Revision 277557 of "ಗ್ಯಾಟ್" on knwiki

{{Redirect|GATT}}
'''ಸುಂಕಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ವ್ಯಾಪಾರದ ಮೇಲಿನ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ''' (ಸಂಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತವಾಗಿ'''GATT'''-ಗ್ಯಾಟ್) ಇದೊಂದು ೧೯೪೮ರಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಯ೯ಗತಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದ ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಒಪ್ಪಂದವಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಜನವರಿ ೦೧,೧೯೯೫ರಂದು ವಿಶ್ವ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯು ಆರಂಭವಾಗಿ ಈ ಗ್ಯಾಟ್ ಒಪ್ಪಂದವನ್ನು ಸ್ಥಾನಪನ್ನ ಮಾಡಿತು. ಕ್ಯೂಬಾದ ಹವಾನಾದಲ್ಲಿ ೧೯೪೮ರಲ್ಲಿ ೨೩ ದೇಶಗಳ ಒಪ್ಪಿಗೆಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಆರಂಭವಾದ ಈ ಒಪ್ಪಂದವು ೧೯೯೪ರ ಮರ್ರಾಕೇಶ್ ಸುತ್ತಿನ ಮಾತುಕತೆಯವರೆಗೆ ಸಕ್ರಿಯವಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಹವಾನಾದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶ್ವಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಮತ್ತು ಉದ್ಯೋಗ ಸಮಾವೇಶಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಸೇರಿದ್ದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಒಂದು ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ ರಚಿಸುವ ಸಂಬಂಧ ಒಮ್ಮತ ಮೂಡದೆ ಕೇವಲ ಒಂದು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಒಪ್ಪಂದವು ಅಂಗೀಕಾರವಾಯಿತು. ಗ್ಯಾಟ್ ೧೯೯೫ರಲ್ಲಿ ಡಬ್ಲ್ಯುಟಿಒದಿಂದ ಸ್ಥಾನಾಪನ್ನವಾಯಿತಾದರೂ, ಅದರ ಮೂಲ ಪಠ್ಯವು ಹಲವು ಮಾಪಾ೯ಡುಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಈಗಲೂ ವಿಶ್ವ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯ ಸಂರಚನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಂದುವರಿದಿದೆ.<ref>World Trade Organization: [http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htm#GATT94 WTO legal texts]; [http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/06-gatt_e.htm General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994]</ref>

==ಮಾತುಕತೆ ಸುತ್ತುಗಳು==
GATT held a total of 8 rounds.
{{GATT and WTO trade rounds}}

===ಅನ್ನೇಸಿ ಸುತ್ತು - ೧೯೪೯===
The second round took place in 1949 in [[Annecy]], [[France]]. 13 countries took part in the round. The main focus of the talks was more tariff reductions, around 5000 in total.

===ಟೋಕ್ವೇ೯ ಸುತ್ತು - ೧೯೫೧===
The third round occurred in [[Torquay]], [[England]] in 1950. Thirty-eight countries took part in the round. 8,700 tariff concessions were made totaling the remaining amount of tariffs to ¾ of the tariffs which were in effect in 1948. The contemporaneous rejection by the U.S. of the [[Havana Charter]] signified the establishment of the GATT as a governing world body.<ref>Michael Hudson, ''Super Imperialism: The Origin and Fundamentals of U.S. World Dominance'', 2nd ed. (London and Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 2003), 258.</ref>

===Geneva Round - 1955-1956===
The fourth round returned to [[Geneva]] in 1955 and lasted until May 1956. Twenty-six countries took part in the round. $2.5 billion in tariffs were eliminated or reduced.

===Dillon Round - 1960-1962===
The fifth round occurred once more in [[Geneva]] and lasted from 1960-1962. The talks were named after U.S. Treasury Secretary and former Under Secretary of State, [[Douglas Dillon]], who first proposed the talks. Twenty-six countries took part in the round. Along with reducing over $4.9 billion in tariffs, it also yielded discussion relating to the creation of the [[European Economic Community]] ([[European Community|EEC]]).

===Kennedy Round - 1964-1967===
[[Kennedy Round]] took place from 1964-1967.

===Tokyo Round - 1973-1979===
Reduced tariffs and established new regulations aimed at controlling the proliferation of non-tariff barriers and voluntary export restrictions. 102 countries took part in the round. Concessions were made on $190 billion worth.

===Uruguay Round - 1986-1993===
The [[Uruguay Round]] began in 1986. It was the most ambitious round to date, hoping to expand the competence of the GATT to important new areas such as [[service (economics)|services]], [[capital (economics)|capital]], [[intellectual property]], [[textiles]], and [[agriculture]]. 123 countries took part in the round.

Agriculture was essentially exempted from previous agreements as it was given special status in the areas of import quotas and export subsidies, with only mild caveats. However, by the time of the Uruguay round, many countries considered the exception of agriculture to be sufficiently glaring that they refused to sign a new deal without some movement on agricultural products. These fourteen countries came to be known as the "[[Cairns Group]]", and included mostly small and medium sized agricultural exporters such as [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Indonesia]], and [[New Zealand]].

