Otunbayeva, who had said that an international commission would also be formed to investigate the clashes.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Kyrgyz_Commission_Begins_Investigating_Ethnic_Clashes/2116620.html "Kyrgyz Commission Begins Investigating Ethnic Clashes"]</ref>

====Plot and repression====
In the aftermath of the turmoil, on 5 August 2010, Kyrgyz forces arrested party leader [[Urmat Baryktabasov]] on suspicion of plotting an overthrow of the government, after troops allegedly fired blank rounds into a crowd trying to join mass demonstrations near the Parliament in the capital Bishkek. Acting President Roza Otunbayeva said security forces seized firearms and grenades from him and 26 supporters.<ref>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1073641/1/.html "Attempted coup rocks tense Kyrgyzstan"]</ref>

==Politics==
{{Main|Politics of Kyrgyzstan}}
The [[1993–2010 Constitution of Kyrgyzstan|1993 constitution]] defines the form of government as a democratic republic. The executive branch includes a president and prime minister. The parliament currently is unicameral. The judicial branch comprises a Supreme Court, local courts and a Chief Prosecutor.
[[File:Atambayev.jpg|thumb|right|[[Almazbek Atambayev]], the president since December 2011.]]

In March 2002, in the southern district of [[Aksy]], five people protesting the arbitrary arrest of an opposition politician were shot dead by police, sparking nationwide protests. President [[Askar Akayev]] initiated a constitutional reform process which initially included the participation of a broad range of government, civil and social representatives in an open dialogue, leading to a February 2003 referendum marred by voting irregularities.

The amendments to the constitution approved by the referendum resulted in stronger control by the president and weakened the parliament and the Constitutional Court. Parliamentary elections for a new, 75-seat unicameral legislature were held on 27 February and 13 March 2005, but were widely viewed as corrupt. The subsequent protests led to a bloodless [[coup]] on 24 March 2005, after which Akayev fled the country and was replaced by acting president [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]] (see: [[Tulip Revolution]]).

On 10 July 2005, acting president Bakiyev won the [[Kyrgyz presidential election, 2005|presidential election]] in a landslide, with 88.9% of the vote, and was inaugurated on 14 August. However, initial public support for the new administration substantially declined in subsequent months as a result of its apparent inability to solve the corruption problems that have plagued the country since its independence from the Soviet Union, along with the murders of several members of parliament. Large-scale protests against president Bakiyev took place in Bishkek in April and November 2006, with opposition leaders accusing the president of failing to live up to his election promises to reform the country's constitution and transfer many of his presidential powers to parliament.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6124428.stm | title = Clashes erupt in Kyrgyz capital|accessdate = 21 November 2007 |publisher = BBC Online | date=2006-11-07}}</ref>

Kyrgyzstan is also a member of the [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE), a league of 56 participating states committed to peace, transparency, and the protection of human rights in Eurasia. As an OSCE participating State, Kyrgyzstan’s international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the [[U.S. Helsinki Commission]].

In December 2008, the state-owned broadcaster UTRK announced that it would require prior submission of [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] programmes, which UTRK are required to retransmit according to a 2005 agreement.<ref>{{cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=search&amp;docid=494b629e1e&amp;skip=0&amp;query=radio%20liberty%20kyrgyzstan |title=Refworld &#124; Demand for prior approval of [[RFE/RL programmes]] called "intolerable" |publisher=[[UNHCR]] |date=2008-12-17 |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> UTRK had stopped retransmitting RFE/RL programming on October 2008, a week after it failed to broadcast an RFE/RL programme called 'Inconvenient Questions' which covered the October elections, claiming to have lost the missing material. President Bakiyev had criticised this programme in September 2008, while UTRK told RFE/RL that its programming was too negative. [[Reporters Without Borders]], which ranks Kyrgyzstan 111th equal out of 173 countries on its [[Press Freedom Index]], strongly criticised the decision.

On 3 February 2009, President [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]] announced the imminent closure of the [[Manas Air Base]], the only US military base remaining in Central Asia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7868586.stm |title=Proposal to close the Manas Air Base |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-02-04 |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref> The closure was approved by Parliament on 19 February 2009 by 78–1 for the government-backed bill.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,496167,00.html Kyrgyz Parliament Approves U.S. base closure], 19 February 2009</ref> However, after much behind-the-scenes negotiation between Kyrgyz, Russian and American diplomats, the decision was reversed in June 2009. The Americans were allowed to remain under a new contract, whereby rent would increase from $17.4 million to $60 million annually.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/24/world/asia/24base.html?scp=24&sq=manas&st=cse In Reversal, Kyrgyzstan Won't Close a U.S. Base]</ref>

Kyrgyzstan is among the twenty countries in the world with the highest perceived level of corruption: the 2008 [[Corruption Perception Index]] for Kyrgyzstan is 1.8 on a scale of 0 (most corrupt) to 10 (least corrupt).<ref>{{cite web |title=2008 Corruption Perception Index |publisher=Transparency International |accessdate=2009-03-14 |url=http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2008/cpi2008/cpi_2008_table}}</ref>

[[Roza Otunbayeva]], who was appointed interim president after the [[2010 Kyrgyzstani revolution|April uprising]], announced that she did not intend to run for the [[Kyrgyz presidential election, 2011|Presidential elections in 2011]]. The election was held in November and won by [[Almazbek Atambayev]], leader of the [[Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan|Social Democratic Party]] and the then-Prime Minister. Atambayev was sworn in as the President on 1 December 2011 and [[Omurbek Babanov]] was appointed the new Prime Minister on the same day and was confirmed on 23 December 2011.

===Human rights===
{{Main|Human rights in Kyrgyzstan}}

In a move that alarmed human rights groups, dozens of prominent Uzbek religious and community leaders were arrested by security forces following the [[2010 South Kyrgyzstan riots]], including journalist and human rights activist [[Azimzhan Askarov]].<ref name="Kramer">{{cite news |title=Uzbeks Accused of Inciting Violence in Kyrgyzstan |author=Andrew E. Kramer |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/world/asia/02kyrgyzstan.html?scp=1&sq=askarov&st=cse |newspaper=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=1 July 2010 |accessdate=16 April 2011}}</ref>

===Military===
{{Main|Military of Kyrgyzstan}}

==Provinces and districts==
{{Main|Provinces of Kyrgyzstan|Raions of Kyrgyzstan}}
Kyrgyzstan is divided into seven [[province]]s (sing. ''[[oblast]]'' (область), pl. ''oblasttar'' (областтар)) administered by appointed governors. The capital, [[Bishkek]], and the second largest city [[Osh]] are administratively [[independent city|independent cities]] (''shaar'') with a status equal to a province.

{{Kyrgyzstan Provinces Image Map}}
The provinces, and independent cities, are as follows:
# [[Bishkek|City of Bishkek]]
# [[Batken Province|Batken]]
# [[Chuy Province|Chuy]]
# [[Jalal-Abad Province|Jalal-Abad]]
# [[Naryn Province|Naryn]]
# [[Osh Province|Osh]]
# [[Talas Province|Talas]]
# [[Issyk Kul Province|Issyk-Kul]]
# [[Osh|City of Osh]]

Each province comprises a number of districts (''[[raion]]s''), administered by government-appointed officials (''akim''). Rural communities (''ayıl ökmötü''), consisting of up to 20 small settlements, have their own elected [[mayor]]s and [[Local Government|councils]].

