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Revision 124033 of "បញ្ជីរាយនាម ជ័យលាភីរង្វាន់ណូបែល ផ្នែកគីមីវិទ្យា" on kmwiki{{Not Khmer}}
[[Image:AlfredNobel adjusted.jpg|thumb|The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist [[Alfred Nobel]].]]
The '''[[Nobel Prize in chemistry]]''' ({{lang-sv|Nobelpriset i kemi}}) is awarded annually by the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] to scientists in the various fields of [[chemistry]]. It is one of the five [[Nobel Prize]]s established by the 1895 [[Will (law)|will]] of [[Alfred Nobel]], who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Literature|literature]], [[Nobel Peace Prize|peace]], and [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|physiology or medicine]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/|accessdate=2008-10-07}}</ref> As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the [[Nobel Foundation]] and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize Awarders | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/|accessdate=2008-10-07}}</ref> The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to [[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]], of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/|accessdate=2008-10-07}}</ref> In 1901, van 't Hoff received 150,782 [[Swedish krona|SEK]], which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the prize was awarded to [[Osamu Shimomura]], [[Martin Chalfie]] and [[Roger Y. Tsien]], who shared the prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK (slightly more than [[Euro|€]]1 million, or US$1.4 million).<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize Amounts | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/amounts.html|accessdate=2008-10-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080731233358/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/amounts.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-07-31}}</ref> The award is presented in [[Stockholm]] at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/|accessdate=2008-10-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080822184717/http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/ <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-08-22}}</ref>
At least 25 laureates have received the Nobel Prize for contributions in the field of [[organic chemistry]], more than any other field of chemistry.<ref name=modern>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Development of Modern Chemistry | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/articles/malmstrom/index.html|author=Malmström, Bo G.; Bertil Andersson|date=2001-12-03|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> Two winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Germans [[Richard Kuhn]] (1938) and [[Adolf Butenandt]] (1939), were not allowed by their government to accept the prize. They would later receive a medal and diploma, but not the money. [[Frederick Sanger]] is the only laureate to win the prize twice, in 1958 and 1980. Two others also won Nobel Prizes in other subjects: [[Marie Curie]] (physics in 1903, chemistry in 1911) and [[Linus Pauling|Linus Carl Pauling]] (chemistry in 1954, peace in 1962).<ref>{{cite web | title = Nobel Laureates Facts | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html|accessdate=2008-10-07}}</ref> Four women have won the prize: Marie Curie, [[Irène Joliot-Curie]] (1935), [[Dorothy Hodgkin]] (1964), and [[Ada E. Yonath]] (2009).<ref>{{cite web | title = Women Nobel Laureates | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html|accessdate=2008-10-07}}</ref> As of 2011, the prize has been awarded to 160 individuals. There have been eight years in which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was not awarded.
==ជ័យលាភីរង្វាន់ណូបែល ផ្នែកគីមីវិទ្យា==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!ឆ្នាំ
! colspan=2|ជ័យលាភី
! ប្រទេស
! Rationale
|-
|១៩០១
|[[Image:Vant Hoff.jpg|75px]]
|[[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]]
|the Netherlands
|"[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and [[osmotic pressure]] in solutions"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1901/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|១៩០២
|[[Image:Hermann Emil Fischer.jpg|75px]]
|[[Hermann Emil Fischer]]
|Germany
|"[for] his work on [[Sugar#Chemistry|sugar]] and [[Purine#History|purine]] syntheses"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|១៩០៣
|[[Image:Arrhenius2.jpg|75px]]
|[[Svante Arrhenius|Svante August Arrhenius]]
|Sweden
|"[for] his electrolytic theory of [[Dissociation (chemistry)|dissociation]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1903/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|១៩០៤
| [[Image:William Ramsay working.jpg|75px]]
|Sir [[William Ramsay]]
|{{nowrap|United Kingdom}}
|"[for his] discovery of the [[noble gases|inert gaseous elements in air]], and his determination of their place in the periodic system"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|១៩០៥
| [[Image:Adolf von Baeyer (Nobel 1905).jpg|75px]]
|[[Adolf von Baeyer|Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer]]
|Germany
|"[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on [[Indigo dye|organic dyes]] and hydroaromatic compounds"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1905/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|១៩០៦
|[[Image:Henri Moissan.jpg|75px]]
