Difference between revisions 5111970 and 5264334 on mswiki

{{Proses/BukanTeamBiasa}}{{Islam}}
'''Murtad dalam Islam''' ({{lang-ar|ارتداد, ''irtidād'' atau ''ridda''}}) umumnya ditakrifkan dalam [[Islam]] sebagai penolakan dalam kata atau perbuatan bekas agama mereka ([[murtad]]) oleh orang yang terdahulu pengikut Islam. beasiswa Islam berbeza pada hukuman duniawi untuk murtad, bermula dari kematian tidak ada hukuman sama sekali.<ref>[http://www.iheu.org/node/1540 The Fate of Infidels and Ap(contracted; show full)rst2=Hassan |last2=Saeed |authorlink2=Hassan Saeed |year=2004 |title=Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-3082-1 |oclc=49531008 |page=85}}</ref> menyokong penjara bagi mereka sampai kembali memeluk Islam. Empat mazhab Sunah Ealjamaah utama dari [[Fiqh|syariat Islam]] membezakan antara kemurtadan yang berbahaya dan kemurtadan berbahaya (juga dikenali sebagai kemurtadan besar dan kecil) dalam menerima pertobatan.<ref name=badawi20060426>{{Cite web
  |first=Jamal A. |last=Badawi |authorlink=Jamal Badawi |date=26 April 2006 |title=Is Apostasy a Capital Crime in Islam? |url=http://www.islamonline.net/English/contemporary/2006/04/article02.shtml |work=Contemporary Issues |publisher=[[IslamOnline]] |accessdate=14 October 2009| |archiveurl = =https://web.archive.org/web/20080415235321/http://www.islamonline.net/English/contemporary/2006/04/article02.shtml| |archivedate = April 15, 2008=2008-04-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Menurut [[Wael Hallaq]] undang-undang murtad tidak berasal dari Al-Quran,<ref name="EoQ">{{Cite book|chapter=Apostasy |title=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]] |isbn=978-90-04-11465-4 |year=2001 |volume=1 |editor1-first=Jane Dammen |editor1-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |author=Jane Dammen McAuliffe, general editor}}{{Page needed|date=August 2010}}</ref> dan umat Islam [[Al-Quran Sahaja]] tidak menyokong hukuman kemurtadan, banyak dari mereka secara(contracted; show full)k [[Muhammad Al-Munajid]] pemilik, penulis dan pentadbir untuk laman penyokong Islam-qa.com popular bahawa penghakiman yang menyatakan bahawa meninggalkan mereka hidup "dapat mendorong orang lain untuk meninggalkan kebenaran".<ref>[http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/20327/apostate Why is the apostate to be executed in Islam?] fatwa 20327</ref>

Banyak [[Islam Liberal|Pembaharuan Muslim]] Sezaman, seperti Cendekiawan [[Al-Quran Sahaja]] seperti [[Ahmed Subhy Mansour]],<ref>{{cite web
  |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-169138045.html |title=Anti-al Qaeda base envisioned; Exiled Egyptian cleric seeking to reclaim Islam in 'war of ideas'.(WORLD)(BRIEFING: MIDDLE EAST) – The Washington Times &#124; HighBeam Research – FREE trial |publisher=Highbeam.com |date=September 26, 2007 |accessdate=February 6, 2010 |archive-date=2011-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624033832/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-169138045.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Edip Yuksel]],<ref>http://www.yuksel.org/e/law/terror.htm</ref> dan [[Mohammed Shahrour]]<ref>http://www.ndp.org.eg/alwatanyalyoum/Topics/ViewTopicDetails.aspx?TopicID=10283</ref> have suffered from accusations of apostasy and demands to execute them, issued by extremist Islamic clerics such as Mahmoud Ashur, Mustafa Al-Shak'a, Mohammed Ra'fat Othman and Yusif Al-Badri.<ref>http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=ArticleA_C&pagename=Zone-Arabic-Shariah%2FSRALayout&cid=1236509046287</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_news.php?main_id=460</ref><ref>http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=17&article=433774&issueno=10495 |title=salinan arkib |access-date=2011-04-16 |archive-date=2011-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707094959/http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_news.php?main_id=460 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=17&article=433774&issueno=10495 |title=salinan arkib |access-date=2011-04-16 |archive-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112041202/http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=17&article=433774&issueno=10495 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Beberapa contoh terbaru menonjol dari penulis dan aktivis dibunuh kerana tuntutan murtad termasuk [[Mahmoud Mohammed Taha]],<ref>http://www.iheu.org/node/1307</ref> [[Faraj Foda]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=ArticleA_C&cid=1173695096768&pagename=Zone-Arabic-Daawa/DWALayout%2FDWALayout |title=salinan arkib |access-date=2021-08-31 |archive-date=2008-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529031635/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=ArticleA_C&cid=1173695096768&pagename=Zone-Arabic-Daawa%2FDWALayout |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rashad Khalifa]], [[Ghorban Tourani]], [[Necati Aydin]], [[Uğur Yüksel]], dan pemenang hadiah Nobel Mesir [[Najib Mahfouz]] tercedera dalam percubaan pembunuhan, melumpuhkan dia sampai kematiannya pada tahun 2006.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5297470.stm | work=BBC News | title=President pays tribute to Mahfouz | date=30 August 2006}}</ref>

