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{{about|sejarah sains dalam tamadun Islam di antara abad ke-8 dan ke-16|maklumat pada sains dalam konteks Islam|Islam dan sains}}
{{History of science sidebar}}

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=== Kimia ===
{{main|Alkimia dan kimia dalam Islam}}
{{see|Reka cipta dalam dunia Islam}}
[[Fail:Jabir ibn Hayyan.jpg|thumb|right|[[Geber|Jabir ibn Hayyan]] (Geber) adalah seorang [[polymath]] yang dianggap seorang peneroka [[kimia]] dan [[minyak wangi]].]]


The 9th century [[chemist]], [[Geber]] (Jabir ibn Hayyan), is considered a pioneer of [[chemistry]],<ref>{{citation|first=Zygmunt S.|last=Derewenda|year=2007|title=On wine, chirality and crystallography|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography|volume=64|pages=246–258 [247]|doi=10.1107/S0108767307054293}}</ref><ref>John Warren (2005). "War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: a sadly mismanaged affair", ''Third World Quarterly'', Volume 26, Issue 4 & 5, p. 815-830.</ref><ref name=Vallely>Paul Vallely, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060311/ai_n16147544 How Islamic Inventors Changed the World], ''[[The Independent]]'', 11 March 2006.</ref> for introducing an early [[experiment]]al method for chemistry, as well as the [[alembic]], [[still]], [[retort]], pure [[distillation]], [[liquefaction]], [[crystallisation]], [[purification]], [[oxidisation]], [[evaporation]], and [[filtration]].<ref name=Vallely/>

[[Al-Kindi]] was the first to refute the study of traditional [[alchemy]] and the theory of the [[Philosopher's stone|transmutation of metals]],<ref>Felix Klein-Frank (2001), "Al-Kindi", in [[Oliver Leaman]] & [[Hossein Nasr]], ''History of Islamic Philosophy'', p. 174. London: [[Routledge]].</ref> followed by [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]],<ref>Michael E. Marmura (1965). "''An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for Its Study by the Ikhwan Al-Safa'an, Al-Biruni, and Ibn Sina'' by Seyyed [[Hossein Nasr]]", ''Speculum'' '''40''' (4), p. 744-746.</ref> [[Avicenna]],<ref>[[Robert Briffault]] (1938). ''The Making of Humanity'', p. 196-197.</ref> and [[Ibn Khaldun]]. Avicenna also invented [[steam distillation]] and produced the first [[essential oil]]s, which led to the development of [[aromatherapy]]. [[Rhazes|Razi]] first distilled [[petroleum]], invented [[kerosene]] and [[kerosene lamp]]s, [[soap bar]]s and modern recipes for [[soap]], and [[antiseptic]]s. In his ''Doubts about Galen'', al-Razi was also the first to prove both [[Aristotle]]'s theory of [[classical element]]s and [[Galen]]'s theory of [[humorism]] wrong using an experimental method.<ref name=Stolyarov/> In the 13th century, [[Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī]] stated an early version of the law of [[conservation of mass]], noting that a body of [[matter]] is able to change, but is not able to disappear.<ref>Farid Alakbarov (Summer 2001). [http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/92_folder/92_articles/92_tusi.html A 13th-Century Darwin? Tusi's Views on Evolution], ''Azerbaijan International'' '''9''' (2).</ref>

[[Will Durant]] wrote in ''[[The Story of Civilization]] IV: The Age of Faith'':
{{quote|"Chemistry as a science was almost created by the [[Muslim|Moslems]]; for in this field, where the [[Greeks]] (so far as we know) were confined to industrial experience and vague [[hypothesis]], the [[Saracen]]s introduced precise [[observation]], [[Scientific control|controlled experiment]], and careful records. They invented and named the [[alembic]] (al-anbiq), chemically analyzed innumerable [[substance]]s, composed [[Lapidary|lapidaries]], distinguished [[alkali]]s and [[acid]]s, investigated their affinities, studied and manufactured hundreds of [[drug]]s. Alchemy, which the Moslems inherited from Egypt, contributed to chemistry by a thousand incidental discoveries, and by its method, which was the most scientific of all medieval operations."<ref name=Durant>[[Will Durant]] (1980). ''The Age of Faith ([[The Story of Civilization]], Volume 4)'', p. 162-186. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-01200-2.</ref>}}

[[George Sarton]] wrote in the ''Introduction to the History of Science'':
{{quote|"We find in his (Jabir, Geber) writings remarkably sound views on methods of chemical research, a theory on the [[geology|geologic]] formation of [[metal]]s (the six metals differ essentially because of different proportions of [[sulfur|sulphur]] and [[mercury (element)|mercury]] in them); preparation of various substances (e.g., basic [[Cerussite|lead carbonatic]], [[arsenic]] and [[antimony]] from their [[Sulfide|sulphides]][[Ahli kimia]] kurun ke-9, [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]] dianggap sebagai perintis [[kimia]],<ref>{{citation|first=Zygmunt S.|last=Derewenda|year=2007|title=On wine, chirality and crystallography|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography|volume=64|pages=246–258 [247]|doi=10.1107/S0108767307054293}}</ref><ref>John Warren (2005). "War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: a sadly mismanaged affair", ''Third World Quarterly'', Volume 26, Issue 4 & 5, p. 815-830.</ref><ref name=Vallely>Paul Vallely, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060311/ai_n16147544 How Islamic Inventors Changed the World], ''[[The Independent]]'', 11 March 2006.</ref> kerana memperkenalkan kaedah [[ujikaji]] terawal bagi kimia, dan juga [[alembik]], [[radas penyulingan]], [[retort]], [[penyulingan]] tulen, [[pencecairan]], [[penghabluran]], [[penulenan]], [[pengoksidaan]], [[pemeluwapan]], dan [[penurasan]].<ref name=Vallely/>