|[[Henri Moissan]]
|France
|"[for his] investigation and isolation of the element [[fluorine]], and for [the] [[electric arc furnace|electric furnace]] called after him"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1906/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|១៩០៧
| [[Image:Eduardbuchner.jpg|75px]]
|[[Eduard Buchner]]
|Germany
|"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free [[zymase|fermentation]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1907/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|១៩០៨
|[[Image:Ernest Rutherford2.jpg|75px]]
|[[Ernest Rutherford]]
|United Kingdom<br>New Zealand
|"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of [[Radioactivity#Discovery|radioactive substances]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|១៩០៩
| [[Image:Wilhelm Ostwald.jpg|75px]]
|[[Wilhelm Ostwald]]
|Germany
|"[for] his work on [[Catalysis#History|catalysis]] and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1909/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|១៩១០
|[[Image:Voit 168 Otto Wallach.jpg|75px]]
|[[Otto Wallach]]
|Germany
|"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of [[alicyclic compound]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1910/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|១៩១១
|[[Image:Mariecurie.jpg|75px]]
|[[ម៉ារី គុយរី]] (Marie Curie, née Sklodowska)
|ប៉ូឡូញ/បារាំង
|"[for] the discovery of the elements [[Radium#History|radium]] and [[Polonium#History|polonium]], by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1912
|[[Image:Viktor-grignard.jpg|75px]]
|[[Victor Grignard]]
|France
|"for the discovery of the [...] [[Grignard reagent]]"<ref name=n1912>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1912/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Sabatier.jpg|75px]]
|[[Paul Sabatier (chemist)|Paul Sabatier]]
|France
|"for his method of [[Hydrogenation#History|hydrogenating]] organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"<ref name=n1912/>
|-
|1913
|[[Image:Alfred Werner.jpg|75px]]
|[[Alfred Werner]]
|Switzerland
|"[for] his work on the [[Octahedral molecular geometry|linkage of atoms in molecule]]s [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1913/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1914
|[[Image:Richards Theodore William lab.jpg|75px]]
|[[Theodore William Richards]]
|United States
|"[for] his accurate determinations of the [[Theodore William Richards#Scientific research|atomic weight]] of a large number of chemical elements"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1914/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1915
|[[Image:Richard Willstätter.jpg|75px]]
|[[Richard Willstätter|Richard Martin Willstätter]]
|Germany
|"for his researches on plant pigments, especially [[chlorophyll]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1915/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1916
| rowspan=2 colspan=4 align=center|''Not awarded''
|-
|1917
|-
|1918
|[[Image:Fritz Haber.png|75px]]
|[[Fritz Haber]]
|Germany
|"for the [[Haber process|synthesis of ammonia]] from its elements"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1919
| colspan=4 align=center|''Not awarded''
|-
|1920
|[[Image:Walther Nernst.jpg|75px]]
|[[Walther Nernst|Walther Hermann Nernst]]
|Germany
|"[for] his work in [[Third law of thermodynamics#History|thermochemistry]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1920/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1921
|[[File:Frederick Soddy (Nobel 1922).png|75px]]
|[[Frederick Soddy]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of [[Isotope#History|isotopes]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1922
|<!--Please note that the reason an image was not included here is because there is no image with complete proper licensing. This page is an FL, so all of the images need correct license info. See the talk page for more info.-->
|[[Francis William Aston]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of [[Stable isotope|isotopes]], in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the [[Whole number rule|whole-number rule]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1922/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1923
|[[Image:Fritz Pregl.jpg|75px]]
|[[Fritz Pregl]]
|Austria
|"for his invention of the method of [[microanalysis|micro-analysis]] of organic substances"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1923/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1924
| colspan=4 align=center|''Not awarded''
|-
|1925
|[[Image:Richard Adolf Zsigmondy.jpg|75px]]
|[[Richard Adolf Zsigmondy]]
|Germany / Hungary
|"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of [[colloid]] solutions and for the methods he used"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1925/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1926
|[[File:The-svedberg-1.jpg|75px]]
|[[Theodor Svedberg|The (Theodor) Svedberg]]
|Sweden
|"for [[Ultracentrifuge|his work on disperse systems]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1926/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1927
|[[File:Heinrich Wieland.jpg|75px]]
|[[Heinrich Otto Wieland]]
|Germany
|"for his investigations of the constitution of the [[bile acid]]s and related substances"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1927/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1928
|[[File:Windaus.jpg|75px]]
