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{{short description|Komponen utama sistem keadilan jenayah AS}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=Februari 2020}}
{{Penguatkuasaan undang-undang di Amerika Syarikat}}
{{Criminal law}}

(contracted; show full)adah mereka telah dijual, apabila pegawai boleh merampas wang tunai itu.<ref name=Economist1>{{cite news|title=Cops or soldiers?|url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21599349-americas-police-have-become-too-militarised-cops-or-soldiers|accessdate=June 8, 2014|work=The Economist|date=March 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Civil Asset Forfeiture|url=https://www.aclu.org/criminal-law-reform/civil-asset-forfeiture|publisher=ACLU|accessdate=December 13, 2014}}</ref>

== 
Controversies ==

===Deadly force===
{{Main|Police use of deadly force in the United States|List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States}}

In most states, law enforcement officers operate under the same self-defense laws as the civilians of these states. Generally, when the first responder or a member of the public is at risk of serious bodily injury and/or death, lethal force is justified. Most law enforcement agencies establish a [[use of force continuum]] and list deadly force as a force of last resort. With this model, agencies try to control excessive uses of force. Nonetheless, some{{Who|date=June 2019}} question the number of killings by law enforcement officers, including killings of people who are unarmed, raising questions about alleged widespread and ongoing excessive use of force.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fatal police shootings in 2015 approaching 400 nationwide|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/fatal-police-shootings-in-2015-approaching-400-nationwide/2015/05/30/d322256a-058e-11e5-a428-c984eb077d4e_story.html?hpid=z1|accessdate=May 31, 2015|work=The Washington Post|date=May 30, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=America's police kill too many people. But some forces are showing how smarter, less aggressive policing gets results|url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21636044-americas-police-kill-too-many-people-some-forces-are-showing-how-smarter-less|journal=The Economist|accessdate=December 13, 2014|date=December 13, 2014}}</ref> Other non-fatal incidents and arrests have raised similar concerns.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arrest-Related Deaths|url=http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=82|publisher=Bureau Of Justice Statistics|accessdate=June 6, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=US Police Have Killed Over 5,000 Civilians Since 9/11|url=http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article36807.htm|accessdate=June 6, 2014|date=November 10, 2013}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Police Involved Shooting Statistics: A National One-Year Summary|url=http://jimfishertruecrime.blogspot.com/2012/01/police-involved-shootings-2011-annual.html|accessdate=June 6, 2014|date=December 25, 2013}}.</ref>

===Accountability===
{{Main|Police accountability#Police reform in the United States}}

===Misconducts===
{{Main|Police misconduct#United States|Police brutality in the United States|Police riots in the United States|Police perjury#United States}}

* 1960s: The Sixties was the height of the [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights Movement]] and much police misconduct came from protests that often turned violent. There were also planned attacks against police stemming directly from the force that was being used by the police, against the protesters. President Lyndon Johnson created the Office of Law Enforcement Assistance in 1965. From that, much was done on the federal and local level, such as enhanced training for police personnel. Police officers at that time were often made up of ex-military members that had little training and were left to learn their skills during their job experiences. Law enforcement personnel were also responsible to attend college as a result.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Police Brutality, Misconduct, and Corruption|last=Albrecht|first=James|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=|location=|pages=9–14}}</ref>
* 1965: The [[Watts riots|Watts Riots]] of 1965 lasted six days and began following the arrest of Marquette Frye by a white [[California Highway Patrol]] officer on suspicion of driving while intoxicated. 34 people were killed and more than 1,000 were injured. The riots also caused over $40 million in damage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Watts-Riots-of-1965|title=Watts Riots of 1965 {{!}} American history|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=October 30, 2018|language=en}}</ref>
* 1991: In March 1991, Officers from the [[Los Angeles Police Department]], while attempting to arrest [[Rodney King]], used what many believed was excessive force. Four APDo fficers used physical force on King after he resisted arrest. A bystander videotaped the incident and later supplied it to local media. The officers were charged with assault and using excessive force, with all officers acquitted of the assault, and three of the four officers acquitted of using excessive use of force, during the initial trial. This led to the citywide [[1992 Los Angeles riots]], during which 63 people were killed and 2,373 were injured; it ended only after the [[California Army National Guard]], the [[United States Army]], and the [[United States Marine Corps]] provided reinforcements to re-establish control.<ref name=":02" />
* 2006: In 2006, [[Shooting of Sean Bell|Sean Bell]] was fatally shot on the night before his wedding. It was reported that the police had shot over 50 times at Bell and two of his friends that he was with.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/04/05/us/controversial-police-encounters-fast-facts/index.html|title=Controversial Police Encounters Fast Facts|last=Library|first=CNN|work=CNN|access-date=October 30, 2018}}</ref>
* 2014: In 2014, [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]] was shot by a police officer after struggling with the officer and attempting to take the officers gun. His death prompted citywide riots and protests that lasted approximately 5 days.<ref name=":1" />
* 2016: In 2016, [[Shooting of Philando Castile|Philando Castile]] was shot by a police officer. Due to the rise of social media and cell phones, it is now easy for people to broadcast police use of force incidents that they see. The trend started with Rodney King and has grown since. In this case, Castile's girlfriend live-streamed his death on Facebook. The video gained approximately 3.2 million views by the next dayKontroversi ==

