Difference between revisions 4570855 and 4570856 on mswiki

[[File:Selimiye Mosque, Dome.jpg|300px|thumb|Pemandangan tepi bahagian dalam kubah utama [[Masjid Selimiye]] di [[Edirne]], [[Turki]] yang dibina dalam [[#Seni bina Uthmaniyyah|gaya Uthmaniyyah]]]]
[[File:Fuente de los Leones en la Alhambra de Granada, España. - panoramio.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Bangsal Singa]], sebuah karya agung [[Seni bina Moor|Moor]], di istana [[Alhambra]]([[Granada]], Sepanyol)]]

(contracted; show full) Umayyad jenis ini ditemui di [[Amman Citadel]] dan di [[Qasr Amra]].<ref>Ignacio Arce (2006): ''Umayyad arches, vaults & domes: Merging and re-creation. Contributions to early Islamic construction history.'' In: Proceedings of the second international congress on construction history Vol. I. Queen's College, Cambridge University 29.03.–02.04.2006, S. 195–220 [http://www.arct.cam.ac.uk/Downloads/ichs/vol-1-195-220-arce.pdf PDF], accessed 1 February 2016</ref>

==== 
Iberian Peninsula ====
The double-arched system of [[Arcade (architecture)|arcades]] of the [[Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba]] is generally considered to be derived from [[Roman Architecture|Roman]] [[Aqueduct (bridge)|aqueducts]] like the nearby [[Acueducto de los Milagros|aqueduct of Los Milagros]]. Columns are connected by [[horseshoe arch]]es, and support pillars of [[brickwork]], which are in turn interconnected by semicircular arches supporting the flat timberwork ceiling.

<center>
<gallery widths="180px" heights="180px">
File:Córdoba 2014.25.jpg|Arcades of the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
File:Aljaferia - Portique nord.JPG|Arcades of the [[Aljafería]] of Zaragoza
</gallery>
</center>

In later-period additions to the Mosque of Córdoba, the basic architectural design was changed: Horseshoe arches were now used for the upper row of arcades, which is now supported by five-pass arches. In sections which now supported [[dome]]s, additional supporting structures were needed to bear the [[thrust]] of the cupolas. The architects solved this problem by the construction of intersecting three- or five-pass arches. The three domes spanning the vaults above the [[mihrab]] wall are constructed as [[ribbed vault]]s. Rather than meeting in the center of the dome, the ribs intersect one another off-center, forming an eight-pointed star in the center which is superseded by a [[pendentive]] dome.<ref name=Giese-Vogeli>{{cite book|last1=Giese-Vögeli |first1=Francine|title=Das islamische Rippengewölbe : Ursprung, Form, Verbreitung |trans-title=Islamic rib vaults: Origins, form, spread|date=2007|publisher=Gebr. Mann|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-7861-2550-1}}</ref>

The ribbed vaults of the mosque-cathedral of Córdoba served as models for later mosque buildings in the Islamic West of [[al-Andaluz]] and the [[Maghreb]]. At around 1000 AD, the ''Mezquita de Bab al Mardum'' (today: [[Mosque of Cristo de la Luz]]) in [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] was constructed with a similar, eight-ribbed dome. Similar domes are also seen in the mosque building of the [[Aljafería]] of [[Zaragoza]]. The architectural form of the ribbed dome was further developed in the Maghreb: The central dome of the Great Mosque of [[Tlemcen]], a masterpiece of the [[Almoravids]] built in 1082, has twelve slender ribs, the shell between the ribs is filled with filigree stucco workSemenanjung Iberia ====
Sistem [[Arked (seni bina)|arked]] [[Masjid-Katedral Córdoba]] pada umumnya dianggap berasal dari [[Roman Architecture | Roman]] [[Akueduk (jembatan)|akueduk]] seperti [[Acueducto de los Milagros|akueduk Los Milagros]] yang berdekatan. Lajur disambungkan dengan lengkungan [[gerbang ladam]], dan tiang sokongan [[pertukangan bata]], yang pada gilirannya saling terhubung oleh lengkungan separa bulat yang menyokong siling timber yang rata.

<center>
<gallery widths="180px" heights="180px">
File:Córdoba 2014.25.jpg|Arked Katedral-Córdoba Masjid
File:Aljaferia - Portique nord.JPG|Arked [[Aljafería]] dari Zaragoza
</gallery>
</center>

Dalam penambahan masa kemudian ke Masjid Córdoba, reka bentuk seni bina asas telah berubah: Gerbang ladam kini digunakan untuk barisan atas arked, yang kini disokong oleh gerbang lima pas. Dalam bahagian yang kini menyokong [[kubah]], struktur sokongan tambahan diperlukan untuk menanggung [[tujahan]] cupolas. Para arkitek memecahkan masalah ini dengan pembinaan menancapkan gerbang tiga atau lima pas. Ketiga kubah yang merangkumi kubah di atas dinding [[mihrab]] dibina sebagai [[kubah ribuncul]]. Daripada bertemu di pusat kubah, tulang rusuk bersilang satu sama lain di luar pusat, membentuk bintang lapan-lintang di tengah yang digantikan oleh kubah [[pendentif]].<ref name=Giese-Vogeli>{{cite book|last1=Giese-Vögeli |first1=Francine|title=Das islamische Rippengewölbe : Ursprung, Form, Verbreitung |trans-title=Islamic rib vaults: Origins, form, spread|date=2007|publisher=Gebr. Mann|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-7861-2550-1}}</ref>

Kubah berongga di katedral masjid di Córdoba berkhidmat sebagai model untuk bangunan masjid di barat Islam [[al-Andaluz]] dan [[Maghreb]]. Pada sekitar 1000 AD, '' Mezquita de Bab al Mardum '' (hari ini: [[Masjid de la Luz]]) di [[Toledo, Sepanyol | Toledo]] dibina dengan kubah yang sama dengan lapan rusuk. Kubah serupa juga dilihat di bangunan masjid Aljaferia dari [[Zaragoza]]. Bentuk arsitektur kubah yang rusuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut di Maghreb: Kubah pusat Masjid Besar Tlemcen, karya [[Almoravids]] yang dibina pada 1082, mempunyai dua belas rusuk langsing, cangkang antara tulang rusuk dipenuhi dengan kerja stuko kikir.<ref name="Giese-Vogeli" />

==== Iran (Persia) ====
Because of its long history of building and re-building, spanning the time from the [[Abbasids]] to the [[Qajar dynasty]], and its excellent state of conservation, the [[Jameh Mosque of Isfahan]] provides an overview over the experiments Islamic architects conducted with complicated vaulting structures.<ref name=Giese-Vogeli/>{{rp|66–88}}

(contracted; show full)
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Islamic Architecture}}
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