Revision 3644229 of "വംശനാശഭീഷണിയുള്ള ജീവവർഗ്ഗങ്ങളുടെ അന്താരാഷ്ട്രവ്യാപാരത്തിനുള്ള ഉടമ്പടി" on mlwiki

{{Infobox Treaty
|name                = CITES
|long_name           = The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
|image               = CITES_40th_annverisary_logo.jpg
|caption             = {{small|Logo of the 40th anniversary of CITES}}
|type                = 
|date_drafted        = 
|date_signed         = {{Start date|1973|03|03|df=yes}}
|location_signed     = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]]
|date_sealed         = 
|date_effective      = 1 July 1975
|condition_effective = 10 ratifications
|date_expiration     = 
|signatories         = 
|parties             = 183
|depositor           = {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland|Government of the Swiss Confederation]]
|language           = 
* [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
* [[English language|English]]
* [[French language|French]]
* [[Russian language|Russian]]
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|wikisource          = Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
}}
വംശനാശഭീഷണിയുള്ള ജീവവർഗ്ഗങ്ങളുടെ സംരക്ഷണത്തിനായുള്ള ഒരു [[multilateral treaty|ബഹുരാഷ്ട്ര ഉടമ്പടി]]യാണ് വംശനാശഭീഷണിയുള്ള ജീവവർഗ്ഗങ്ങളുടെ അന്താരാഷ്ട്രവ്യാപാരത്തിനുള്ള ഉടമ്പടി അഥവാ '''CITES''' (the '''Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora''', ഇത് '''Washington Convention''' എന്നും അറിയപ്പെടുന്നു. It was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN). The convention was opened for signature in 1973 and CITES entered into force on 1 July 1975. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild, and it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 35,000 [[species]] of animals and plants. In order to ensure that the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT) was not violated, the Secretariat of GATT was consulted during the drafting process.<ref name="what_is_cites">{{cite web|url= http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/what.php |title=What is CITES?|work=cites.org|publisher=CITES|accessdate=13 February 2012}}</ref>

{{as of|2018}}, Secretary-General of the CITES Secretariat is Ivonne Higuero.<ref name="higuero">{{cite web|url=https://www.cites.org/eng/news/ivonne-higuero-named-as-new-cites-secretary-general_16102018|title=Ivonne Higuero named as new CITES Secretary-General|work=cites.org|publisher=CITES|accessdate=3 December 2018}}</ref>

== പിന്നാമ്പുറവും നിർവഹണവും ==

==Ratifications==
[[File:CITES.svg|thumb|300px|Parties to the treaty. [[Greenland]] is covered by CITES regulations through [[Denmark]].<ref name=DMK/>]]

==വ്യാപാരനിയന്ത്രണം==

==കൂട്ടിച്ചേർക്കലുകൾ==

Roughly 5,000 species of animals and 29,000 species of plants are protected by CITES against [[over-exploitation]] through international trade. Each protected species or population is included in one of three lists, called appendices<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|title=Appendices I, II and III|author=Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora|year=2013|accessdate=13 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cites.org/eng/app/index.php|title=The CITES Appendices|author=Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora|year=|accessdate=13 September 2013}}</ref> (explained below). The Appendix that lists a species or population reflects the extent of the threat to it and the controls that apply to the trade.

===അപ്പൻഡിക്സ് I===
Appendix I, about 1200 species, are species that are threatened with extinction and are or may be affected by trade. Commercial trade in wild-caught specimens of these species is illegal (permitted only in exceptional licensed circumstances). Captive-bred animals or cultivated plants of Appendix I species are considered Appendix II specimens, with concomitant requirements (see below and Article VII).  The Scientific Authority of the exporting country must make a non-detriment finding, assuring that export of the individuals will not adversely affect the wild population.  Any trade in these species requires export and import permits. The Management Authority of the exporting state is expected to check that an import permit has been secured and that the importing state is able to care for the specimen adequately. Notable animal species listed in Appendix I include the [[red panda]] (''Ailurus fulgens''), [[western gorilla]] (''Gorilla gorilla''), the [[chimpanzee]] species (''Pan spp.''), [[tiger]]s (''Panthera tigris'' subspecies), [[Asiatic lion]] (''Panthera leo persica''), [[leopards]] (''Panthera pardus''), [[jaguar]] (''Panthera onca''), [[cheetah]] (''Acinonyx jubatus''), [[Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus''), some populations of [[African bush elephant]] (''Loxodonta africana''), the [[dugong]] and [[manatee]]s ([[Sirenia]]), and all [[rhinoceros]] species (except some Southern African subspecies populations).<ref name="CITES-Appendices">{{cite web|title=Appendices I, II and III |url=http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|publisher=CITES |work=cites.org |accessdate=13 February 2012}}</ref>