==Geography==
[[File:Kyrgyzstan.png|thumb|right|Map of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[File:Kyrgyzstan-mountains in summer panorama.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tian Shan]] mountain range in Kyrgyzstan.]]
[[File:Kyrgyzstan topography.pdf|thumb|right|Topography of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[File:Apple orchard.JPG|thumb|right|Orchard near in [[Issyk Kul Province]].]]
{{Main|Geography of Kyrgyzstan}}

Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country in [[Central Asia]], bordering [[Kazakhstan]], [[China]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]. It lies between latitudes [[39th parallel north|39°]] and [[44th parallel north|44° N]], and longitudes [[69th meridian east|69°]] and [[81st meridian east|81° E]]. It is farther from an ocean than any other country in the world although it does not contain the absolute farthest point from any ocean. That spot lies in the Xinjiang region of Northwestern China.  The mountainous region of the [[Tian Shan]] covers over 80% of the country (Kyrgyzstan is occasionally referred to as "the [[Switzerland]] of Central Asia", as a result),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/GC26Ag03.html | title = The Tulip Revolution takes root | first = Pepe | last = Escobar| accessdate = 21 November 2007 |publisher = Asia Times Online}}</ref> with the remainder made up of valleys and basins.

[[Issyk-Kul Lake]] in the north-eastern Tian Shan is the largest lake in Kyrgyzstan and the second largest mountain lake in the world after [[Titicaca]]. The highest peaks are in the Kakshaal-Too range, forming the Chinese border. [[Peak Jengish Chokusu]], at {{convert|7439|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, is the highest point and is considered by geologists to be the northernmost peak over {{convert|7000|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in the world. Heavy snowfall in winter leads to spring floods which often cause serious damage downstream. The runoff from the mountains is also used for [[hydro-electricity]].

Kyrgyzstan has significant deposits of metals including [[gold]] and [[rare earth element|rare earth metals]]. Due to the country's predominantly mountainous terrain, less than 8% of the land is cultivated, and this is concentrated in the northern lowlands and the fringes of the Fergana Valley.

[[Bishkek]] in the north is the capital and largest city, with approximately 900,000 inhabitants (as of 2005). The second city is the ancient town of [[Osh]], located in the Fergana Valley near the border with Uzbekistan. The principal river is the [[Kara Darya]], which flows west through the Fergana Valley into Uzbekistan. Across the border in Uzbekistan it meets another major Kyrgyz river, the [[Naryn River|Naryn]].

The confluence forms the [[Syr Darya]], which originally flowed into the [[Aral Sea]]. {{As of|2010}}, it no longer reaches the sea, as its water is withdrawn upstream to irrigate cotton fields in [[Tajikistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], and southern [[Kazakhstan]]. The [[Chu River]] also briefly flows through Kyrgyzstan before entering Kazakhstan.

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Kyrgyzstan}}
The climate varies regionally. The south-western [[Fergana Valley]] is [[subtropical climate|subtropical]] and extremely hot in [[summer]], with temperatures reaching {{convert|40|°C}} The northern [[foothill]]s are [[temperate climate|temperate]] and the [[Tian Shan]] varies from dry [[continental climate|continental]] to [[polar climate]], depending on elevation. In the coldest areas temperatures are sub-zero for around 40 days in winter, and even some [[desert]] areas experience constant snowfall in this period.

===Enclaves and exclaves===
There is one [[Enclave and exclave|exclave]], the tiny village of [[Barak, Kyrgyzstan|Barak]]<ref>[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav060603.shtml# The exclave of Barak, Kyrgyzstan in Uzbekistan]. Retrieved on 2 May 2009</ref> (population 627), in the [[Fergana Valley]]. The village is surrounded by [[Uzbekistan|Uzbek]] territory. It is located on the road from [[Osh]] (Kyrgyzstan) to Khodjaabad (Uzbekistan) about 4&nbsp;km north-west from the Kyrgyz–Uzbek border in the direction of [[Andijan]].<ref>[http://geosite.jankrogh.com/kyrgyzstan.htm Map showing the location of the Kyrgyz exclave Barak]. Retrieved on 2 May 2009</ref> Barak is administratively part of [[Kara-Suu District]] in Kyrgyzstan's [[Osh Province]].

There are four Uzbek [[enclave and exclave|enclaves]] within Kyrgyzstan. Two of them are the towns of [[Sokh]] (area {{convert|325|km2|abbr=on}} and a population of 42,800 in 1993, although some estimates go as high as 70,000; 99% are [[Tajik people|Tajiks]], the remainder [[Uzbeks]]) and [[Shohimardon|Shakhimardan]] (also known as Shahimardan, Shohimardon, or Shah-i-Mardan, area {{convert|90|km2|abbr=on}} and a population of 5,100 in 1993; 91% are Uzbeks, the remainder [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]); the other two are the tiny territories of Chong-Kara (roughly 3&nbsp;km long by 1&nbsp;km wide or 2&nbsp;mi by 0.6&nbsp;mi) and Jangy-ayyl (a dot of land barely 2 or 3&nbsp;km across). Chong-Kara is on the [[Sokh river]], between the Uzbek border and the Sokh enclave. Jangy-ayyl is about {{convert|60|km}} east of [[Batken]], in a northward projection of the Kyrgyz-Uzbek border near [[Khalmion]].

There also are two enclaves belonging to [[Tajikistan]]: [[Vorukh]] (exclave area between {{convert|95|-|130|km2|abbr=on}}, population estimated between 23,000 and 29,000, 95% Tajiks and 5% Kyrgyz, distributed among 17 villages), located {{convert|45|km}} south of [[Isfara]] on the right bank of the Karafshin river, and a small settlement near the Kyrgyz railway station of [[Kairagach]].

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Kyrgyzstan}}
[[File:BishkekBuildings.jpg|thumb|Old and new [[Bishkek]] buildings]]

Kyrgyzstan was the second poorest country in the former [[Soviet Union]], and is today the second poorest country in [[Central Asia]]. According to CIA World Factbook, in 2011, a third of the country's population lived below the poverty line<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2046.html CIA World Factbook. "Percentage of population below the poverty line by country"]</ref>. [[File:Kyrgyzstan Export Treemap.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Graphical depiction of Kyrgyzstan 's product exports in 28 color coded categories.]] Despite the backing of major Western lenders, including the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), the [[World Bank]] and the [[Asian Development Bank]], Kyrgyzstan has had economic difficulties following independence. Initially, these were a result of the breakup of the Soviet trading bloc and resulting loss of markets, which impeded the republic's transition to a demand economy.

The government has reduced expenditures, ended most price subsidies and introduced a [[value-added tax]]. Overall, the government appears committed to the transition to a [[market economy]]. Through economic stabilization and reform, the government seeks to establish a pattern of long-term consistent growth. Reforms led to Kyrgyzstan's accession to the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) on 20 December 1998.

