Difference between revisions 4570861 and 4570863 on mswiki

[[File:Selimiye Mosque, Dome.jpg|300px|thumb|Pemandangan tepi bahagian dalam kubah utama [[Masjid Selimiye]] di [[Edirne]], [[Turki]] yang dibina dalam [[#Seni bina Uthmaniyyah|gaya Uthmaniyyah]]]]
[[File:Fuente de los Leones en la Alhambra de Granada, España. - panoramio.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Bangsal Singa]], sebuah karya agung [[Seni bina Moor|Moor]], di istana [[Alhambra]]([[Granada]], Sepanyol)]]

(contracted; show full) '' (hari ini: [[Masjid de la Luz]]) di [[Toledo, Sepanyol | Toledo]] dibina dengan kubah yang sama dengan lapan rusuk. Kubah serupa juga dilihat di bangunan masjid Aljaferia dari [[Zaragoza]]. Bentuk arsitektur kubah yang rusuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut di Maghreb: Kubah pusat Masjid Besar Tlemcen, karya [[Almoravids]] yang dibina pada 1082, mempunyai dua belas rusuk langsing, cangkang antara tulang rusuk dipenuhi dengan kerja stuko kikir.<ref name="Giese-Vogeli" />

==== Iran (P
ersia) ====
Because of its long history of building and re-building, spanning the time from the [[Abbasids]] to the [[Qajar dynasty]], and its excellent state of conservation, the [[Jameh Mosque of Isfahan]] provides an overview over the experiments Islamic architects conducted with complicated vaulting structures.<ref name=Giese-Vogeli/>{{rp|66–88}}

The system of [[squinch]]es, which is a construction filling in the upper angles of a square room so as to form a base to receive an [[octagon]]al or [[sphere|spherical]] [[dome]], was already known in [[Sasanian architecture]].<ref>{{cite book| last1=Schippmann| first1=Klaus| title=Die iranischen Feuerheiligtümer = Iranian Fire temples| date=1971| publisher=Walter de Gruyter| location=Berlin| isbn=978-3-11-001879-0| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWwiAAAAQBAJ| accessdate=23 January 2016| language=German}}</ref> The [[Spherical trigonometry|spherical triangles]] of the squinches were split up into further subdivisions or systems of niches, resulting in a complex interplay of supporting structures forming an ornamental spatial pattern which hides the weight of the structure.

The "non-radial rib vault", an architectural form of ribbed vaults with a superimposed spherical dome, is the characteristic architectural vault form of the Islamic East. From its beginnings in the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, this form of vault was used in a sequence of important buildings up to the period of [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] architecture. Its main characteristics are:<ref name=Giese-Vogeli/>{{rp|66–88}}
# Four intersecting ribs, at times redoubled and intersected to form an eight-pointed star;
# the omission of a transition zone between the vault and the supporting structure;
# a central dome or [[roof lantern]] on top of the ribbed vault.

While intersecting pairs of ribs from the main decorative feature of [[Seljuk architecture]], the ribs were hidden behind additional architectural elements in later periods, as exemplified in the dome of the [[Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar]] in [[Merv]], until they finally disappeared completely behind the double shell of a stucco dome, as seen in the dome of [[Ālī Qāpū]] in Isfahan.<ref name=Giese-Vogeli/>{{rp|66–88}}
<center><gallery widths="180px" heights="180px">
Dome and Chahartaq remains of Harpak Fire Temple in Abyaneh.JPG|Dome of the Fire temple of Harpak in [[Abyaneh]]
Friday mosque, isfahan.jpg|Non-radial rib vault in the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
SultanSanjarMausoleum2.jpg|Dome of the tomb of Ahmed Sanjar in Merv
Music Room, Ali Qapu Palace, Isfahan (1267170087).jpg|Upper dome of Ālī Qāpū, Isfahan
File:Malda ~ Adina Mosque 4.JPG|[[Adina Mosquearsi) ====
Oleh kerana sejarah panjang bangunan dan pembinaan semula, merangkumi masa dari [[Abbasid]] ke dinasti Qajar, dan keadaan pemuliharaannya yang sangat baik, Masjid [[Jameh Mosque of Isfahan]] memberikan gambaran keseluruhan atas eksperimen arkitek Islam yang dilakukan dengan struktur melengkung yang rumit.<ref name=Giese-Vogeli/>{{rp|66–88}}

Sistem es [[squinch]], yang merupakan pengisian di sudut atas ruang persegi untuk membentuk pangkalan untuk menerima [[oktagon]] al atau [[bola | bola]] [[kubah] ], sudah diketahui dalam seni bina Sasanian.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Schippmann| first1=Klaus| title=Die iranischen Feuerheiligtümer = Iranian Fire temples| date=1971| publisher=Walter de Gruyter| location=Berlin| isbn=978-3-11-001879-0| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWwiAAAAQBAJ| accessdate=23 January 2016| language=German}}</ref> [[Trigonometri sfera|Segitiga sfera]] dipisahkan ke dalam subdivisi atau sistem nukleus yang lebih jauh, yang menghasilkan interaksi kompleks struktur sokongan membentuk corak spatial hiasan yang menyembunyikan berat strukturnya.

"Kekubah tulang rusuk bukan radial", bentuk seni bina kubah berus dengan kubah sfera superimposed, adalah bentuk kebuk arsitektur ciri Timur Islam. Dari permulaannya di Masjid Jameh Isfahan, bentuk vault ini digunakan dalam urutan bangunan-bangunan penting hingga ke zaman senibina [[Wangsa Safavid|Safavid]]. Ciri utamanya ialah:<ref name=Giese-Vogeli/>{{rp|66–88}}
# Empat rusuk berpotongan, kadang-kadang berlipat ganda dan bersilang membentuk bintang lapan;
# peninggalan zon peralihan di antara peti besi dan struktur sokongan;
# kubah pusat atau [[tanglung bumbung]] di atas peti besi runcit.

Ketika berpotongan pasang tulang rusuk dari ciri-ciri hiasan utama senibina Seljuk, tulang rusuk tersembunyi di belakang unsur-unsur seni bina tambahan pada masa-masa kemudian, seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam kubah Makam Ahmed Sanjar di [[Merv]], sehingga akhirnya mereka hilang sepenuhnya di belakang kubah ganda kubah stuko, seperti yang dilihat di kubah [[Ālī Qāpū]] di Isfahan.<ref name=Giese-Vogeli/>{{rp|66–88}}
<center><gallery widths="180px" heights="180px">
Dome and Chahartaq remains of Harpak Fire Temple in Abyaneh.JPG|Kubah kuil Api Harpak di [[Abyaneh]]
Friday mosque, isfahan.jpg|Peti besi rasuk bukan radial di Masjid Jameh Isfahan
SultanSanjarMausoleum2.jpg|Kubah makam Ahmed Sanjar di Merv
Music Room, Ali Qapu Palace, Isfahan (1267170087).jpg|Kubah atas Ālī Qāpū, Isfahan
File:Malda ~ Adina Mosque 4.JPG|[[Masjid Adina]], West Bengal, India
</gallery></center>

==== Domes ====
Based on the model of pre-existing [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] [[dome]]s, the [[Ottoman Architecture]] developed a specific form of monumental, representative building: Wide central domes with huge diameters were erected on top of a centre-plan building. Despite their enormous weight, the domes appear virtually weightless. Some of the most elaborate domed buildings have been constructed by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] archite(contracted; show full)
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Islamic Architecture}}
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