===Daya mematikan===
{{Main|Penggunaan polis yang mematikan di Amerika Syarikat|Senarai pembunuhan oleh pegawai penguatkuasa undang-undang di Amerika Syarikat}}

Di kebanyakan negeri, pegawai penguatkuasa undang-undang beroperasi di bawah undang-undang pertahanan diri yang sama seperti orang awam di negeri-negeri ini. Pada umumnya, apabila responden pertama atau ahli orang awam berisiko kecederaan tubuh badan dan / atau kematian, daya maut dibenarkan. Kebanyakan agensi penguatkuasaan undang-undang menubuhkan [[kegunaan kekuatan kontinum]] dan menyenaraikan daya maut sebagai daya terakhir. Dengan model ini, agensi cuba mengawal penggunaan kekerasan berlebihan. Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa orang{{Who|date=June 2019}} mempersoalkan bilangan pembunuhan oleh pegawai penguatkuasa undang-undang, termasuk membunuh orang yang tidak bersenjata, menimbulkan persoalan tentang penggunaan kekerasan yang melampau dan berterusan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fatal police shootings in 2015 approaching 400 nationwide|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/fatal-police-shootings-in-2015-approaching-400-nationwide/2015/05/30/d322256a-058e-11e5-a428-c984eb077d4e_story.html?hpid=z1|accessdate=May 31, 2015|work=The Washington Post|date=May 30, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=America's police kill too many people. But some forces are showing how smarter, less aggressive policing gets results|url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21636044-americas-police-kill-too-many-people-some-forces-are-showing-how-smarter-less|journal=The Economist|accessdate=December 13, 2014|date=December 13, 2014}}</ref> Kejadian dan penangkapan lain yang tidak membawa maut telah menimbulkan kebimbangan yang sama.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arrest-Related Deaths|url=http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=82|publisher=Bureau Of Justice Statistics|accessdate=June 6, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=US Police Have Killed Over 5,000 Civilians Since 9/11|url=http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article36807.htm|accessdate=June 6, 2014|date=November 10, 2013}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Police Involved Shooting Statistics: A National One-Year Summary|url=http://jimfishertruecrime.blogspot.com/2012/01/police-involved-shootings-2011-annual.html|accessdate=June 6, 2014|date=December 25, 2013}}.</ref>

===Kebertanggungjawaban===
{{Main|Kebertanggungjawaban polis#Pembaharuan polis di Amerika Syarikat}}

===Salah laku===
{{Main|Kerosakan polis#Amerika Syarikat|Kerosakan polis di Amerika Syarikat|Rusuhan polis di Amerika Syarikat|Polis perjamuan#Amerika Syarikat}}