The Kyrgyz economy was severely affected by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the resulting loss of its vast market. In 1990, some 98% of Kyrgyz exports went to other parts of the Soviet Union. Thus, the nation's economic performance in the early 1990s was worse than any other former Soviet republic except war-torn [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Tajikistan]], as factories and state farms collapsed with the disappearance of their traditional markets in the former Soviet Union. While economic performance has improved considerably in the last few years, and particularly since 1998, difficulties remain in securing adequate [[Fiscal Policy|fiscal]] revenues and providing an adequate [[social safety net]]. [[Remittance]]s of around 800,000 Kyrgyz migrants working in Russia represent 40% of Kyrgyzstan's GDP.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6373KT20100408 |title=Kyrgyz unrest plays into regional rivalry |publisher=Reuters |date=2010-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav040309e.shtml |title=Kyrgyzstan: Returning Labor Migrants are a Cause for Concern |publisher=EurasiaNet.org |date=2009-04-02}}</ref>

[[File:Kyrgyz Manaschi, Karakol.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A man wearing a traditional [[Kalpak]] hat]]

[[Agriculture]] is an important sector of the economy in Kyrgyzstan (see [[agriculture in Kyrgyzstan]]). By the early 1990s, the private agricultural sector provided between one-third and one-half of some harvests. In 2002, agriculture accounted for 35.6% of GDP and about half of employment. Kyrgyzstan's terrain is mountainous, which accommodates [[livestock]] raising, the largest agricultural activity, so the resulting [[wool]], [[meat]] and [[dairy product]]s are major commodities. Main crops include [[wheat]], [[sugar beets]], [[potatoes]], [[cotton]], [[tobacco]], [[vegetables]], and [[fruit]]. As the prices of imported [[agrichemicals]] and [[petroleum]] are so high, much farming is being done by hand and by horse, as it was generations ago. Agricultural processing is a key component of the industrial economy as well as one of the most attractive sectors for foreign investment.

[[File:E7919-Dordoy-Bazaar-clothing.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dordoy Bazaar]]]]

Kyrgyzstan is rich in mineral resources but has negligible [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]] reserves; it imports petroleum and gas. Among its mineral reserves are substantial deposits of [[coal]], [[gold]], [[uranium]], [[antimony]], and other valuable metals. [[Metallurgy]] is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment in this field. The government has actively encouraged foreign involvement in extracting and processing gold. The country's plentiful water resources and mountainous terrain enable it to produce and export large quantities of [[hydroelectric energy]].

On a local level, the economy is primarily kiosk in nature. A large amount of local commerce occurs at bazaars and small village kiosks in country regions. A significant amount of trade is unregulated. There is also a scarcity of common everyday consumer items{{Specify|date=July 2009}} <!-- "May not represent a worldwide view of the subject" – we apparently don't have an inline tag for this, so I'm using "specify". Something that is a "common everyday consumer item" in one country may not be in another. --> in remote villages. Thus a large number of homes are quite self-sufficient with respect to food production. There is a distinct differentiation between urban and rural economies.

The principal exports are nonferrous metals and minerals, woolen goods and other agricultural products, electric energy and certain engineering goods. Imports include petroleum and natural gas, ferrous metals, chemicals, most machinery, wood and paper products, some foods and some construction materials. Its leading trade partners include [[Germany]], [[Russia]], [[China]], [[Kazakhstan]], and [[Uzbekistan]].

==Demographics==
[[File:Pyramide Kirghizistan.PNG|thumb|300px|right|Age distribution pyramid (2005)]]
{{Main|Demographics of Kyrgyzstan}}

Kyrgyzstan's population is estimated at 5.2 million in 2007.<ref name=ethnic/> Of those, 34.4% are under the age of 15 and 6.2% are over 65. The country is [[rural]]: only about one-third of population live in urban areas. The average [[population density]] is 25 people per km². 
The nation's largest [[ethnic group]] are the [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] people, who comprise 69% of the population (2007 estimate). Other ethnic groups include [[Russians]] (9.0%) concentrated in the north and [[Uzbeks]] (14.5%) living in the south. Small but noticeable minorities include [[Dungans]] (1.9%), [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] (1.1%), [[Tājik people|Tajiks]] (1.1%), [[Kazakhs]] (0.7%), and [[Ukrainians]] (0.5%) and other smaller ethnic minorities (1.7%). Kyrgyzstan has over 80 distinct ethnic groups in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/10_Things_You_Need_To_Know_About_The_Ethnic_Unrest_In_Kyrgyzstan/2071323.html |title=10 Things You Need To Know About The Ethnic Unrest In Kyrgyzstan |publisher=RFERL |date=2010-06-14}}</ref>

The Kyrgyz have historically been semi-[[nomad]]ic herders, living in round tents called [[yurt]]s and tending [[sheep]], [[horse]]s and [[yak]]s. This nomadic tradition continues to function seasonally (see [[transhumance]]) as herding families return to the high mountain pasture (or ''jailoo'') in the summer. The sedentary Uzbeks and Tajiks traditionally have farmed lower-lying irrigated land in the [[Fergana valley]].<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/kyrgyzstan/13.htm Kyrgyzstan – population]". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref>

Kyrgyzstan has undergone a pronounced change in its ethnic composition since independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=28550 |title=KYRGYZSTAN: Focus on post-Akayev Russian exodus |publisher=[[IRIN]] Asia |date=2005-04-19}}</ref> The percentage of ethnic Kyrgyz increased from around 50% in 1979 to nearly 70% in 2007, while the percentage of European ethnic groups (Russians, Ukrainians and Germans) as well as Tatars dropped from 35% to about 10%.<ref name=ethnic>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |title=Ethnic composition of the population in Kyrgyzstan 1999–2007 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref><ref name=census>[http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/census.pdf Population census for Kyrgyzstan, 1999] {{ru icon}}</ref> The percentage of ethnic Russians dropped from 29.2% in 1970 to 21.5% in 1989.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=YLeAxHLmgR8C&pg=PA15&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false |title=Migrant resettlement in the Russian federation: reconstructing 'homes' and 'homelands' |author=Moya Flynn |year=1994 |page=15 |isbn=1-84331-117-8}}</ref> Since 1991, huge numbers of [[Germans in Kyrgyzstan|Germans]], who in 1989 numbered 101,000 persons, have been emigrating to Germany.<ref>"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=XRXVbGwPgqIC&pg=PA132&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Kyrgyz – Children of Manas.]''". Petr Kokaisl, Pavla Kokaislova (2009). p.132. ISBN 80-254-6365-6</ref> Between 1991 and 2002, more than 600,000 people emigrated from Kyrgyzstan and the ethnic minority population declined from 47 to 33 percent.<ref name="conflict"/>
{{Largest cities of Kyrgyz Republic}}

==Languages==
Kyrgyzstan is one of the two former Soviet republics in Central Asia to retain [[Russian language|Russian]] as an [[official language]] ([[Kazakhstan]] is the other). It added the [[Kyrgyz language]] to become an officially bilingual country in September 1991. This bilingualism was intended to signal to the ethnic Russians that they were welcome in the new independent state, in an effort to avoid a [[brain drain]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] is a member of the [[Turkic languages|Turkic group]] of languages and was written in the [[Arabic alphabet]] until the twentieth century. [[Latin alphabet|Latin script]] was introduced and adopted in 1928, and was subsequently replaced by [[Cyrillic script#Kyrgyz|Cyrillic script]] in 1941.