|[[Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus]]
|Germany
|"[for] his research into the constitution of the [[sterol]]s and their connection with the [[vitamin]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1928/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1929
|[[File:ArthurHarden.jpg|75px]]
|[[Arthur Harden]]
|United Kingdom
|rowspan=2|"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and [[zymase|fermentative enzyme]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1929/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Euler-chelpin.jpg|75px]]
|[[Hans von Euler-Chelpin|Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin]]
|Germany
|-
|1930
|[[File:Hans Fischer (Nobel).jpg|75px]]
|[[Hans Fischer]]
|Germany
|"for his researches into the constitution of [[haemin]] and [[chlorophyll]] and especially for his synthesis of haemin"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1930/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1931
|[[File:Carl Bosch.jpg|75px]]
|[[Carl Bosch]]
|Germany
|rowspan=2|"[for] their contributions to the invention and development of [[Bergius process and Haber-Bosch process|chemical high pressure methods]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1931/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Bergius.jpg|75px]]
|[[Friedrich Bergius]]
|Germany
|-
|1932
|[[Image:Irving Langmuir.jpg|75px]]
|[[Irving Langmuir]]
|United States
|"for his [[Langmuir isotherm|discoveries]] and [[Langmuir–Blodgett film|investigations]] in surface chemistry"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1932/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1933
| colspan=4 align=center|''Not awarded''
|-
|1934
|[[Image:Harold Urey.jpg|75px]]
|[[Harold Urey|Harold Clayton Urey]]
|United States
|"for his discovery of [[deuterium|heavy hydrogen]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1935
|
|[[Frédéric Joliot-Curie|Frédéric Joliot]]
|France
|rowspan=2|"[for] their [[Irène Joliot-Curie#Research|synthesis of new radioactive elements]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1935/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Joliot-curie.jpg|75px]]
|[[Irène Joliot-Curie]]
|France
|-
|1936
|[[Image:Debye100.jpg|75px]]
|[[Peter Debye|Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye]]
|the Netherlands
|"[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on [[Debye relaxation|dipole moments]] and the [[Debye-Waller factor|diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1936/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1937
|[[File:Norman Haworth.jpg|75px]]
|[[Walter Haworth|Walter Norman Haworth]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his investigations on carbohydrates and [[Vitamin C#Discovery|vitamin C]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1937/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Paul Karrer]]
|Switzerland
|"for his investigations on [[carotenoid]]s, [[Flavin group|flavins]] and vitamins [[vitamin A|A]] and [[Riboflavin|B<sub>2</sub>]]"
|-
|1938
|[[File:Richard Kuhn ETH-Bib Dia 248-065.jpg|75px]]
|[[Richard Kuhn]]
|Germany
|"for his work on [[carotenoid]]s and [[vitamin]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1938/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1939
|[[File:Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt 1939.jpg|75px]]
|[[Adolf Butenandt|Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt]]
|Germany
|"for his work on [[sex hormone]]s"<ref name="n1939">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1939/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Leopold Ružička|Leopold Ruzicka]]
|Croatia
|"for his work on polymethylenes and higher [[terpene]]s"<ref name="n1939"/>
|-
|1940
| rowspan=3 colspan=4 align=center|''Not awarded''
|-
|1941
|-
|1942
|-
|1943
| [[Image:George de Hevesy.jpg|75px]]
|[[George de Hevesy]]
|Hungary
|"for his work on the use of isotopes as [[radioactive tracer|tracers]] in the study of chemical processes"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1943/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1944
|[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-46019-0001, Otto Hahn.jpg|75px]]
|[[Otto Hahn]]
|Germany
|"for his discovery of the [[nuclear fission|fission]] of heavy nuclei"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1945
|[[File:Virtanen.jpg|75px]]
|[[Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]]
|Finland
|"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his [[AIV fodder|fodder preservation method]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1945/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|1946
|
|[[James B. Sumner|James Batcheller Sumner]]
|United States
|"for his discovery that [[Enzyme#Etymology and history|enzyme]]s can be crystallized"<ref name="The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[John Howard Northrop]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their preparation of enzymes and [[Virus#History|virus proteins]] in a pure form"<ref name="The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946"/>
|-
|
|[[Wendell Meredith Stanley]]
|United States
|-
|1947
|
|[[Robert Robinson (organic chemist)|Sir Robert Robinson]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his investigations on [[Tropinone|plant products of biological importance]], especially the alkaloids"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1948
|[[File:Arne Tiselius.jpg|75px]]
