Difference between revisions 4788557 and 4794896 on mswiki

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[[Fail:2064 aryabhata-crp.jpg|thumb|300px|Arca Aryabhata di tapak [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|IUCAA]], [[Pune]]. Dengan tiadanya maklumat diketahui mengenai rupawannya, apa-apa imej Aryabhata berasal dari konsepsi artis.]]
(contracted; show full) by reflected sunlight, incredibly he believes that the orbits of the planets are ellipses."}}</ref> Though [[Aristarchus of Samos]] (3rd century BCE) and sometimes [[Heraclides of Pontus]] (4th century BCE) are usually credited with knowing the heliocentric theory, the version of [[Greek astronomy]] known in ancient India as the ''[[Paulisa Siddhanta]]'' (possibly by a [[Paulus Alexandrinus|Paul]] of [[Alexandria]]) makes no reference to a heliocentric theory.

== Legasi ==

Aryabhata's work was of great influence in the Indian astronomical tradition and influenced several neighbouring cultures through translations. The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] translation during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] (ca. 820 CE), was particularly influential. Some of his results are cited by [[Al-Khwarizmi]], and he is mentioned by the 10th century Arabic scholar [[Al-Biruni]], who states that Aryabhata's followers believed that the Earth rotated on its axis.  

His definitions of [[sine]] (''jya''), cosine (''kojya''), versine (''ukramajya''), 
and inverse sine (''otkram jya'') influenced the birth of [[trigonometry]]. He was also the first to specify sine and [[versine]] (1 - cosx) tables, in 3.75° intervals from 0° to 90°, to an accuracy of 4 decimal places. 

In fact, modern names "sine" and "cosine" are mistranscriptions of the words ''jya'' and ''kojya'' as introduced by Aryabhata. As mentioned, they were translated as ''jiba'' and ''kojiba'' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and then misunderstood by [[Gerard of Cremona]] while translating an Arabic geometry text to [[Latin]]. He assumed that ''jiba'' was the Arabic word ''jaib'', which means "fold in a garment", L. ''sinus'' (c.1150).<ref>{{cite web
|title = Online Etymology Dictionary
|url = http://www.etymonline.com/
|author = Douglas Harper
|year = 2001
|accessdate = 2007-07-14
}}</ref>

Aryabhata's astronomical calculation methods were also very influential. 
Along with the trigonometric tables, they came to be widely used in the Islamic world and used to compute many [[Arabic]] astronomical tables ([[zij]]es). In particular, the astronomical tables in the work of the [[Al-Andalus|Arabic Spain]] scientist [[Al-Zarqali]] (11th century) were translated into Latin as the [[Tables of Toledo]] (12th c.) and remained the most accurate [[ephemeris]] used in Europe for centuries. 

Calendric calculations devised by Aryabhata and his followers have been in continuous use in India for the practical purposes of fixing the [[Panchangam]] (the [[Hindu calendar]]). In the Islamic world, they formed the basis of the [[Jalali calendar]] introduced in 1073 CE by a group of astronomers including [[Omar Khayyam]]<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia
|title = Omar Khayyam
|encyclopedia = The Columbia Encyclopedia 
|date = 2001-05
|edition = 6
|url = http://www.bartleby.com/65/om/OmarKhay.html
|accessdate =2007-06-10
}}</ref>, versions of which (modified in 1925) are the national calendars in use in [[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]] today. The dates of the Jalali calendar are based on actual solar transit, as in Aryabhata and earlier [[Siddhanta]] calendars.  This type of calendar requires an [[ephemeris]] for calculating dates. Although dates were difficult to compute, seasonal errors were less in the [[Jalali calendar]] than in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

India's first satellite [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]] and the [[lunar crater]] [[Aryabhata (crater)|Aryabhata]] are named in his honour. An Institute for conducting research in astronomy, astrophysics and atmospheric sciences is the Aryabhatta Research Institute of observational sciences (ARIES) near Nainital, India. The inter-school [[Aryabhata Maths Competition]] is also named after him,<ref>{{cite news |title= Maths can be fun |url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/02/03/stories/2006020304520600.htm |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date = 2006-02-03|accessdate=2007-07-06 }}</ref> as is ''Bacillus aryabhata'', a species of bacteria discovered by [[ISRO]] scientists iKarya Aryabhata sangat berpengaruh dalam tradisi astronomi India dan mempengaruhi beberapa budaya tetangga melalui terjemahan. Terjemahan [[bahasa Arab]] semasa [[Zaman Keemasan Islam]] (sekitar 820 M), sangat berpengaruh. Sebilangan hasilnya dikutip oleh [[Al-Khwarizmi]], dan dia disebut oleh sarjana Arab abad ke-10 [[Al-Biruni]], yang menyatakan bahawa pengikut Aryabhata percaya bahawa Bumi berputar pada paksinya.