* 1960-an: The Sixties adalah ketinggian gerakan [[Pergerakan Hak Awam|Pergerakan Hak Sivil]] dan banyak kesalahan polisi berasal dari protes yang sering berubah menjadi ganas. Terdapat juga serangan yang dirancang terhadap polis yang berpunca terus dari kuasa yang digunakan oleh polis, terhadap penunjuk perasaan. Presiden Lyndon Johnson telah menubuhkan Pejabat Penguatkuasaan Undang-Undang pada tahun 1965. Sejak itu, banyak dilakukan pada peringkat persekutuan dan tempatan, seperti latihan yang ditingkatkan untuk anggota polisi. Pegawai polis pada waktu itu sering terdiri daripada bekas anggota tentera yang mempunyai sedikit latihan dan dibiarkan belajar kemahiran mereka semasa pengalaman kerja mereka. Kakitangan penguatkuasa undang-undang juga bertanggungjawab untuk menghadiri kolej sebagai hasilnya.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Police Brutality, Misconduct, and Corruption|last=Albrecht|first=James|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=|location=|pages=9–14}}</ref>
* 1965: [[Kerusuhan Watts]] pada tahun 1965 berlangsung enam hari dan mula menyusul penangkapan Marquette Frye oleh pegawai [[Peronda Lebuhraya California]] putih yang disyaki memandu semasa mabuk. 34 orang terbunuh dan lebih daripada 1,000 cedera. Rusuhan itu juga mengakibatkan lebih daripada $40 juta kerosakan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Watts-Riots-of-1965|title=Watts Riots of 1965 {{!}} American history|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=October 30, 2018|language=en}}</ref>
* 1991: Pada bulan Mac 1991, Pegawai dari [[Jabatan Polis Los Angeles]], ketika cuba menangkap [[Rodney King]], menggunakan apa yang dipercayai ramai adalah daya yang berlebihan. Empat petugas APDo menggunakan kuasa fizikal di Raja selepas dia menahan penangkapan. Seorang pengamat menemani kejadian itu dan kemudian membekalkannya kepada media tempatan. Pegawai-pegawai itu didakwa dengan serangan dan menggunakan kekerasan yang berlebihan, dengan semua pegawai yang dibebaskan dari serangan itu, dan tiga dari empat orang pegawai itu terbebas menggunakan penggunaan kekerasan yang berlebihan semasa percubaan awal. Ini membawa kepada [[rusuhan Los Angeles 1992]] di seluruh bandar, di mana 63 orang terbunuh dan 2,373 cedera; ia berakhir hanya selepas [[Pengawal Kebangsaan California]], [[Tentera Amerika Syarikat]], dan [[Marin Amerika Syarikat]] menyediakan bala bantuan untuk menubuhkan semula kawalan.<ref name=":02" />
* 2006: Pada tahun 2006, [[Penembakan Sean Bell|Sean Bell]] ditembak mati pada malam sebelum pernikahannya. Dilaporkan bahawa polis telah menembak lebih 50 kali di Bell dan dua kawannya yang dia bersama.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/04/05/us/controversial-police-encounters-fast-facts/index.html|title=Controversial Police Encounters Fast Facts|last=Library|first=CNN|work=CNN|access-date=October 30, 2018}}</ref>
* 2014: Pada tahun 2014, [[Penembakan Michael Brown|Michael Brown]] telah ditembak oleh seorang pegawai polis selepas bergelut dengan pegawai itu dan cuba mengambil pistol pegawai. Kematiannya mendorong rusuhan dan protes di seluruh bandar yang berlangsung selama 5 hari.<ref name=":1" />
* 2016: Pada 2016, [[Penembakan Philando Castile|Philando Castile]] ditembak oleh seorang pegawai polis. Oleh sebab kebangkitan media sosial dan telefon bimbit, kini mudah bagi orang untuk menyiarkan penggunaan polis mengenai insiden kekerasan yang mereka lihat. Trend bermula dengan Rodney King dan telah berkembang sejak itu. Dalam hal ini, teman wanita Castile hidup-menghidupkan kematiannya di Facebook. Video itu memperoleh kira-kira 3.2 juta pandangan pada hari berikutnya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=2018|title=Police Brutality|url=|journal=Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>

==Entry qualifications==
===Requirements===
(contracted; show full){{United States topics}}
{{police}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Law Enforcement In The United States}}
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