|[[Arne Tiselius|Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius]]
|Sweden
|"for his research on [[electrophoresis]] and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the [[globulin|serum proteins]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1948/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1949
|
|[[William Giauque|William Francis Giauque]]
|United States
|"for his [[Magnetic refrigeration|contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics]], particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1949/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1950
|
|[[Otto Diels|Otto Paul Hermann Diels]]
|[[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]]
|rowspan=2|"for their discovery and development of the [[Diels-Alder reaction|diene synthesis]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1950/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Kurt Alder]]
|Federal Republic of Germany
|-
|rowspan=2|1951
|
|[[Edwin McMillan|Edwin Mattison McMillan]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their discoveries in the chemistry of [[transuranium elements]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1951/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg|75px]]
|[[Glenn T. Seaborg|Glenn Theodore Seaborg]]
|United States
|-
|rowspan=2|1952
|
|[[Archer John Porter Martin]]
|United Kingdom
|rowspan=2|"for their invention of [[partition chromatography]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1952/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Richard Laurence Millington Synge]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|1953
|
|[[Hermann Staudinger]]
|Federal Republic of Germany
|"for his discoveries in the field of [[Polymer chemistry#History|macromolecular chemistry]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1953/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1954
|[[Image:Pauling.jpg|75px]]
|[[Linus Pauling|Linus Carl Pauling]]
|United States
|"for his research into [[Linus Pauling#Nature of the chemical bond|the nature of the chemical bond]] and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1954/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1955
|
|[[Vincent du Vigneaud]]
|United States
|"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the [[Oxytocin#Structure and relation to vasopressin|first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1955/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1956
|
|Sir [[Cyril Norman Hinshelwood]]
|United Kingdom
|rowspan=2|"for their researches into the [[Reaction mechanism|mechanism of chemical reaction]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1956/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Nikolay Semyonov|Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov]]
|[[Soviet Union|USSR]]
|-
|1957
|
|[[Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd|Lord (Alexander R.) Todd]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his work on [[nucleotide]]s and nucleotide [[co-enzyme]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1957/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1958
|[[Image:Frederick Sanger2.jpg|75px]]
|[[Frederick Sanger]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his work on [[Insulin#Nobel prizes|the structure of proteins]], especially that of insulin"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1959
|
|[[Jaroslav Heyrovský]]
| [[Czechoslovakia]]
|"for his discovery and development of the [[polarography|polarographic]] methods of analysis"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1959/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1960
|
|[[Willard Libby|Willard Frank Libby]]
|United States
|"for his method to use carbon-14 for [[Carbon dating|age determination]] in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1960/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1961
|[[Image:Melvin Calvin.jpg|75px]]
|[[Melvin Calvin]]
|United States
|"for his research on the [[Calvin cycle|carbon dioxide assimilation in plants]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1961/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1962
|
|[[Max Perutz|Max Ferdinand Perutz]]
|United Kingdom
|rowspan=2|"for their studies of the structures of [[myoglobin|globular proteins]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1962/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:KendrewMyoglobin.jpg|75px|John Cowdery Kendrew]]
|[[John Kendrew|John Cowdery Kendrew]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|rowspan=2|1963
|
|[[Karl Ziegler]]
|Federal Republic of Germany
|rowspan=2|"for [[Ziegler-Natta catalyst|their discoveries]] in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1963/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Giulio Natta]]
|Italy
|-
|1964
|
|[[Dorothy Hodgkin|Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]]
|United Kingdom
|"for her [[X-ray crystallography#Early organic and small biological molecules|determinations by X-ray techniques]] of the structures of important biochemical substances"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1965
|[[File:Robert Burns Woodward in 1965.jpg|75px]]
|[[Robert Burns Woodward]]
|United States
|"for his [[Robert Burns Woodward#Organic syntheses and Nobel Prize|outstanding achievements]] in the art of organic synthesis"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1965/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1966
