Difference between revisions 2275914 and 2275984 on mswiki

{{proses|BukanTeamBiasa}}
{{about|sejarah sains dalam tamadun Islam di antara abad ke-8 dan ke-16|maklumat pada sains dalam konteks Islam|Islam dan sains}}
{{History of science sidebar}}
Dalam [[sejarah sains]], '''sains Islam''' merujukkan  kepada [[sains]] yang dikembangkan di bawahalam lingkungan [[dunia Islam|tamadun Islam]] di antara abad ke-8 dan ke-16, sewaktu apa yang dikenali sebagai [[Zaman Kegemilangan Islam]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=A. I.|last=Sabra|authorlink=A. I. Sabra|title=Situating Arabic Science: Locality versus Essence|journal=Isis|year=1996|volume=87|pages=654–670|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-1753%28199612%2987%3A4%3C654%3ASASLVE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M|issue=4|doi=10.1086/357651}}
{{quote|"Let us begin with a neutral and innocent definition of Arabic, or what also may be called Islamic, science in terms of time and space: the term ''Arabic'' (or ''Islamic'') ''science'' the scientific activities of individuals who lived in a region that might extended chronologically from the eighth century A.D. to the beginning of the modern era, and geographically from the Iberian Peninsula and north Africa to the Indus valley and from the Southern Arabia to the Caspian Sea—that is, the region covered for most of that period by what we call Islamic Civilization, and in which the results of the activities referred to were for the most part expressed in the Arabic Language. We need not be concerned over the refinements that obviously need to be introduced over this seemingly neutral definition."}}</ref> Ia juga diketahunali sebagai ''sains Arab'' sejakkerana kebanyakan teks pada zaman initu ditulis dalam [[bahasa Arab]], yang menjadi ''[[lingua franca]]'' tamadun [[Islam]]. Walauun nama-mana iniNamun, bukan semua ahli sains pada zaman ini adalahtu [[Muslim]] atau [[Arab]], seperti mana adalan berbilangan ahli sains bukan-Arab yang terkemuka (yang paling terkemuka adalah orang Parsi), dan juga sesetengah ahli sains bukan-Muslim, menyumbang pada sains dalam tamadun Isla. Sebilangan ahli sains terkemuka yang menyumbang kepada sains dalam tamadun Islam bukan berketurunan Arab (yang paling terkemuka ialah orang Parsi), dan ada juga ahli sains yang bukan Muslim.<ref>[[Bernard Lewis]], ''[[What Went Wrong]]? Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response'':
{{quote|"There have been many civilizations in human history, almost all of which were local, in the sense that they were defined by a region and an ethnic group. This applied to all the ancient civilizations of the Middle East—[[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Babylon]], [[Persia]]; to the great civilizations of Asia—[[History of India|India]], [[History of China|China]]; and to the civilizations of [[Pre-Columbian|Pre-Columbian America]]. There are two exceptions: [[Christendom]] and [[Islam]]. These are two civilizations defined by religion, in which religion is the primary defining force, not, as in India or China, a secondary aspect among others of an essentially regional and ethnically defined civilization. Here, again, another word of explanation is necessary."}}
{{quote|"In English we use the word “[[Islam]]” with two distinct meanings, and the distinction is often blurred and lost and gives rise to considerable confusion. In the one sense, Islam is the counterpart of [[Christianity]]; that is to say, a religion in the strict sense of the word: a system of belief and worship. In the other sense, Islam is the counterpart of [[Christendom]]; that is to say, a civilization shaped and defined by a religion, but containing many elements apart from and even hostile to that religion, yet arising within that civilization."}}
</ref> 