===അപ്പൻഡിക്സ് II===
Appendix II, about 21,000 species, are species that are not necessarily threatened with extinction, but may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid utilization incompatible with the survival of the species in the wild.  In addition, Appendix II can include species similar in appearance to species already listed in the Appendices.  International trade in specimens of Appendix II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate.  In practice, many hundreds of thousands of Appendix II animals are traded annually.<ref name="CITES-Quotas">{{cite web|title=CITES Export Quotas |url=http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/quotas/index.php|publisher=CITES |work=cites.org |accessdate=13 February 2012}}</ref>  No import permit is necessary for these species under CITES, although some Parties do require import permits as part of their stricter domestic measures.  A non-detriment finding and export permit are required by the exporting Party.<ref name="CITES-Appendices"/>

In addition, Article VII of CITES states that specimens of animals listed in Appendix I that are bred in captivity for commercial purposes are treated as Appendix II. The same applies for specimens of Appendix I plants artificially propagated for commercial purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/text.php#VII |title=Article VII: Exemptions and Other Special Provisions Relating to Trade |work=Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora |publisher=CITES |accessdate=17 October 2014}}</ref>

Examples of species listed on Appendix II are the [[great white shark]] (''Carcharodon carcharias''), the [[American black bear]] (''Ursus americanus''), [[Hartmann's mountain zebra]] (''Equus zebra hartmannae''), [[green iguana]] (''Iguana iguana''), [[queen conch]] (''Strombus gigas''), [[Emperor scorpion]] (''Pandinus imperator''), [[Mertens' water monitor]] (''Varanus mertensi''), bigleaf mahogany (''[[Swietenia macrophylla]]'') and [[lignum vitae]] "ironwood" (''Guaiacum officinale'').

===അപ്പൻഡിക്സ് III===
Appendix III, about 170 species, are species that are listed after one member country has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling trade in a species.  The species are not necessarily threatened with extinction globally.  In all member countries, trade in these species is only permitted with an appropriate export permit and a certificate of origin from the state of the member country who has listed the species.<ref name="CITES-Appendices" />

Examples of species listed on Appendix III and the countries that listed them are the [[two-toed sloth]]  (''Choloepus hoffmanni'') by Costa Rica, [[sitatunga]] (Tragelaphus Spekii) by Ghana, [[African civet]] (''Civettictis civetta'') by Botswana, and [[alligator snapping turtle]] by the USA.

==Amendments and reservations==

==പോരായ്മകളും ആശങ്കകളും==

===Approach to biodiversity conservation===.

===Drafting===

===Reform suggestions===

=== [[Traffic (conservation programme)|TRAFFIC]] Data ===
From 2005 &ndash; 2009 the legal trade corresponded with these numbers
* 317,000 live birds
* More than 2 million live reptiles
* 2.5 million crocodile skins
* 2.1 million [[Snakeskin|snake skins]]
* 73 tons of [[caviar]]
* 1.1 million beaver skins
* Millions of pieces of [[coral]]
* 20,000 mammalian [[Trophy hunting|hunting trophies]]
In the 1990s the annual trade of legal animal products was $160 billion annually. In 2009 the estimated value almost doubled to $300 billion.<ref>Ceballos, G.; Ehrlich, A. H.; Ehrlich, P. R. (2015). ''The Annihilation of Nature: Human Extinction of Birds and Mammals''. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 150. {{ISBN|1421417189}} – via Open Edition.</ref>

==യോഗങ്ങൾ==
The Conference of the Parties (CoP) is held once every three years.  The last Conference of the Parties (CoP 17) was held in [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]], and the one before it (CoP 16) was held in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]], in 2013.  The next one (CoP 18) will be in [[Sri Lanka]] in 2019.  The location of the next CoP is chosen at the close of each CoP by a secret ballot vote.