Definisi beliau mengenai [[sinus]] (''jya''), kosinus (''kojya''), versine (''ukramajya''),
dan sinus terbalik ('' otkram jya '') mempengaruhi kelahiran [[trigonometri]]. Dia juga yang pertama menentukan jadual sinus dan [[versine]] (1 - cosx), dalam selang 3.75° dari 0° hingga 90°, hingga ketepatan 4 tempat perpuluhan.

Sebenarnya, nama moden "sinus" dan "cosine" adalah salah tafsiran dari kata-kata ''jya'' dan ''kojya'' seperti yang diperkenalkan oleh Aryabhata. Seperti disebutkan, mereka diterjemahkan sebagai ''jiba'' dan ''kojiba'' dalam [[bahasa Arab]] dan kemudian disalahfahami oleh [[Gerard of Cremona]] semasa menerjemahkan teks geometri Arab ke [[Latin]]. Dia menganggap bahawa '' jiba '' adalah kata Arab ''jaib'', yang berarti "lipat dalam pakaian", L. ''sinus'' (sekitar tahun 1150).<ref>{{cite web
|title = Online Etymology Dictionary
|url = http://www.etymonline.com/
|author = Douglas Harper
|year = 2001
|accessdate = 2007-07-14
}}</ref>

Kaedah pengiraan astronomi Aryabhata juga sangat berpengaruh.
Bersama dengan jadual trigonometri, ia digunakan secara meluas di dunia Islam dan digunakan untuk menghitung banyakjadual astronomi [[bahasa Arab|Arab]] ([[zij]]). Khususnya, jadual astronomi dalam karya saintis [[Al-Andalus|Sepanyol Arab]] [[Al-Zarqali]] (abad ke-11) diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Latin sebagai [[Jadual of Toledo]] (abad ke-12) dan kekal sebagai [[ephemeris]] yang paling tepat digunakan di Eropah selama berabad-abad.

Pengiraan kalendar yang dibuat oleh Aryabhata dan pengikutnya telah digunakan secara berterusan di India untuk tujuan praktikal memperbaiki [[Panchangam]] ([[kalendar Hindu]]). Di dunia Islam, mereka membentuk dasar [[kalender Jalali]] yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1073 M oleh sekumpulan ahli astronomi termasuk [[Omar Khayyam]]<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia
|title = Omar Khayyam
|encyclopedia = The Columbia Encyclopedia 
|date = 2001-05
|edition = 6
|url = http://www.bartleby.com/65/om/OmarKhay.html
|accessdate =2007-06-10
}}</ref>, versi yang (diubah pada tahun 1925) adalah kalendar kebangsaan yang digunakan di [[Iran]] dan [[Afghanistan]] hari ini. Tarikh kalendar Jalali didasarkan pada transit matahari yang sebenarnya, seperti di Aryabhata dan kalender [[Siddhanta]] sebelumnya. Kalendar jenis ini memerlukan [[ephemeris]] untuk mengira tarikh. Walaupun tarikh sukar dihitung, kesalahan musim tidak banyak di [[kalender Jalali]] daripada di [[kalendar Gregorian]].

Satelit pertama di India [[Aryabhata (satelit)|Aryabhata]] dan [[kawah bulan]] [[Aryabhata (kawah)|Aryabhata]] dinamakan sebagai penghormatannya. Institut untuk menjalankan penyelidikan dalam bidang astronomi, astrofizik dan sains atmosfera adalah Institut Penyelidikan Aryabhatta sains pemerhatian (ARIES) berhampiran Nainital, India. Antara sekolah [[Persaingan Matematik Aryabhata]] juga dinamakan sempena dia,<ref>{{cite news |title= Maths can be fun |url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/02/03/stories/2006020304520600.htm |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date = 2006-02-03|accessdate=2007-07-06 }}</ref> seperti ''Bacillus aryabhata'', spesies bakteria yang ditemui oleh [[ISRO]] saintis pada tahun 2009.<ref>[http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Mar16_2009.htm Discovery of New Microorganisms in the Stratosphere]. Mar. 16, 2009. ISRO.</ref>

== Lihat pula ==
* {{IAST|[[Pembilangan Āryabhaṭa]]}}
* [[Aryabhatiya]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}
(contracted; show full)
[[Kategori:Kelahiran 476]]
[[Kategori:Kematian 550]]
[[Kategori:Ahli matematik abad ke-5]]
[[Kategori:Ahli matematik abad ke-6]]
[[Kategori:Ahli astronomi India]]
[[Kategori:Ahli matematik India silam]]
[[Kategori:Ahli astronomi zaman pertengahan]]