[[Al-Kindi]] merupakan orang pertama yang menyangkal kajian [[alkimia]] tradisional dan teori [[batu falsafah|transmutasi logam]],<ref>Felix Klein-Frank (2001), "Al-Kindi", in [[Oliver Leaman]] & [[Hossein Nasr]], ''History of Islamic Philosophy'', p. 174. London: [[Routledge]].</ref> followed by [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]],
diikuti oleh [[al-Biruni]],<ref>Michael E. Marmura (1965). "''An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for Its Study by the Ikhwan Al-Safa'an, Al-Biruni, and Ibn Sina'' by Seyyed [[Hossein Nasr]]", ''Speculum'' '''40''' (4), p. 744-746.</ref> [[Ibnu Sina]],<ref>[[Robert Briffault]] (1938). ''The Making of Humanity'', p. 196-197.</ref> dan [[Ibn Khaldun]]. Ibnu Sina juga mencipta [[penyulingan stim]] dan menghasilkan [[minyak pati]] yang pertama, yang membawa pada perkembangan [[terapi aroma]].[[Rhazes|Razi]] first distilled [[petroleum]], invented [[kerosene]] and [[kerosene lamp]]s, [[soap bar]]s and modern recipes for [[soap]], and [[antiseptic]]s.[[Al-Razi]] merupakan orang pertama menyuling [[petroleum]], mencipta [[kerosin]] dan [[lampu gasolin]], [[buku sabun]] dan resipi moden bagi pembuatan [[sabun]], di dalam bukunya ''al-shukuk ala jalinius'', al-Razi juga merupakan orang pertama yang membuktikan bahawa teori [[unsur klasik]] [[Aristotle]] dan teori [[humorisme]] [[Galen]] adalah salah menerusi kaedah ujikaji.<ref name=Stolyarov/> Pada kurun ke-13, [[Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī]] menyatakan versi terawal hukum [[pengabadian jisim]], yang menyebutkan bahawa sesuatu jasad [[jirim]] mampu berubah, tetapi tidak mampu menghilang.<ref>Farid Alakbarov (Summer 2001). [http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/92_folder/92_articles/92_tusi.html A 13th-Century Darwin? Tusi's Views on Evolution], ''Azerbaijan International'' '''9''' (2).</ref>

[[Will Durant]] menulis di dalam ''[[The Story of Civilization]] IV: The Age of Faith'':
{{quote|"Kimia sebagai satu sains kebanyakannya dicipta oleh [[Muslim]]; kerana dalam bidang ini, yang [[orang Yunani]] (setakat yang kita ketahui) terbatas kepada pengalaman industri dan [[hipotesis]] yang kabur, [[orang Islam]] memperkenalkan [[pemerhatian]] tepat, dan catatan yang teliti. Mereka mencipta dan menamakan [[alembik]] (al-anbiq), [[bahan]] yang dianalis secara kimia yang tidak terkira banyaknya, [[jauhari]] tenang, [[alkali]] dan [[asid]] yang unggul, menyiasat kesamaannya, mengkaji dan menghasilkan ratusan [[dadah]]. Alkimia, yang diwarisi daripada Mesir, menyumbang pada kimia dengan ribuan penemuan sampingan, dan dengan kaedahnya yang merupakan paling saintifik dalam semua operasi pada Zaman Pertengahan."<ref name=Durant>[[Will Durant]] (1980). ''The Age of Faith ([[The Story of Civilization]], Volume 4)'', p. 162-186. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-01200-2.</ref>}}

[[George Sarton]] menulis di dalam ''Introduction to the History of Science'':
{{quote|"Kita dapati di dalam penulisannya (Jabir ibn Hayyan) pandangan-pandangan kukuh yang luar biasa mengenai kaedah-kaedah kajian kimia, teori tentang pembentukan [[geologi]] [[logam]] (enam logam berbeza secara asasnya disebabkan nisbah [[sulfur]] dan [[merkuri]] yang berbeza di dalamnya); penyediaan pelbagai bahan (misalnya [[serusit]] asas, [[arsenik]] dan [[antimoni]] daripada [[sulfida]]nya)."<ref name=Zahoor>Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq (1997). [http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/Introl1.html ''Quotations From Famous Historians of Science''], [http://www.cyberistan.org Cyberistan].</ref>}}

=== Sains Bumi ===
{{main|Geografi Islam}}
{{see|Revolusi Pertanian Islam}}



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*[http://www.smi.uib.no/paj/Stenberg.html The Islamization of science or the marginalization of Islam]
*[http://www.muslimheritage.com/ Muslimheritage]
*[http://www.1001inventions.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewSection&intSectionID=309 1001inventions]
*[http://www.science-islam.net/sommaire.php3?lang=en Science and religion in Islam]
*Keith L. Moore, {{YouTube|id=Rb0uZefwQnc|title=The Developing Human}}

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