The CITES Committees (Animals Committee, Plants Committee and Standing Committee) hold meetings during each year that does not have a CoP, while the Standing committee meets also in years with a CoP.  The Committee meetings take place in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] (where the Secretariat of the CITES Convention is located), unless another country offers to host the meeting.  The Animals and Plants Committees have sometimes held joint meetings.  The previous joint meeting was held in March 2012 in [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], and the latest one was held in [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]], [[Mexico]] in May 2014.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan=1 width=90|Meeting
!scope="col" colspan=1 width=110|City
!scope="col" rowspan=1 width=120|Country
!scope="col" rowspan=1 width=200|Duration
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 1
|[[Bern]]
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
| 2–6 November 1976
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 2
|[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]]
|{{flag|Costa Rica}}
| 19–30 March 1979
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 3
|[[New Delhi]]
|{{flag|India}}
| 25 February – 8 March 1981
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 4
|[[Gaborone]]
|{{flag|Botswana}}
| 19 – 30 April 1983
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 5
|[[Buenos Aires]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
| 22 April – 3 May 1985
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 6
|[[Ottawa]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
| 12–24 July 1987
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 7
|[[Lausanne]]
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
| 9–20 October 1989
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 8
|[[Kyoto]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
| 2–13 March 1992
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 9
|[[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]]
|{{flag|United States}}
| 7–18 November 1994
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 10
|[[Harare]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
| 9–20 June 1997
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 11
|[[Gigiri]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| 10–20 April 2000
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 12
|[[Santiago]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
| 3–15 November 2002
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 13
|[[Bangkok]]
|{{flag|Thailand}}
| 2–14 October 2004
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 14
|[[The Hague]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
| 3–15 June 2007
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 15
|[[Doha]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| 13–25 March 2010
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 16
|[[Bangkok]]
|{{flag|Thailand}}
| 3–14 March 2013
|-
!scope="row"|CoP 17
|[[Johannesburg]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| 24 September – 5 October 2016
|-
!scope="row"|''CoP 18''
|[[Colombo]]
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| ''2019''
|-
|}

A current list of upcoming meetings appears on the CITES calendar at http://www.cites.org/eng/news/calendar.php.

==See also==
<!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
*[[Environmental agreements]]
*[[IUCN Red List]]
*[[Ivory trade]]
*[[List of species protected by CITES Appendix I]]
*[[List of species protected by CITES Appendix II]]
*[[List of species protected by CITES Appendix III]]
*[[Shark finning]]
*[[Wildlife conservation]]
*[[Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System]]
*[[Wildlife management]]
*[[Wildlife smuggling]]
*[[World Wildlife Day]]

==അവലംബം==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==അധികവായനയ്ക്ക്==
*Oldfield, S. and McGough, N. (Comp.) 2007. A CITES manual for botanic gardens [http://www.bgci.org/files/Worldwide/Publications/PDFs/cites.pdf English version], [http://www.bgci.org/files/Worldwide/Publications/PDFs/citesspanish.pdf Spanish version], [http://www.bgci.org/files/Worldwide/Publications/PDFs/citesitalian.pdf Italian version] Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI)

== പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ ==
{{Commons category|Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora|CITES}}
{{Wikisource|Category:Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora|Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora}}

* '''[http://www.cites.org/ Official CITES website]'''
* [http://shapingsustainablemarkets.iied.org/cites CITES Profile on database of market governance mechanisms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313225840/http://shapingsustainablemarkets.iied.org/cites |date=2016-03-13 }}

;Member countries (Parties)
* [http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/parties/chronolo.php Chronological list of Parties]
* Alphabetical list of Parties [https://web.archive.org/web/20120125111255/http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/parties/alphabet.php at CITES] and at the [https://web.archive.org/web/20141015184257/https://www.eda.admin.ch/etc/medialib/downloads/edazen/topics/intla/intrea/depch/intcom.Par.0001.File.tmp/mt_130227_cites73part_f.pdf depositary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110120150226/http://www.cites.org/cms/index.php/lang-en/component/ncd/ National contacts]

;Lists of species included in Appendices I, II and III (i.e. species protected by CITES)
* [http://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php Explanation of the Appendices]
* [http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/species.php Number of species on the Appendices]
* [http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php Species lists (Appendices I, II and III)]

{{threatened species}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cites}}

[[വർഗ്ഗം:വംശനാശം നേരിടുന്ന ജീവികൾ]]