Generally, people understand and speak Russian all over the country, except for some remote mountain areas.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} Russian is the mother tongue of the majority of Bishkek dwellers, and most business and political affairs are carried out in this language. Until recently, Kyrgyz remained a language spoken at home and was rarely used during meetings or other events. However, most parliamentary meetings today are conducted in Kyrgyz, with simultaneous interpretation available for those not speaking Kyrgyz.

==Sports==
{{See also|Rugby union in Kyrgyzstan}}

[[File:Bandy 2012. KYR - JPN.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Kyrgyzstan in red against Japan]]
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Kyrgyzstan. The official governing body is the [[Football Federation of Kyrgyz Republic]], which was founded in 1992, after the split of the [[Soviet Union]]. It administers the [[Kyrgyzstan national football team]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kyrgyzstan|url=http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=kgz/index.html|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=3 May 2011}}</ref>

[[Wrestling]] is also a very popular sport in Kyrgyzstan. In the [[2008 Summer Olympic Games]], two athletes from Kyrgyzstan won medals in [[Greco-Roman wrestling]]: [[Kanatbek Begaliev]] (silver) and [[Ruslan Tiumenbaev]] (bronze).<ref>{{cite web|title=Kyrgyzstan Olympic Medals|url=http://content.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/beijing/medals.aspx?cc=KGZ|publisher=USATODAY|accessdate=3 May 2011}}</ref>

[[Ice hockey]] has not been as popular in Kyrgyzstan, until the first [[Kyrgyzstan Championship (ice hockey)|Ice Hockey Championship]] was organized in 2009. In 2011, the [[Kyrgyzstan men's national ice hockey team]] won [[2011 Asian Winter Games]] Premier Division dominating in all six games with six wins. It was the first major international event that Kyrgyzstan's ice hockey team took part in.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lundqvist|first=Henrik|title=Kyrgyzstan wins the Asian Winter Games Premier Division 2011|url=http://www.eurohockey.com/article/259-kyrgyzstan-wins-the-asian-winter-games-premier-division-2011.html|publisher=EuroHockey|accessdate=3 May 2011}}</ref> The Kyrgyzstan men's ice hockey team joined the [[IIHF]] on July 2011.

[[Bandy]] is becoming increasingly popular in the country.[http://astana-almaty2011.kz/gis/menu/en/News_Center/article.aspx?flag=1&pagenum=1&id=1269] The Kyrgyz national team took Kyrgyzstan's first medal at the [[Asian Winter Games]], when they captured the bronze.[http://info.astana-almaty2011.kz/en/Comp.mvc/Info/MedalList/BAM400000] They played in the [[Bandy World Championship 2012]],[http://bandy2012.kz/en/teams.html] their first appearance in that tournament.<ref>[http://www.bandy.or.jp/_userdata/teampictureFeb2.jpg Team picture with Japan after their first meeting in the World Championships]</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Kyrgyzstan}}
[[File:Kyrgyz Musicians in Karakol.jpg|thumb|Musicians playing traditional Kyrgyz music.]]
* ''[[Manas (epic)|Manas]]'', an [[epic poem]]
* ''[[Komuz]]'', a three-stringed lute
* ''[[Tush kyiz]]'', large, elaborately embroidered wall hangings
* ''Shirdak'', flat cushions made in shadow-pairs<ref>{{cite web|author=Iliyas Aidar |url=http://www.kyrgyzstyle.kg/production/shirdaks/index.htm |title=Kyrgyz Style – Production – Souvenirs |publisher=Kyrgyzstyle.kg |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>
* Other [[textiles]], especially made from [[felt]]
* [[Falconry]]

===Traditions===
In addition to celebrating the [[New Year]] each January 1, Kyrgyz observe the traditional New Year festival [[Nowruz]] on the vernal equinox.  This spring holiday is celebrated with feasts and festivities such as the horse game [[Buzkashi|Ulak Tartish]].

Illegal, but still practiced, is the tradition of [[bride kidnapping]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/kyrgyzstan/thestory.html | title = Synopsis of ''"The Kidnapped Bride"'' | first = Petr | last = Lom| accessdate = 21 November 2007 | publisher = Frontline/World}}</ref>

It is debatable whether bride kidnapping is actually traditional. Some of the confusion may stem from the fact that [[arranged marriage]]s were traditional, and one of the ways to escape an arranged marriage was to arrange a consensual "kidnapping."<ref>Human Rights Watch Report "Reconciled to Violence: State Failure to Stop Domestic Abuse and Abduction of Women in Kyrgyzstan" published September 2006, Vol. 18, No.9.</ref>

===Flag===
The 40-rayed yellow sun in the center of the flag represents 40 warriors of the mythical hero [[Epic of Manas|Manas]]. The lines inside the sun represent the crown or tündük (Kyrgyz түндүк) of a yurt, a symbol replicated in many facets of Kyrgyz architecture. The red portion of the flag represents peace and openness of Kyrgyzstan.

===Religion===
{{See also|Islam in Kyrgyzstan|Christianity in Kyrgyzstan|Roman Catholicism in Kyrgyzstan|Buddhism in Kyrgyzstan}}
[[File:Karakol-Dungan-Mosque-Exterior-1.jpg|thumb|[[Karakol]] [[Dungan people|Dungan]] Mosque]]
[[Islam]] is the dominant religion of Kyrgyzstan: 80% of the population is [[Muslim]] while 17% follow [[Russian Orthodoxy]] and 3% other religions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5598.htm |title=Kyrgyzstan |publisher=State.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> A 2009 [[Pew Research Center]] report indicates a higher percentage of Muslims, with 86.3% of Kyrgyzstan's population adhering to Islam.<ref>[http://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Topics/Demographics/Muslimpopulation.pdf]</ref>

During Soviet times, [[state atheism]] was encouraged. Today, however, Kyrgyzstan is a [[secular state]], although [[Islam]] has exerted a growing influence in politics.<ref name=isn>{{cite web|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/news/sw/details.cfm?ID=18147 |title=ISN Security Watch – Islam exerts growing influence on Kyrgyz politics |publisher=Isn.ethz.ch |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref> For instance, there has been an attempt to arrange for officials to travel on ''[[hajj]]'' (the pilgrimage to [[Mecca]]) under a tax-free arrangement.<ref name=isn/> Kyrgyzstan is an overwhelmingly [[Sunni Muslim]] nation and adheres to the [[Hanafi|Hanafi school]] of thought.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiancontent.net/profiles/Kyrgyzstan.html |title=Kyrgyzstan – Quick facts, statistics and cultural notes |publisher=Canadiancontent.net |date=2005-04-04 |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>