|[[File:Mulliken,Robert 1929 Chicago.jpg|75px]]
|[[Robert S. Mulliken]]
|United States
|"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the [[Molecular orbital theory|molecular orbital method]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1966/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|1967
|[[File:Eigen,Manfred 1996 Göttingen.jpg|75px]]
|[[Manfred Eigen]]
|Federal Republic of Germany
|rowspan=3|"for their [[Flash photolysis|studies of extremely fast chemical reactions]], effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Ronald George Wreyford Norrish]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|
|[[George Porter]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|1968
|
|[[Lars Onsager]]
|United States
|"for the discovery of the [[Onsager reciprocal relations|reciprocal relations]] bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1969
|
|[[Derek Barton|Derek H. R. Barton]]
|United Kingdom
|rowspan=2|"for their contributions to the development of the concept of [[conformational isomerism|conformation]] and its application in chemistry"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1969/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Odd Hassel]]
|Norway
|-
|1970
|[[Image:Luis Federico Leloir - young.jpg|75px]]
|[[Luis Federico Leloir|Luis F. Leloir]]
|[[Argentina]]
|"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the [[Luis Federico Leloir#Sugar nucleotides|biosynthesis of carbohydrates]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1971
|[[Image:Herzberg,Gerhard 1952 London.jpg|75px]]
|[[Gerhard Herzberg]]
|Canada
|"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1971/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|1972
|[[Image:Christian B. Anfinsen, NIH portrait, 1969.jpg|75px]]
|[[Christian B. Anfinsen]]
|United States
|"for his work on [[ribonuclease]], especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"<ref name="n1972">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1972/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Stanford Moore]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the [[ribonuclease]] molecule"<ref name="n1972"/>
|-
|
|[[William Howard Stein|William H. Stein]]
|United States
|-
|rowspan=2|1973
|
|[[Ernst Otto Fischer]]
|Federal Republic of Germany
|rowspan=2|"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the [[Organometallic chemistry|organometallic]], so called sandwich compounds"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1973/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Geoffrey Wilkinson]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|1974
|[[File:Asset upload file775 61790 thumbnail.jpg|75px]]
|[[Paul Flory|Paul J. Flory]]
|United States
|"for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of [[Polymer#Historical development|macromolecule]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1974/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1975
|
|[[John Cornforth|John Warcup Cornforth]]
|Australia<br>United Kingdom
|"for his work on the [[stereochemistry]] of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"<ref name="n1975">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1975/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Vladimir Prelog ETH-Bib Portr 00214.jpg|75px]]
|[[Vladimir Prelog]]
|Yugoslavia/Switzerland
|"for his research into the [[chirality (chemistry)|stereochemistry]] of organic molecules and reactions"<ref name="n1975"/>
|-
|1976
|[[File:William n lipscomb jr.jpg|75px]]
|[[William Lipscomb|William N. Lipscomb]]
|United States
|"for his studies on the structure of [[borane]]s illuminating problems of chemical bonding"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1976/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1977
|
|[[Ilya Prigogine]]
|Belgium
|"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of [[Dissipative structures#Overview|dissipative structures]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1977/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1978
|
|[[Peter D. Mitchell]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the [[chemiosmosis|chemiosmotic theory]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1978/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1979
|
|[[Herbert C. Brown]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their development of the use of [[Organoborane#Synthesis|boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds]], respectively, into [[Wittig reaction|important reagents in organic synthesis]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1979/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Georg Wittig]]
|Federal Republic of Germany
|-
|rowspan=3|1980
|[[Image:Paul Berg in 1980.jpg|75px]]
|[[Paul Berg]]
|United States
|"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to [[Recombinant DNA|recombinant-DNA]]"<ref name="n1980">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:WalterGilbert2.jpg|75px|Walter Gilbert]]
|[[Walter Gilbert]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for [[Chain termination method|their contributions]] concerning the [[DNA sequencing|determination of base sequences]] in nucleic acids"<ref name="n1980"/>
|-
|[[Image:Frederick Sanger2.jpg|75px|Frederick Sanger]]
|[[Frederick Sanger]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|rowspan=2|1981
|
|[[Kenichi Fukui]]
|Japan