Ada beberapa pandangan berlainan pada sains Islam di kalangan sejarawan sains. Pandangan traditionalis, seperti didiberikan contoh olehdi kalangan sejarawan sains berkaitan sains Islam . Pandangan traditional,  contohnya [[Bertrand Russell]],<ref>[[Bertrand Russell]] (1945), ''[[History of Western Philosophy (Russell)|History of Western Philosophy]]'', book 2, part 2, chapter X</ref> memegang bahawa sains Islam, sementara mengkagumkan dalam banyak cara, berkurangan tenaga intelektual diperlukan inovasi dan secara terutamanya penting sebagai pengekal ilmu kuno dan pengirim ke [[zaman pertengahan Eropah]]. Pandangan pengulangkaji, seperti diberikan contoh oleh [[Abdus Salam]]<ref>[[Abdus Salam]], H. R. Dalafi, Mohamed Hassan (1994). ''Renaissance of Sciences in Islamic Countries'', p. 162. [[World Scientific]], ISBN 9971-5-0713-7.</ref> and [[George Saliba]],<ref name=Saliba-1994>{{Harv|Saliba|1994|pp=245, 250, 256-257}}</ref> memegang bahawa suatu '''Revolusi saintifik Islam''' bermuncul sewaktu [[Zaman Pertengahan]],<ref>Abid Ullah Jan (2006), ''After Fascism: Muslims and the struggle for self-determination'', "Islam, the West, and the Question of Dominance", Pragmatic Publishings, ISBN 978-0-9733687-5-8.</ref><ref>Salah Zaimeche (2003), [http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Introduction_to_Muslim%20Science.pdf An Introduction to Muslim Science], FSTC.</ref> an expression with which scholars such as [[Donald Routledge Hill]] and [[Ahmad Y Hassan]] express the view that Islam was the driving force behind the Muslim achievements,<ref>[[Ahmad Y Hassan]] and [[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1986), ''Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History'', p. 282, [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref> while [[Robert Briffault]] even sees Islamic science as the foundation of modern science.<ref name=Briffault/> The most prominent view in recent scholarship, however, as examplified by Toby E. Huff,<ref name=Huff>{{Harv|Huff|2003}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Saliba|first=George|author-link=George Saliba|title=Seeking the Origins of Modern Science? Review of Toby E. Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West|url=http://www.riifs.org/review_articles/review_v1no2_sliba.htm|journal=Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies|volume=1|issue=2|date=Autumn 1999|accessdate=2008-04-10}}</ref> [[Will Durant]],<ref name=Durant/> [[Fielding H. Garrison]],<ref name=Garrison/> [[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref name=Iqbal/> [[Hossein Nasr]] and [[Bernard Lewis]],<ref>{{citation|title=End the Biggest Educational and Intellectual Blunder in History: A $100,000 Challenge to Our Top Educational Leaders|first=Norman W.|last=Edmund|publisher=Scientific Method Publishing|year=2005|isbn=0963286668|page=447}}</ref> holds that [[List of Muslim scientists|Muslim scientists]] did help in laying the foundations for an [[experiment]]al science with their contributions to the [[scientific method]] and their [[empirical]], experimental and [[quantitative]] approach to scientific [[inquiry]], but that their work cannot be considered a [[Scientific Revolution]],<ref name=Huff/> like what occurred in [[early modern Europe]] and led to the emergence of modern science,<ref>Thomas Kuhn, ''The Copernican Revolution'', (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Pr., 1957), p. 142.</ref><ref>Herbert Butterfield, The Origins of Modern Science, 1300-1800.</ref> with the exception of [[Ibn al-Haytham]]'s ''[[Book of Optics]]'' which is widely considered a revolution in the fields of [[optics]] and [[visual perceptio yang diperlukan untuk membuat inovasi dan nilai utamanya ialah sebagai penyimpan ilmu kuno dan pengirim kepada [[zaman pertengahan]] [[Eropah]]. Pandangan sarjana pengulang kaji, seperti [[Abdus Salam]]<ref>[[Abdus Salam]], H. R. Dalafi, Mohamed Hassan (1994). ''Renaissance of Sciences in Islamic Countries'', p. 162. [[World Scientific]], ISBN 9971-5-0713-7.