While [[Islam in Kyrgyzstan]] is more of a cultural background than a devout daily practice for many, public figures have expressed support for restoring religious values. For example, [[human rights]] [[ombudsman]] Tursunbay Bakir-Ulu noted, "In this era of independence, it is not surprising that there has been a return to spiritual roots not only in Kyrgyzstan, but also in other post-communist republics. It would be immoral to develop a market-based society without an ethical dimension."<ref name=isn/>
[[File:Bishkek church 01.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Bishkek [[Orthodox Church]]]]
Additionally, [[Bermet Akayeva]], the daughter of [[Askar Akayev]], the former President of Kyrgyzstan, stated during a July 2007 interview that Islam is increasingly taking root across the nation.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav071707a.shtml |title=EurasiaNet Civil Society – Kyrgyzstan: Time to Ponder a Federal System – Ex-President's Daughter |publisher=Eurasianet.org |date=2007-07-17 |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref> She emphasized that many [[mosque]]s have recently been built and that the Kyrgyz are increasingly devoting themselves to Islam, which she noted was "not a bad thing in itself. It keeps our society more moral, cleaner."<ref name=autogenerated1 /> There is a contemporary [[Sufi]] order present which gives a somewhat different form of Islam than the orthodox Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Russia-Eurasia-China/Kyrgyz-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html |title=Religion and expressive culture – Kyrgyz |publisher=Everyculture.com |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>

[[File:GravesKyrgizstan.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional Islamic cemetery]]
The other faiths practiced in Kyrgyzstan include [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] and [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church|Ukrainian Orthodox]]{{Disambiguation needed|date=June 2011}} versions of [[Christianity]], practiced primarily by [[Russians]] and [[Ukrainians]] respectively. A small minority of ethnic Germans are also Christian, mostly [[Lutheran Church|Lutheran]] and [[Anabaptist]] as well as a [[Roman Catholic]] community of approximately 600.<ref>{{cite web |author=alexander drummer |url=http://www.zenit.org/article-28637?l=spanish |title=Kirguistán la Iglesia renace con 600 católicos |publisher=ZENIT |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asia.msu.edu/centralasia/Kyrgyzstan/religion.html |title=Religion in Kyrgyzstan |publisher=Asia.msu.edu |date=2010-03-04 |accessdate=2010-05-02}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

A few [[Animism|Animistic]] traditions survive, as do influences from [[Buddhism]] such as the tying of [[prayer flag]]s onto sacred trees, though some view this practice rooted within [[Sufi]] Islam.<ref>''[[Shaikh]] Muhammad Bin Jamil Zeno'', [[Muhammad Bin Jamil Zeno]], 2006, pg. 264</ref> There are also a small number of [[Bukharian Jews]] living in Kyrgyzstan, but during the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]] most fled to other countries, mainly the [[United States]] and [[Israel]].

On 6 November 2008, the Kyrgyzstan parliament unanimously passed a law increasing the minimum number of adherents for recognizing a religion from 10 to 200. It also outlawed "aggressive action aimed at [[proselytism]]", and banned religious activity in schools and all activity by unregistered organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/uspolicy/2008-11-20-voa3.cfm?CFID=188271229&CFTOKEN=71417934&jsessionid=88308e149b453d57c0db31644a6462815671 |title=Kyrgyzstan's Religious Law |publisher=Voanews.com |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref> It was signed by President [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]] on 12 January 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav011609c.shtml |title=Human Rights Activists Condemn New Religion Law |publisher=Eurasianet.org |date=2009-01-16 |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>

===Horse riding===
The traditional national sports reflect the importance of [[horse riding]] in Kyrgyz culture.

Very popular, as in all of Central Asia, is ''[[Buzkashi|Ulak Tartysh]]'', a [[team sports|team game]] resembling a cross between [[polo]] and [[rugby football|rugby]] in which two teams of riders wrestle for possession of the headless carcass of a goat, which they attempt to deliver across the opposition's goal line, or into the opposition's goal: a big tub or a circle marked on the ground.

Other popular games on horseback include:
* ''At Chabysh'' – a long-distance horse race, sometimes over a distance of more than 50&nbsp;km
* ''Jumby Atmai'' – a large bar of precious metal (the "jumby") is tied to a pole by a thread and contestants attempt to break the thread by shooting at it, while at a gallop
* ''[[Kyz Kuumai]]'' – a man chases a girl in order to win a kiss from her, while she gallops away; if he is not successful she may in turn chase him and attempt to beat him with her "kamchi" (horsewhip)
* ''Oodarysh'' – two contestants wrestle on horseback, each attempting to be the first to throw the other from his horse
* ''Tyin Emmei'' – picking up a coin from the ground at full gallop
[[Image:Issyk-Kulmeer.jpg|thumb|right|Southern shore of [[Issyk Kul Lake]].]]

===Public holidays===
{{Main|Public holidays in Kyrgyzstan}}
This is the list of public holidays in Kyrgyzstan:
* January 1 – New Year's Day
* January 7 – Russian Orthodox Christmas
* February 23 - Fatherland Defender's Day
* March 8 – Women's Day
* March 21 – [[Nooruz]], Iranian spring festival
* March 24 – Day of National Revolution
* May 1 – Labor Day
* May 5 – Constitution Day
* May 8 – Remembrance Day
* May 9 – Victory Day (end of World War II)
* August 31 – Independence Day
* November 7 - Day of the [[October Revolution|Great October Socialist Revolution]]
[[File:Yssykkoel-lake.jpg|thumb|Issyk Kul Lake]]
Two additional Muslim holidays ''Orozo Ait'' and ''Kurman Ait'' are defined by lunar calendar.

===Tourism===
One of the most popular tourist destination points in Kyrgyzstan is [[Issyk Kul Lake]]. Numerous hotels, vacation resorts, boarding houses and [[sanatorium]]s are located along its Northern shore. The most popular beach zones are in the city of [[Cholpon-Ata]] and the settlements nearby, such as Kara-Oi (Dolinka), Bosteri and Korumdy. The number of tourists visiting the lake was more than a million a year in 2006 and 2007. However, due to the economical and political instability in the region, the number has declined in recent years.<ref>{{cite web|first=Asel|title=Issyk-Kul: Chasing short-term profit |url=http://www.neweurasia.net/business-and-economics/issyk-kul-chasing-short-term-profit/ |publisher=New Eurasia |accessdate=3 May 2011}}</ref>

For those interested in trekking and camping, every region offers attractions and challenges. Some of the most popular locations for camping are southern Osh, the area between Naryn City and the Torugart pass, and the mountains and glaciers surrounding Karakol in Issyk-Kul.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} Local guides and porters can be hired from many tour companies in Bishkek and in the provincial capitals.

Skiing is still in its infancy as a tourism industry, but there is one fairly cheap and well-equipped base about a half-hour from Bishkek. The ski base of Toguz Bulak is 45&nbsp;km from Bishkek, on the way to Issyk Ata valley. In the Karakol Valley National Park, outside Karakol, there is also a ski base with three T-bars and rental equipment available of good quality.