|rowspan=2|"for [[Woodward–Hoffmann rules|their theories]], developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1981/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Roald Hoffmann.jpg|75px]]
|[[Roald Hoffmann]]
|United States
|-
|1982
|
|[[Aaron Klug]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his development of [[Electron crystallography|crystallographic electron microscopy]] and his structural elucidation of biologically important [[Chromatin|nucleic acid-protein complexes]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1982/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1983
|
|[[Henry Taube]]
|United States
|"for his work on the mechanisms of [[Inner sphere electron transfer|electron transfer reactions]], especially in metal complexes"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1983/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|1984
|
|[[Robert Bruce Merrifield]]
|United States
|"for his development of methodology for [[Solid phase peptide synthesis|chemical synthesis on a solid matrix]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1984/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|១៩៨៥
|[[File:Herbert Hauptman - UB 2009.jpg|75px]]
|[[Herbert A. Hauptman]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their outstanding achievements in developing [[Hauptman-Karle method|direct methods]] for the determination of crystal structures"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1985/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Jerome Karle.jpg|75px]]
|[[Jerome Karle]]
|United States
|-
|rowspan=3|១៩៨៦
|[[File:Herschbach cropped.JPG|75px|Dudley R. Herschbach]]
|[[Dudley R. Herschbach]]
|United States
|rowspan=3|"for [[crossed molecular beams|their contributions]] concerning the [[infrared chemiluminescence|dynamics of chemical elementary processes]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1986/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:96703534.lowres.jpeg|75px]]
|[[Yuan T. Lee]]
|United States
|-
|
|[[John Charles Polanyi|John C. Polanyi]]
|Canada / Hungary
|-
|rowspan=3|១៩៨៧
|
|[[Donald J. Cram]]
|United States
|rowspan=3|"for their development and use of molecules with [[Host-guest chemistry|structure-specific interactions]] of high selectivity"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Jean-Marie Lehn.jpg|75px|Jean-Marie Lehn]]
|[[Jean-Marie Lehn]]
|France
|-
|
|[[Charles J. Pedersen]]
|United States
|-
|rowspan=3|១៩៨៨
|
|[[Johann Deisenhofer]]
|Federal Republic of Germany
|rowspan=3|"for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a [[photosynthetic reaction center|photosynthetic reaction centre]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1988/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Robert Huber.JPG|75px|Robert Huber]]
|[[Robert Huber]]
|Federal Republic of Germany
|-
|
|[[Hartmut Michel]]
|Federal Republic of Germany
|-
|rowspan=2|១៩៨៩
|
|[[Sidney Altman]]
|Canada<br>United States
|rowspan=2|"for their discovery of [[Ribozyme|catalytic properties of RNA]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1989/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Thomas r. cech.jpg|75px|Thomas R. Cech]]
|[[Thomas Cech|Thomas R. Cech]]
|United States
|-
|១៩៩០
|[[Image:E.J.Coreyx240.jpg|75px]]
|[[Elias James Corey]]
|United States
|"for his development of the theory and methodology of [[Retrosynthetic analysis|organic synthesis]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1990/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|១៩៩១
|[[File:Richard R Ernst.jpg|75px|Richard R. Ernst]]
|[[Richard R. Ernst]]
|Switzerland
|"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of [[Nuclear magnetic resonance#Fourier transform spectroscopy|high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1991/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|១៩៩២
|[[Image:Prof. Dr. Rudolph A. Marcus.jpg|75px]]
|[[Rudolph A. Marcus]]
|United States
|"for his contributions to the [[Marcus theory|theory of electron transfer reactions]] in chemical systems"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1992/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|១៩៩៣
|[[File:Kary Mullis.jpg|75px]]
|[[Kary Mullis|Kary B. Mullis]]
|United States
|"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) method"<ref name="n1993">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Michael Smith (chemist)|Michael Smith]]
|Canada
|"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, [[site-directed mutagenesis]] and its development for protein studies"<ref name="n1993"/>
|-
|១៩៩៤
|[[File:Oláh György előadása 8299.jpg|75px]]
|[[George Andrew Olah|George A. Olah]]
|United States / Hungary
|"for his contribution to [[carbocation]] chemistry"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|១៩៩៥
|[[File:Paul Jozef Crutzen 128.jpg|75px|Paul J. Crutzen]]
|[[Paul J. Crutzen]]
|the Netherlands
|rowspan=3|"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and [[ozone depletion|decomposition of ozone]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Mario J Molina.jpg|75px|Mario J. Molina]]
|[[Mario J. Molina]]
|(México)<!--Yes, he is from Mexico, but we are following their countries based on the official Nobel website-->United States<!--Yes, he is from Mexico, but we are following their countries based on the official Nobel website-->
|-
|[[Image:F. Sherwood Rowland.jpg|75px]]
|[[Frank Sherwood Rowland|F. Sherwood Rowland]]
|United States
|-
|rowspan=3|១៩៩៦
|
|[[Robert Curl|Robert F. Curl Jr.]]