The Agreement on Agriculture of the Uruguay Round continues to be the most substantial trade liberalization agreement in agricultural products in the history of trade negotiations. The goals of the agreement were to improve market access for agricultural products, reduce domestic support of agriculture in the form of price-distorting subsidies and quotas, eliminate over time export subsidies on agricultural products and to harmonize to the extent possible sanitary and phytosanitary measures between member countries.

==GATT and the World Trade Organization==
{{Main|Uruguay Round}}

In 1993, the GATT was updated (''GATT 1994'') to include new obligations upon its signatories. One of the most significant changes was the creation of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). The 75 existing GATT members and the [[European Communities]] became the founding members of the WTO on 1 January 1995. The other 52 GATT members rejoined the WTO in the following two years (the last being [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]] in 1997). Since the founding of the WTO, 21 new non-GATT members have joined and 29 are currently negotiating membership. There are a total of 153 member countries in the WTO.

Of the original GATT members, [[Syria]]<ref>http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/chrono.htm</ref><ref>http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm</ref> and the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavia]] has not rejoined the WTO. Since [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|FR Yugoslavia]], (renamed to [[Serbia and Montenegro]] and with membership negotiations later split in two), is not recognised as a direct SFRY successor state; therefore, its application is considered a new (non-GATT) one. The General Council of WTO, on 4 May 2010, agreed to establish a working party to examine the request of [[Syria]] for WTO membership<ref>http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_syrian_arab_republic_e.htm</ref><ref>http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news10_e/gc_04may10_e.htm</ref>. The contracting parties who founded the [[WTO]] ended official agreement of the "GATT 1947" terms on 31 December 1995.

Whereas GATT was a set of rules agreed upon by nations, the WTO is an institutional body. The WTO expanded its scope from traded goods to trade within the [[service sector]] and [[Intellectual Property Rights|intellectual property rights]]. Although it was designed to serve multilateral agreements, during several rounds of GATT negotiations (particularly the [[Tokyo]] Round) [[plurilateral]] agreements created selective trading and caused fragmentation among members. WTO arrangements are generally a multilateral agreement settlement mechanism of GATT.<ref>[http://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/whatis_e/eol/e/default.htm What is the WTO? (Official WTO site)]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.freetrade.org/node/608 ೬೦ಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾಲಿಟ್ಟ ಗ್ಯಾಟ್ (ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಲೇಖನ)]
*[http://www.worldtradelaw.net/reports/gattpanels/ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಗ್ಯಾಟ್ ಸಮಿತಿಗಳ ವರದಿಗಳು]
*[http://gatt.stanford.edu/page/home ಸ್ಟ್ಯಾನ್ಫೋಡ್೯ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯದ ಗ್ಯಾಟ್ ಸಂಬಂಧಿತ ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ]
*[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/international/wto/ The WTO and Global Trade at PBS]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/2430089.stm  BBCnews World/Europe country profile]
*[http://www.irantradelaw.com/ International Trade Debates]

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[[Category:ವಿಶ್ವ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ]]
[[Category:ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ]]
[[Category:ಸುಂಕಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ವ್ಯಾಪಾರದ ಮೇಲಿನ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ]]
[[Category:೧೯೪೭ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅಂತಿಮಗೊಂಡ ಒಪ್ಪಂದಗಳು]]

[[ar:جات]]
[[arz:جات]]
[[be-x-old:Агульнае пагадненьне аб мытах і гандлі 1994 году]]
[[bg:Общо споразумение за митата и търговията]]
[[ca:GATT]]
[[cs:GATT]]
[[de:Allgemeines Zoll- und Handelsabkommen]]
[[el:Γενική Συμφωνία Δασμών και Εμπορίου]]
[[en:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]]
[[es:GATT]]
[[et:Üldine Tolli- ja Kaubanduskokkulepe]]
[[eu:GATT]]
[[fi:GATT]]
[[fr:Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce]]
[[he:גאט"ט]]
[[id:GATT]]
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[[it:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]]
[[ja:関税および貿易に関する一般協定]]
[[ko:관세 무역 일반 협정]]
[[mk:Генерален Договор за Трговија и Царини]]
[[nl:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]]
[[no:GATT]]
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[[pt:Acordo Geral de Tarifas e Comércio]]
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[[ru:Генеральное соглашение по тарифам и торговле]]
[[sk:Všeobecná dohoda o clách a obchode]]
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[[sv:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]]
[[th:ความตกลงทั่วไปว่าด้วยภาษีศุลกากรและการค้า]]
[[tr:Gümrük Tarifeleri ve Ticaret Genel Anlaşması]]
[[uk:Генеральна угода з тарифів і торгівлі]]
[[vi:Hiệp ước chung về thuế quan và mậu dịch]]
[[zh:關稅暨貿易總協定]]