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Kyrgyzstan}}
[[File:Auca.jpg|thumb|right|500px|[[American University of Central Asia]]]]
[[File:PUMD2.jpg|thumb|right|500px|[[Plato University of Management and Design in Bishkek]]]]
The school system in Kyrgyzstan includes primary (grades 1 to 4) and secondary (grades 5 to 11 (or sometimes 12)) divisions within one school. Children are usually accepted to primary schools at the age of 7. It is required that every child finishes 9 grades of school and receives a certificate of completion. Grades 10-11 are optional, but it is necessary to complete them to graduate and receive a state-accredited school diploma. To graduate, a student must complete the 11-year school course and pass 4 mandatory state exams in writing, maths, history and a foreign language.

There are 77 public schools in Bishkek (capitol) and more than 200 in the rest of the country. There are 55 higher educational institutions and universities in Kyrgyzstan, out of which 37 are state institutions.

Higher educational institutions in Kyrgyzstan include:
* [[International University Of Kyrgyzstan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iuk.kg |title=International University of Kyrgyzstan |publisher=Iuk.kg |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>
* [[University of Central Asia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucentralasia.org |title=University of Central Asia }}
</ref>
* [[American University of Central Asia]]
* Bishkek Humanities University
* [[International Ataturk-Alatoo University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaau.edu.kg |title=International Ataturk-Alatoo University |publisher=Iaau.edu.kg |date=2010-03-19 |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>
* [http://www.ksucta.kg/index.php?lang=en Kyrgyz State University of Construction, Transport and Architecture n.a. N. Isanov]
* [[Kyrgyz National University]]<ref>[http://www.university.kg Kyrgyz National University]</ref>
* [[Kyrgyz Technical University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ktu.aknet.kg/ |title=Kyrgyz Technical University |publisher=Ktu.aknet.kg |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>
* Kyrgyz State Pedagogical University, formerly Arabaev Kyrgyz State University<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kspu.edu.kg/ |title=Kyrgyz State Pedagogical University |publisher=Kspu.edu.kg |date=2009-08-11 |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>
* Kyrgyz Russian Slavonic University<ref>[http://www.krsu.edu.kg Kyrgyz Russian Slavonic University]</ref>
* Kyrgyz-Russian State University
* Kyrgyz-Turkish MANAS University<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manas.kg |title=Kyrgyz-Turkish MANAS University |publisher=Manas.kg |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>
* Social University (previously Kyrgyz-Uzbek University)
* Moskov Institute Of Law And Enterprise
* [[Osh State University]]<ref>[http://www.oshsu.kg Osh State University]</ref>
* Osh Technological University
* Plato University of Management and Design<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umd.edu.kg |title=Plato University of Management and Design |publisher=umd.edu.kg |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:E8102-Bishkek-West-Bus-Terminal.jpg|thumb|right|Bishkek West Bus Terminal]]
{{Main|Transport in Kyrgyzstan}}
Transport in Kyrgyzstan is severely constrained by the country's alpine topography. Roads have to snake up steep valleys, cross passes of {{convert|3000|m|ft}} altitude and more, and are subject to frequent mud slides and snow avalanches. Winter travel is close to impossible in many of the more remote and high-altitude regions.

Additional problems come from the fact that many roads and railway lines built during the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] period are today intersected by international boundaries, requiring time-consuming border formalities to cross where they are not completely closed. [[Horse]]s are still a much-used transport option, especially in more rural areas; Kyrgyzstan's road infrastructure is not extensive, so horses are able to reach locations that motor vehicles cannot, and they do not require expensive, imported [[fuel]].

===Airports===
[[Image:Par avion air mail.JPG|right|thumb|Airmail stamp on a parcel from [[Kyrgistan]]]]
At the end of the Soviet period there were about 50 airports and airstrips in Kyrgyzstan, many of them built primarily to serve military purposes in this border region so close to China. Only a few of them remain in service today.
* [[Manas International Airport]] near [[Bishkek]] is the main international airport, with services to [[Moscow]], [[Tashkent]], [[Almaty]], [[Beijing]], [[Urumqi]], [[Istanbul]], [[London]], [[Baku]], [[Dubai]] (from 7 Feb 2012).
* [[Osh Airport]] is the main air terminal in the south of the country, with daily connections to Bishkek.
* [[Jalal-Abad]] Airport is linked to Bishkek by daily flights. The national flag carrier, Kyrgyzstan, operates flights on [[An-24]] aircraft. During the summer months, a weekly flight links Jalal-Abad with the Issyk-Kul Region.
* Other facilities built during the Soviet era are either closed down, used only occasionally or restricted to military use (e.g., [[Kant Air Base]] near Bishkek, which is used by the [[Russian Air Force]]).

===Banned airline status===
This country appears on the European Union's list of prohibited countries for the certification of airlines. This means that no airline which is registered in Kyrgyzstan may operate services of any kind within the European Union, due to safety standards which fail to meet European regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:102:0003:0016:EN:PDF |title=List of banned E.U. air carriers |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>

===Railways===
The [[Chuy Valley]] in the north and the [[Ferghana valley]] in the south were endpoints of the [[Soviet Union]]'s rail system in Central Asia. Following the emergence of independent post-Soviet states, the rail lines which were built without regard for administrative boundaries have been cut by borders, and traffic is therefore severely curtailed. The small bits of rail lines within Kyrgyzstan, about 370&nbsp;km (1,520&nbsp;mm broad gauge) in total, have little economic value in the absence of the former bulk traffic over long distances to and from such centres as [[Tashkent]], [[Almaty]], and the cities of Russia.

There are vague plans about extending rail lines from [[Balykchy]] in the north and/or from [[Osh]] in the south into [[China]], but the cost of construction would be enormous.

====Rail links with adjacent countries====
* [[Transport in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] – yes – [[Bishkek]] branch – same gauge
* [[Transport in Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]] – yes – [[Osh]] branch – same gauge
* [[Transport in Tajikistan|Tajikistan]] – no – same gauge
* [[Transport in the People's Republic of China|China]] – no – [[Break of gauge]] 1524&nbsp;mm/1435&nbsp;mm

===Highways===
[[File:Osh182.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A road in [[Osh]], the second largest city in Kyrgyzstan.]]
With support from the [[Asian Development Bank]], a major road linking the north and southwest from [[Bishkek]] to [[Osh]] has recently been completed. This considerably eases communication between the two major population centres of the country—the [[Chuy Valley]] in the north and the [[Fergana Valley]] in the South. An offshoot of this road branches off across a 3,500 meter [[mountain pass|pass]] into the [[Talas Valley]] in the northwest. Plans are now being formulated to build a major road from Osh into [[China]].
* ''total:'' 30,300&nbsp;km (including 140&nbsp;km of expressways)
* ''paved:'' 22,600&nbsp;km (includes some all-weather gravel-surfaced roads)
* ''unpaved:'' 7,700&nbsp;km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)

===Waterways===
Water transport exists only on [[Issyk Kul Lake]], and has drastically shrunk since the end of the Soviet Union.

===Ports and harbours===
[[Balykchy]] (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye), on Issyk Kul Lake.