|United States
|rowspan=3|"for their discovery of [[fullerene]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Harold Kroto 2007.jpg|75px|Harold Kroto]]
|Sir [[Harold Kroto|Harold W. Kroto]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|[[File:Richard Smalley.jpg|75px]]
|[[Richard Smalley|Richard E. Smalley]]
|United States
|-
|rowspan=3|១៩៩៧
|
|[[Paul D. Boyer]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their elucidation of the [[ATP synthase|enzymatic mechanism]] underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"<ref name="n1997">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1997/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[John E. Walker]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|[[File:Skou2008.jpg|75px]]
|[[Jens Christian Skou|Jens C. Skou]]
|Denmark
|"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, [[Na+/K+-ATPase|Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> -ATPase]]"<ref name="n1997"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|១៩៩៨
|[[Image:WalterKohnGraz21042006 1.jpg|75px|Walter Kohn]]
|[[Walter Kohn]]
|United States
|"for his development of the [[density functional theory|density-functional theory]]"<ref name="n1998">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1998/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[John Pople|John A. Pople]]
|United Kingdom
|"for his development of [[GAUSSIAN|computational methods]] in quantum chemistry"<ref name="n1998"/>
|-
|១៩៩៩
|[[File:Zowel.jpg|75px]]
|[[Ahmed Zewail|Ahmed H. Zewail]]
|[[Egypt]]<br>United States
|"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using [[femtosecond spectroscopy]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999 | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1999/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|២០០០
|
|[[Alan J. Heeger]]
|United States
|rowspan=3|"for their discovery and development of [[conductive polymer]]s"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Alan MacDiarmid|Alan G MacDiarmid]]
|United States<br>New Zealand
|-
|
|[[Hideki Shirakawa]]
|Japan
|-
|rowspan=3|២០០១
|
|[[William Standish Knowles|William S. Knowles]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for their work on [[Asymmetric synthesis#Asymmetric catalysis|chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions]]"<ref name="The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Noyori small.jpg|75px|Ryōji Noyori]]
|[[Ryōji Noyori]]
|Japan
|-
|
|[[Karl Barry Sharpless|K. Barry Sharpless]]
|United States
|"for his work on [[Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation|chirally catalysed oxidation reactions]]"<ref name="The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|២០០២
|[[Image:John B Fenn01.jpg|75px|John B. Fenn]]
|[[John Bennett Fenn|John B. Fenn]]
|United States
|rowspan=2|"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of [[Soft laser desorption|soft desorption]] [[Electrospray ionization|ionisation methods]] for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"<ref name="n2002">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Koichi Tanaka]]
|Japan
|-
|[[Image:Kurt-Wuethrich.jpg|75px|Kurt Wüthrich]]
|[[Kurt Wüthrich]]
|Switzerland
|"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of [[Protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution]]"<ref name="n2002"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|២០០៣
|
|[[Peter Agre]]
|United States
|"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of [[Aquaporin|water channels]]"<ref name="n2003">{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2003/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Roderick MacKinnon 2007.jpg|75px|Roderick MacKinnon]]
|[[Roderick MacKinnon]]
|United States
|"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic [[Potassium channel#Structure|studies of ion channels]]"<ref name="n2003"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|២០០៤
|[[Image:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Ciehanover.jpg|75px]]
|[[Aaron Ciechanover]]
|[[Israel]]
|rowspan=3|"for the discovery of [[Ubiquitin#Identification|ubiquitin]]-mediated protein degradation"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2004/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg|75px]]
|[[Avram Hershko]]
|Israel
|-
|[[Image:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg|75px]]
|[[Irwin Rose]]
|United States
|-
|rowspan=3|២០០៥
|
|[[Yves Chauvin]]
|France
|rowspan=3|"for the development of the [[olefin metathesis|metathesis]] method in organic synthesis"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2005/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Image:Robert Grubbs.jpg|75px|Robert Grubbs]]
|[[Robert H. Grubbs]]
|United States
|-