(contracted; show full)

Beberapa Islam kontemporari [[Syafii]] ahli undang-undang, seperti [[Mufti Besar]] [[Ali Gomaa]],<ref name=Gomaa>[[Grand Mufti]] [[Ali Gomaa]], [http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/muslims_speak_out/2007/07/gomaas_statement_on_apostasy.html Gomaa's Statement on Apostasy]
 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224161053/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/muslims_speak_out/2007/07/gomaas_statement_on_apostasy.html |date=2008-12-24 }}, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', July 25, 2007.</ref><ref name=Tawab>Nashwa Abdel-Tawab, [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/857/eg9.htm 'Whosoever will, let him disbelieve'], ''[[Al-Ahram Weekly]]'', Issue No. 857, 9–15 August 2007.</ref> some [[Shi'a Islam|Shi'a]] jurists such as [[Imam Besar Hossein-Ali Montazeri]],<ref name=Jami>{{Cite news|first=Mahdi |last=Jami |date=2 February 2005 |title=آيت الله منتظری: هر تغيير مذهبی ار(contracted; show full)

Cendekiawan Muslim Abad Pertengahan (misalnya [[Sufyan al-Thawri]]) dan moden (misalnya [[Hasan di-Turabi]]), juga berpendapat bahawa hadis yang digunakan untuk membenarkan pelaksanaan murtad (lihat di bawah) harus diambil untuk berlaku hanya untuk pengkhianatan politik komuniti Muslim, bukan untuk murtad pada umumnya.<ref>{{Cite web
  |first=Shah Abdul |last=Halim |date=5 August 2003 |title=Islam & Pluralism: A Contemporary Approach |url=http://www.islamonline.net/english/Contemporary/2003/05/Article01a.shtml |work=Contemporary Issues |publisher=[[IslamOnline]] |accessdate=15 October 2009| |archiveurl = =https://web.archive.org/web/20080525113503/http://www.islamonline.net/english/Contemporary/2003/05/Article01a.shtml| |archivedate = May 25, 2008=2008-05-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sarjana-sarjana ini berdebat untuk kebebasan untuk menukar ke dan dari Islam tanpa hukuman undang-undang.

Lain ulama Islam terkemuka seperti Mufti Agung Kaherah Syaikh [[Ali Gomaa]] telah menyatakan bahawa sementara Tuhan akan menghukum orang murtad di akhirat kelak mereka seharusnya tidak dijalankan oleh manusia.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Jonathan |last=Spollen |date=27 July 2007 |title=The conversion factor |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2007/jul/27/theconversionfactor |wor(contracted; show full)
Contohnya adalah menusuk dari sebuah penginjil  Murtad Fitri Kristian [[Bangladesh]] ketika kembali pulang dari sebuah versi filem dari [[Injil Lukas]].<ref>{{Cite journal
  |first=David |last=Gartenstein-Ross |month=February |year=2005 |title=When Muslims Convert |url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/when-muslims-convert-9855 |journal=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]] |accessdate=15 October 2009 }}{{Pautan putus|date=Ogos 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [http://daveedgr.com/publications/print-publications/when-muslims-convert/ Full text].</ref> Bangladesh tidak mempunyai undang-undang terhadap murtad, tetapi beberapa Imam menggalakkan pembunuhan bertaubat dari Islam. Banyak bekas Muslim di [[Great Britain]] menghadapi gangguan, kekerasan, dan bahkan pembunuhan di tangan Muslim.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article510589.ece |title=Muslim apostates cast out and at risk from faith and family |work=[[The Times]] |date=5 February 2005
|accessdate=15 October 2009 | location=London | first=Anthony | last=Browne}}</ref> There are similar reports of violent intimidation of those electing to reject Islam in other Western countries.<ref>{{Cite web  |first=Robert |last=Spencer |authorlink=Robert Spencer |url=http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=5031 |title=Why Must Ex-Muslims Live in Fear -- In America? |date=9 September 2004 |accessdate=15 October 2009⏎
⏎
  |work=[[Jihad Watch]] |archive-date=2009-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009083754/http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=5031 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Contoh lain dari penganiayaan terhadap murtad memeluk agama Kristian telah diberikan oleh pertubuhan [[Dana Kristian Barnabas]]:{{Quote|Bidang kemurtadan dan hujat dan yang berkaitan "kejahatan" demikian jelas merupakan sindrom yang kompleks di semua masyarakat muslim yang menyentuh saraf yang baku dan selalu membangkitkan luapan emosi yang besar terhadap tindakan dianggap pengkhianatan, pengkhianatan dan serangan terhadap Islam dan kehormatan. Walaupun ada beberapa suara tidak ber(contracted; show full) academic sentenced to death |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2415751.stm |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=15 October 2009 |first=Jim |last=Muir}}</ref> [[Hashem Aghajari]], was found guilty of apostasy for a speech urging Iranians to "not blindly follow" Islamic clerics;<ref>{{cite press release |title=Iran: Academic's Death Sentence Condemned |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=9 November 2002 |url=http://www.hrw.org/press/2002/11/iranacademic.htm |archiveurl=http
s://web.archive.org/web/20021113041505/http://www.hrw.org/press/2002/11/iranacademic.htm |archivedate=13 November 20022002-11-13 |accessdate=15 October 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hassan Youssefi Eshkevari didakwa dengan kemurtadan untuk menghadiri [[Persidangan  'Iran Setelah Pemilu']] di Berlin Jerman yang terganggu oleh penunjuk perasaan anti-rejim.<ref name="ITFCA">{{cite press release |title=Iran: Trial for Conference Attendees |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=1 November 2000 |url=http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2000/11/01/iran-trial-conference-attendees |accessdate=15 October 2009}}</ref>