==See also==
{{portal|Geography|<!-- Eurasia -->|Asia|Central Asia|<!-- Kyrgyzstan -->}}
*[[Outline of Kyrgyzstan]]
*[[Index of Kyrgyzstan-related articles]]
* [[Media of Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[Military of Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[Public holidays in Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[2010 Kyrgyzstan uprising]]
* [[2010 South Kyrgyzstan riots]]
* [[AKIpress news agency]]
* [[The Spektator]]
* [[International University of Kyrgyzstan]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
[[File:Issyk Kul at sundown.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Issyk Kul Lake]]]]
* ''Historical Dictionary of Kyrgyzstan'' by Rafis Abazov
* ''Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia's Island of Democracy?'' by John Anderson
* ''Kyrgyzstan: The Growth and Influence of Islam in the Nations of Asia and Central Asia'' by Daniel E. Harmon
* ''Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia'' by Paul Clammer, Michael Kohn and Bradley Mayhew
* ''Odyssey Guide: Kyrgyz Republic'' by Ceri Fairclough, Rowan Stewart and Susie Weldon
* ''[http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=17240 Politics of Language in the Ex-Soviet Muslim States: Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan]'' by Jacob M. Landau and Barbara Kellner-Heinkele. Ann Arbor, [[University of Michigan Press]], 2001. ISBN 978-0-472-11226-5
* ''Kyrgyzstan: Traditions of Nomads'' by V. Kadyrov, Rarity Ltd., Bishkek, 2005. ISBN 9967-424-42-7

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Sister project links}}
; Government
* [http://www.president.kg/ President of Kyrgyzstan] official site
* [http://www.gov.kg/ Government of Kyrgyzstan] official site
* [http://kenesh.kg/ Parliament of Kyrgyzstan] official site
* [http://www.mil.kg/kg/ Armed Forces of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan]
* [http://www.mvtp.kg/ Kyrgyzstan Ministry of External Trade and Industry]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kyrgyzstan.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
* [http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwekyr.htm] Laws of the Kyrgyz Republic
; General information
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1296485.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]]
* {{CIA World Factbook link|kg|Kyrgyzstan}}
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kyrgyzstan.htm Kyrgyzstan] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Kyrgyzstan}}
* {{Wikitravel}}
* [http://www.livingscoop.com/watch.php?v=MTgy Issik-Kul Lake]
* [http://www.library.illinois.edu/spx/webct/nationalbib/kyrgyzintro.html Kyrgyz Publishing and Bibliography]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KG Key Development Forecasts for Kyrgyzstan] from [[International Futures]]

;Maps
* [http://cesty.central-asia.su/doku.php?id=/kyrgyzstan#mapy Detailed map of Kyrgyzstan (a brochure in PDF)]
* {{wikiatlas|Kyrgyzstan}}

; Other
* [http://www.commonlanguageproject.net/?page_id=41#Kyrgyzstan Common Language Project Country Fact Sheet – Kyrgyzstan]
* [http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/kyrgyzstan/photos1.html On the Roof of the World] photo essay from [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] [[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]
* [http://free-writer.ru/pages/kyrgyzstan.html Photos of life in Kyrgyzstan]
* [http://www.salon.com/news/kyrgyzstan/index.html?story=/news/feature/2010/04/09/guide_to_kyrgyzstan_uprising "If you want to Understand Kyrgyzstan, read this"] by ''[[Salon magazine]]''
* [http://www.martinmuehlbauer.com/fotos/index.php?cat=3 Image gallery with 300 photos]
* [http://kevinmillerjr.com/category/kyrgyzstan/ Photos of Kyrgyzstan]

{{Kyrgyzstan topics}}
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[[Category:Kyrgyzstan| ]]
[[Category:Central Asian countries]]
[[Category:Landlocked countries]]
[[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States]]
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[[ace:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[af:Kirgisië]]
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[[ab:Ҟырҕызсҭан]]
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[[an:Kirguizistán]]
[[arc:ܩܪܓܝܙܣܛܐܢ]]
[[roa-rup:Kirghistan]]
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[[gag:Kırgızstan]]
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[[gl:Quirguicistán - Кыргыз Республикасы]]
[[gu:કીરગીઝસ્તાન]]
[[hak:Kit-ngí-kit-sṳ̂-thán]]
[[xal:Бурудин Орн]]
[[ko:키르기스스탄]]
[[haw:Kaikikana]]
[[hy:Ղրղզստան]]
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[[kn:ಕಿರ್ಗಿಸ್ಥಾನ್]]
[[pam:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[ka:ყირგიზეთი]]
[[csb:Kirgistan]]
[[kk:Қырғызстан]]
[[kw:Pow Kyrgys]]
[[rw:Kirigizisitani]]
[[sw:Kirgizia]]
[[kv:Кыргызстан]]
[[ht:Kirgistan]]
[[ku:Qirgizistan]]
[[ky:Кыргызстан]]
[[la:Chirgisia]]
[[lv:Kirgizstāna]]
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[[li:Kirgizië]]
[[ln:Kirghizistáni]]
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[[hu:Kirgizisztán]]
[[mk:Киргистан]]
[[ml:കിർഗ്ഗിസ്ഥാൻ]]
[[mr:किर्गिझस्तान]]
[[arz:كيرجيزستان]]
[[mzn:قرقیزستون]]
[[ms:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[mdf:Киргиз мастор]]
[[mn:Кыргызстан]]
[[my:ကာဂျစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ]]
[[nah:Quirguiztan]]
[[na:Kirgitan]]
[[nl:Kirgizië]]
[[ja:キルギス]]
[[pih:Kergistaan]]
[[no:Kirgisistan]]
[[nn:Kirgisistan]]
[[nov:Kirgistan]]
[[oc:Quirguizstan]]
[[mhr:Кыргызстан]]
[[or:କିରଗିଜସ୍ତାନ]]
[[uz:Qirgʻiziston]]
[[pa:ਕਿਰਗੀਜ਼ਸਤਾਨ]]
[[pnb:کرغیزستان]]
[[ps:قرغزستان]]
[[km:គាហ្គីស្ថាន]]
[[pms:Kirghizistan]]
[[nds:Kirgisien]]
[[pl:Kirgistan]]
[[pt:Quirguistão]]
[[kaa:Qırg'ızstan]]
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[[ro:Kîrgîzstan]]
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[[ru:Киргизия]]
[[sah:Кыргыстаан]]
[[se:Kirgisistan]]
[[sa:किरगिस्थान]]
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[[scn:Kirghizistan]]
[[simple:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[sd:ڪِرگزِستانُ]]
[[ss:IKhirigi]]
[[sk:Kirgizsko]]
[[sl:Kirgizistan]]
[[szl:Kirgistan]]
[[so:Qargistan]]
[[ckb:قرغیزستان]]
[[sr:Киргистан]]
[[sh:Kirgistan]]
[[su:Kirgistan]]
[[fi:Kirgisia]]
[[sv:Kirgizistan]]
[[tl:Kirgistan]]
[[ta:கிர்கிசுத்தான்]]
[[kab:Kirgizistan]]
[[tt:Кыргызстан]]
[[te:కిర్గిజిస్తాన్]]
[[th:ประเทศคีร์กีซสถาน]]
[[tg:Қирғизистон]]
[[chr:ᎬᎩᏍᏔᏂ]]
[[tr:Kırgızistan]]
[[tk:Gyrgyzystan]]
[[udm:Киргизия]]
[[uk:Киргизстан]]
[[ur:کرغیزستان]]
[[ug:قىرغىزىستان]]
[[vep:Kirgizstan]]
[[vi:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[vo:Kirgistän]]
[[fiu-vro:Kõrgõstan]]
[[war:Kirguistan]]
[[wo:Kirgistaan]]
[[wuu:吉尔吉斯斯坦]]
[[yi:קירגיזסטאן]]
[[yo:Kirgistani]]
[[zh-yue:吉爾吉斯]]
[[diq:Qırğızıstan]]
[[bat-smg:Kirkizėjė]]
[[zh:吉尔吉斯斯坦]]