</ref> and [[George Saliba]],<ref name=Saliba-1994>{{Harv|Saliba|1994|pp=245, 250, 256-257}}</ref> berpegang bahawa suatu '''Revolusi saintifik Islam''' muncul sewaktu [[Zaman Pertengahan]],<ref>Abid Ullah Jan (2006), ''After Fascism: Muslims and the struggle for self-determination'', "Islam, the West, and the Question of Dominance", Pragmatic Publishings, ISBN 978-0-9733687-5-8.</ref><ref>Salah Zaimeche (2003), [http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/Introduction_to_Muslim%20Science.pdf An Introduction to Muslim Science], FSTC.</ref> satu ungkapan yang digunakan para sarjana seperti [[Donald Routledge Hill]] dan [[Ahmad Y Hassan]] untuk menyatakan pandangan bahawa Islam merupakan kuasa pendorong bagi pencapaianorang Islam,<ref>[[Ahmad Y Hassan]] and [[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1986), ''Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History'', p. 282, [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref> sementara [[Robert Briffault]] melihat sains Islam sebagai pengasas sains moden.<ref name=Briffault/> Pandangan pengajian terkini seperti ditonjolkan Toby E. Huff,<ref name=Huff>{{Harv|Huff|2003}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Saliba|first=George|author-link=George Saliba|title=Seeking the Origins of Modern Science? Review of Toby E. Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West|url=http://www.riifs.org/review_articles/review_v1no2_sliba.htm|journal=Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies|volume=1|issue=2|date=Autumn 1999|accessdate=2008-04-10}}</ref> [[Will Durant]],<ref name=Durant/> [[Fielding H. Garrison]],<ref name=Garrison/> [[Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref name=Iqbal/> [[Hossein Nasr]] dan [[Bernard Lewis]],<ref>{{citation|title=End the Biggest Educational and Intellectual Blunder in History: A $100,000 Challenge to Our Top Educational Leaders|first=Norman W.|last=Edmund|publisher=Scientific Method Publishing|year=2005|isbn=0963286668|page=447}}</ref> ialah para [[Senarai ahli sains Islam|ahli sains Islam]] menyumbang kepada pengasasan sains ber[[eksperimen]] melalui sumbangan mereka kepada [[kaedah saintifik]] dan pendekatan [[empirik]], bereksperimen dan [[kuantitatif]] yang dibawa kepada [[penyelidikan]], mahupun usaha mereka tidak boleh dikatakan suatu [[Revolusi Sains|revolusi sains]],<ref name=Huff/> seperti yang telah berlaku pada zaman awal Eropah moden yang membawa kepada kemunculan sains moden,<ref>Thomas Kuhn, ''The Copernican Revolution'', (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Pr., 1957), p. 142.</ref><ref>Herbert Butterfield, The Origins of Modern Science, 1300-1800.</ref> melainkan [[Kitab Optik]] karya [[Ibn Al-Haitham]] yang dianggap ramai sebagai satu revolusi dalam bidang [[optik]] dan [[persepsi penglihatan]].<ref name=Hogendijk/><ref name=Hatfield/><ref>{{Citation|journal=The Medieval History Journal|volume=9|issue=1|pages=89-98|year=2006|doi=10.1177/097194580500900105|title=The Gaze in Ibn al-Haytham|first=Gérard|last=Simon}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Burning Instruments: From Diocles to Ibn Sahl|first=Hélèna|last=Bellosta|journal=Arabic Sciences and Philosophy|year=2002|volume=12|pages=285-303|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.1017/S095742390200214X}}</ref&g(contracted; show full)[[nl:Wetenschap in de middeleeuwse islamitische wereld]]
[[ja:イスラム科学]]
[[pt:Ciência islâmica]]
[[sq:Shkenca në mesjetën Islame]]
[[sr:Наука у средњовековном исламском свету]]
[[sh:Islamska nauka]]
[[sv:Islamisk vetenskap]]
[[ur:مسلم سائنس]]