(contracted; show full)ancarkan di [[Westminster]] pada tarikh 22 Jun 2007. Dewan protes terhadap negara-negara Islam yang masih menghukum murtad Muslim dengan mati di bawah undang-undang [[Syariat Islam]]. Dewan ini dipimpin oleh [[Maryam Namazie]], yang dianugerahkan ''[[sekularis Tahun ini]]'' pada tahun 2005 dan telah menghadapi ancaman kematian.<ref name=TeleGraph>Jonathan Petre: [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/21/wrushdie221.xml New group for those who renounce Islam]
 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410182551/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F06%2F21%2Fwrushdie221.xml |date=2008-04-10 }}, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', June 21, 2007</ref> [[Persatuan Pemanusiaan British]] dan [[Masyarakat Sekular Kebangsaan]] menaja pelancaran pertubuhan dan telah menyokong kegiatan sejak.
<ref>Maryam Namazie: [http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0706/S00319.htm Launch of the Council of ex-Muslims of Britain], ''[[Scoop (news website)|Scoop]]'', June 19, 2007</ref>

== Pengisytiharan Universal Hak Asasi Manusia ==
(contracted; show full)
*{{Cite news|first=Mona |last=Eltahawy |authorlink=Mona Eltahawy |date=20 October 1999 |title=Lives torn apart in battle for the soul of the Arab world |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1999/oct/20/1 |work=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=15 October 2009 | location=London}}
*{{Cite news|date=20 March 2006 |title=Afghan on trial for Christianity |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4823874.stm |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=15 October 2009}}
*{{Cite web
  |title=Punishment for Apostasy |url=http://www.understanding-islam.com/related/text.aspx?type=question&qid=286 |date=6 December 1998 |publisher=Understanding Islam |accessdate=15 October 2009 |archive-date=2009-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101164342/http://www.understanding-islam.com/related/text.aspx?type=question&qid=286 |url-status=dead }}
*{{Cite web|title=Meet the Apostates |url=http://www.apostatesofislam.com/apostates.htm |publisher=Apostates of Islam |accessdate=15 October 2009}}
*{{Cite web|first=Muhammad Omer |last=Iqbal |date= |title=Is Death the Punishment of Apostasy? |url=http://www.omeriqbal.com/a/26 |accessdate=15 October 2009}}
*{{Cite web|first=Shaykh Rabee' bin Haadee |last=al-Madkhali |date=2 September 2007 |title=The Ruling Regarding Apostasy in Islam |url=http://www.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_Apostasy.pdf |accessdate=15 October 2009}}
*{{Cite book|first=Mirza Tahir |last=Ahmad |authorlink=Mirza Tahir Ahmad |origdate=27 July 1986 |year=2005 |title=The Truth about The Alleged Punishment for Apostasy in Islam |url=http://amjintl.com/library/books/Apostasy-in-Islam.pdf |editor1-first=Mirza Anas |editor1-last=Ahmad |publisher=Islam International Publications |location=Islamabad |isbn=1-85372-850-0 |accessdate=15 October 2009}}
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/EI2-v1-v13/EI-2-V-7#page/n1/mode/2up Heffening W.: Art. Murtadd], in: Encyclopedia of Islam, new ed., Leiden - New York: E. J. Brill 1993, pp.&nbsp;635–636
{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apostasy In Islam}}
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