{{ប្រទេសនៅទ្វីបអាស៊ី}}


[[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:អាស៊ី]]
[[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេស]]

{{Link GA|no}}

[[ab:Ҟырҕызсҭан]]
[[ace:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[af:Kirgisië]]
[[als:Kirgisistan]]
[[an:Kirguizistán]]
[[ar:قرغيزستان]]
[[arc:ܩܪܓܝܙܣܛܐܢ]]
[[arz:كيرجيزستان]]
[[ast:Kirguistán]]
[[az:Qırğızıstan]]
[[ba:Ҡырғыҙстан]]
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[[bat-smg:Kirkizėjė]]
[[bcl:Kirgistan]]
[[be:Кыргызстан]]
[[be-x-old:Кыргыстан]]
[[bg:Киргизстан]]
[[bn:কিরগিজিস্তান]]
[[bo:ཀེ་རེ་གེཛུ་སུཏེན།]]
[[bpy:কিরগিজিস্তান]]
[[br:Kirgizstan]]
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[[chr:ᎬᎩᏍᏔᏂ]]
[[ckb:قرغیزستان]]
[[crh:Qırğızistan]]
[[cs:Kyrgyzstán]]
[[csb:Kirgistan]]
[[cv:Киргизи]]
[[cy:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[da:Kirgisistan]]
[[de:Kirgisistan]]
[[diq:Qırğızıstan]]
[[dsb:Kirgiziska]]
[[dv:ކިރިގިސްތާން]]
[[ee:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[el:Κιργιζία]]
[[en:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[eo:Kirgizujo]]
[[es:Kirguistán]]
[[et:Kõrgõzstan]]
[[eu:Kirgizistan]]
[[ext:Quirguistán]]
[[fa:قرقیزستان]]
[[fi:Kirgisia]]
[[fiu-vro:Kõrgõstan]]
[[fr:Kirghizistan]]
[[frp:Kirguizistan]]
[[fy:Kirgyzje]]
[[ga:An Chirgeastáin]]
[[gag:Kırgızstan]]
[[gd:Cìorgastan]]
[[gl:Quirguicistán - Кыргыз Республикасы]]
[[gu:કીરગીઝસ્તાન]]
[[gv:Yn Chyrgistaan]]
[[hak:Kit-ngí-kit-sṳ̂-thán]]
[[haw:Kaikikana]]
[[he:קירגיזסטן]]
[[hi:किर्गिज़स्तान]]
[[hif:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[hr:Kirgistan]]
[[hsb:Kirgizistan]]
[[ht:Kirgistan]]
[[hu:Kirgizisztán]]
[[hy:Ղրղզստան]]
[[ia:Kyrgyzistan]]
[[id:Kirgizstan]]
[[ie:Kirgizistan]]
[[ilo:Kirgistán]]
[[io:Kirgizistan]]
[[is:Kirgisistan]]
[[it:Kirghizistan]]
[[ja:キルギス]]
[[jv:Kirgizstan]]
[[ka:ყირგიზეთი]]
[[kaa:Qırg'ızstan]]
[[kab:Kirgizistan]]
[[kk:Қырғызстан]]
[[kn:ಕಿರ್ಗಿಸ್ಥಾನ್]]
[[ko:키르기스스탄]]
[[ku:Qirgizistan]]
[[kv:Кыргызстан]]
[[kw:Pow Kyrgys]]
[[ky:Кыргызстан]]
[[la:Chirgisia]]
[[lb:Kirgisistan]]
[[li:Kirgizië]]
[[lij:Kirghizistan]]
[[lmo:Kirghizistan]]
[[ln:Kirghizistáni]]
[[lt:Kirgizija]]
[[lv:Kirgizstāna]]
[[mdf:Киргиз мастор]]
[[mhr:Кыргызстан]]
[[mk:Киргистан]]
[[ml:കിർഗ്ഗിസ്ഥാൻ]]
[[mn:Кыргызстан]]
[[mr:किर्गिझस्तान]]
[[ms:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[my:ကာဂျစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ]]
[[mzn:قرقیزستون]]
[[na:Kirgitan]]
[[nah:Quirguiztan]]
[[nds:Kirgisien]]
[[nl:Kirgizië]]
[[nn:Kirgisistan]]
[[no:Kirgisistan]]
[[nov:Kirgistan]]
[[nv:Kíígiz Bikéyah]]
[[oc:Quirguizstan]]
[[or:କିରଗିଜସ୍ତାନ]]
[[os:Хъиргъиз]]
[[pa:ਕਿਰਗੀਜ਼ਸਤਾਨ]]
[[pam:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[pih:Kergistaan]]
[[pl:Kirgistan]]
[[pms:Kirghizistan]]
[[pnb:کرغیزستان]]
[[ps:قرغزستان]]
[[pt:Quirguistão]]
[[qu:Kirkisuyu]]
[[ro:Kîrgîzstan]]
[[roa-rup:Kirghistan]]
[[ru:Киргизия]]
[[rw:Kirigizisitani]]
[[sa:किरगिस्थान]]
[[sah:Кыргыстаан]]
[[scn:Kirghizistan]]
[[sco:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[sd:ڪِرگزِستانُ]]
[[se:Kirgisistan]]
[[sh:Kirgistan]]
[[simple:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[sk:Kirgizsko]]
[[sl:Kirgizistan]]
[[so:Qargistan]]
[[sq:Kirgistani]]
[[sr:Киргистан]]
[[ss:IKhirigi]]
[[su:Kirgistan]]
[[sv:Kirgizistan]]
[[sw:Kirgizia]]
[[szl:Kirgistan]]
[[ta:கிர்கிசுத்தான்]]
[[te:కిర్గిజిస్తాన్]]
[[tg:Қирғизистон]]
[[th:ประเทศคีร์กีซสถาน]]
[[tk:Gyrgyzystan]]
[[tl:Kirgistan]]
[[tr:Kırgızistan]]
[[tt:Кыргызстан]]
[[udm:Киргизия]]
[[ug:قىرغىزىستان]]
[[uk:Киргизстан]]
[[ur:کرغیزستان]]
[[uz:Qirgʻiziston]]
[[vep:Kirgizstan]]
[[vi:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[vo:Kirgistän]]
[[war:Kirguistan]]
[[wo:Kirgistaan]]
[[wuu:吉尔吉斯斯坦]]
[[xal:Бурудин Орн]]
[[yi:קירגיזסטאן]]
[[yo:Kirgistani]]
[[zh:吉尔吉斯斯坦]]
[[zh-min-nan:Kyrgyzstan]]
[[zh-yue:吉爾吉斯]]