|<!--Please note that the reason an image was not included here is because there is no image with complete proper licensing. This page is an FL, so all of the images need correct license info. See the talk page for more info.-->
|[[Richard R. Schrock]]
|United States
|-
|២០០៦
|[[Image:Roger.Kornberg.JPG|75px]]
|[[Roger D. Kornberg]]
|United States
|"for his studies of the molecular basis of [[Transcription (genetics)|eukaryotic transcription]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|២០០៧
|[[Image:Prof Ertl-Portrait.jpg|75px]]
|[[Gerhard Ertl]]
|Germany
|"for [[Gerhard Ertl#Research|his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|២០០៨
|[[File:Osamu Shimomura-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-2.jpg|75px]]
|[[Osamu Shimomura]]
|Japan<ref>As of 26 October 2008, the nobelprize.org website page for the 2008 award gives Shimomura's country as "USA". However, the press release from the Nobel Foundation on 8 October 2008, announcing the award, states that Shimomura is a Japanese citizen. {{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008–Press Release| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/press.html|accessdate=2008-10-08|date=2008-10-08}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|"for the discovery and development of the [[green fluorescent protein]], GFP"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/index.html|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Martin Chalfie-press conference Dec 07th, 2008-4.jpg|75px]]
|[[Martin Chalfie]]
|United States
|-
|[[File:Roger Tsien-press conference Dec 07th, 2008-2.jpg|75px]]
|[[Roger Y. Tsien]]
|United States
|-
|rowspan=3|២០០៩
|[[File:Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-04.jpg|75px]]
|[[Venkatraman Ramakrishnan]]
<!-- don't change! the country for Venkatraman Ramakrishnan is the UK according to the Nobel Prize page -->
|<!-- Reply to above - No, they've updated it to the US now, see this link http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2009/info_publ_che_09_en.pdf --> United States
|rowspan=3|"for studies of the structure and function of the [[ribosome]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2009/index.html|accessdate=2009-10-07}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-10.jpg|75px]]
|[[Thomas A. Steitz]]
|United States
|-
|[[File:Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-15.jpg|75px]]
|[[Ada Yonath|Ada E. Yonath]]
|Israel
|-
|rowspan=3|២០១០
|[[File:Richard Fred Heck cropped.jpg|75px]]
|[[Richard F. Heck]]
|United States
|rowspan=3|"for palladium-catalyzed [[Cross coupling reaction|cross couplings]] in organic synthesis"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2010/index.html|accessdate=2009-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Ei-ichi Negishi.jpg|75px]]
|[[Ei-ichi Negishi]]
|United States
|-
|[[File:Akira Suzuki cropped.jpg|75px]]
|[[Akira Suzuki (chemist)|Akira Suzuki]]
|Japan
|-
|២០១១
|[[File:Shechtman.jpg|75px]]
|[[Dan Shechtman|Daniel Shechtman]]
|Israel
|"for the discovery of [[quasicrystal|quasicrystals]]"<ref>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011| publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2011/index.html|accessdate=2011-10-05}}</ref>
|}
==ឯកសារយោង និងកំណត់ចំនាំផ្សេងៗ==
;ទូទៅ
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web | title = All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry | publisher = Nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/|accessdate=2008-10-06}}
*{{cite web | title = Nobel Prize winners by category (chemistry)| publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | url = http://www.britannica.com/nobelprize/browse?browseId=255938|accessdate=2008-10-06}}
{{refend}}
;Specific
{{reflist|colwidth=45em}}
;កំណត់ចំនាំ
{{refbegin}}
{{note|1}}A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel Laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel Laureate at nobelprize.org.
{{note|2}}B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.
{{note|3}}C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of chemistry for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel Laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.
{{refend}}
==តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅ==
{{commonscat|Nobel laureates in Chemistry}}
*[http://www.kva.se/KVA_Root/index_eng.asp Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]
*[http://nobelprize.org/ Official website of the Nobel Foundation]
*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html Nobel Laureates and Universities] at Nobelprize.org
{{Nobel Prizes}}
{{featured list}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nobel laureates in Chemistry, List of}}
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[[Category:រង្វាន់ណូបែល|*]]
[[Category:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
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