Revision 2225055 of "Kerabat Orange-Nassau" on mswiki

{{terjemah|en|House of Orange-Nassau}}
{{Kotak info wangsa
|Nama keluarga        = Kerabat Orange-Nassau
|Lambang              = [[Fail:Coat of arms of the Netherlands.svg|150px]]
|Kapsyen              = Jata Diraja Belanda
|Keturunan kerabat    = [[Rumah Nassau]]
|Negara               = [[Belanda]], [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Ireland]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Orange (kerajaan)|Orange]], [[Nassau (negeri)|Nassau]]
|Gelaran              = [[Nassau (negeri)|Count Nassau-Dillenburg]], Putera Orange, Putera Nassau-Orange, Putera Nassau-Orange-Fulda, Duke Limburg, Duke Besar Luxembourg, [[Stadtholder]], [[Raja England|Raja Inggeris, Scotland dan Ireland]], [[Raja Belanda]]
|Pengasas             = [[William I dari Orange|William I dari Orange (William yang Pendiam)]]
|Ketua semasa         = [[Ratu Beatrix dari Belanda]]
|Diasaskan            = 1544
|Dibubarkan           = Sejak 1962 pupus dalam keturunan agnatik terdahulunya
|Etnik                = [[Orang Belanda|Belanda]]
}}

'''Rumah Orange-Nassau''' (dalam [[Bahasa Belanda]]: ''Huis van Oranje-Nassau''), suatu cabang [[Rumah Nassau]] Eropah, telah memainkan peranan utama dalam kehidupan politik [[Belanda]] — dan pada sesetengah zaman di [[Eropah]] — sejak [[William I dari Orange]] (juga digelarkan "William si Senyap" dan "Bapa Tanah Air") mengaturkan pemberontakan Belanda terhadap pemerintahan [[Sepanyol]], yang selepas [[Perang Lapan Puluh Tahun]] membawa kepada sebuah negara Belanda yang merdeka. 

Beberapa ahli rumah berkhidmat sewaktu perang ini dan selepasnya sebagai [[gabenor]] atau [[stadtholder]] (bahasa Belanda ''stadhouder''). Bagaimanapun, pada 1815, selepas suatu jangka panjang sebagai sebuah republik, Belanda menjadi sebuah [[pemerintahan beraja]] di bawah Rumah Orange-Nassau.

Dinasti ini telah ditubuhkan sebagai akibat [[perkahwinan]] [[Hendrik III dari Nassau-Breda]] dari [[Jerman]] dan [[Claudia dari Châlon-Orange]] dari [[Burgundy (kawasan)|Burgundy]] Perancis pada 1515.
Anak lelaki mereka René mewarisi pada 1530 [[Kerajaan Orange]] dari saudara ibunya, [[Philibert dari Châlon]]. Sebagai Nassau pertama untuk menjadi Putera Orange, Rene dapat menggunakan "Orange-Nassau" sebagai nama keluarga barunya. Meskipun demikian, bapa saudaranya, dalam wasiatnya, telah mensyaratkan yang René meneruskan penggunaan nama Châlon-Orange. Sejarah lalu mengenalinya sebagai [[René dari Châlon]]. Selepas kematian René pada 1544 sepupunya William dari Nassau-Dillenburg mewarisi kesemua tanahnya. "[[William I dari Orange]]" ini menjadi pengasas Rumah Orange-Nassau.

== Rumah Nassau ==
[[Fail:Willem van Oranje wapen.svg|thumb|right|1544 - "Orange-Nassau" ditandakan dengan menambah jata "Châlon-Orange" dalam suatu [[escutcheon]] pada jata "Nassau"]]

Lelaki pertama digelar [[count]] dari [[Nassau (duchy)|Nassau]] adalah Henry I, yang hidup pada separuh pertama kurun ke-13. Keluarga Nassau berkahwin dengan keluarga kawasan kejiranan Counts dari Arnstein (kini Kloster Arnstein). Anak lelakinya Walram dan Otto memisahkan milik Nassau. Barisan Walram digelarkan Keturunan Walram, yang menjadi [[Rumah Nassau-Weilburg|Dukes dari Nassau]], dan pada 1890, [[Grand Dukes of Luxembourg]]. Keturunan Otto digelarkan Keturunan Otton, yang mewarisi berbahagian county Nassau, harta milik di [[Perancis]], dan di [[Belanda]]. 

Rumah Orange-Nassau berakar dari Barisan Otton. Orang kedua adalah Engelbert I, yang memberikan perkhidmatannya kepada [[Duke dari Burgundy]], berkahwin dengan seorang bangsawan wanita Belanda dan mewarisi tanah-tanah di Belanda, dengan [[barony]] dari [[Breda (Belanda)|Breda]] as the core of the Dutch possessions.

Kepentingan keluarga Nassau berkembang di sepanjang kurun ke-15 dan ke-16.
[[Hendrik III dari Nassau-Breda]] telah dilantik [[stadtholder]] dari [[Holland]] dan [[Zeeland]] oleh [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles of Ghent]] pada mulanya kurun ke-16. Hendrik telah diganti oleh anak lelakinya [[René of Châlon|René of Châlon-Orange]] pada 1538, yang, seperti nama penuhnya dinyatakan, [[Putera dari Orange]]. Apabila René meninggal dunia secara belum waktunya pada 1544 harta miliknya diwasiatkan ke sepupunya, [[William I of Orange]]. Sejak iulah ahli keluarga menggelarkan diri mereka "Orange-Nassau." 

Lihat juga [[Adolf dari Jerman]]

== Pemberontakan Belanda ==
Walaupun [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] menentang [[Reformasi Protestan]], dia memerintah wilayah-wilayah Belanda secara bijaksana dengan kesederhanaan dan berhubung dengan adat tempatan, dan baginda tidak menindas rakyat [[Protestan]] baginda pada suatu skala yang besar. Anak lelakinya [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] mewarisi antipatinya untuk Protestan tetapi bukan kesederhanaannya. Di bawah pemerintahan Philip, suatu penindasan benar Protestan telah dimulakan dan cukai telah dinaikkan ke suatu peringkat yang melampaui batas.  Ketidaksenangan meningkat dan William dari Orange (dengan zaman kanak-kanak [[Lutheran]] samar-samar baginda) mempertahankan penduduk Protestan (kebanyakannya [[Calvinist]]) Belanda.  Perkara menjadi semakin teruk selepas [[Perang Lapan Puluh Tahun]] bermula pada 1568, tetapi nasib baik membawanya pada kemanfaatannya apabila pemberontak Protestan menyerang dari Laut Utara menangkap [[Brielle]], sebuah pekan tepi pantai [[Holland Selatan]] pada hari ini in 1572.  Banyak bandar di Holland bermula menyokong William.  Sewaktu 1570an baginda terpaksa mempertahankan wiliayah=wilayah terasnya di Holland kerap kali, tetapi pada 1580an bandar-bandar dalaman di Holland telah dikawalkan.  William dari Orange telah dianggap suatu ugutan pada pemerintahan Sepanyol di kawasan itu dan telah dibunuh pada 1584 oleh seorang pembunuh diupah dikirim oleh Philip.

William telah diganti oleh anak lelaki keduanya [[Maurits dari Nassau|Maurits]], seorang Protestan yang dibuktikan seorang pemimpin ketenteraan yang hebat. Kemahirannya sebagai seorang pemimpin dan kekurangan pucuk pemimpin kuat di [[Sepanyol]] selepas kematian Philip II (1598) memberikan Maurits kesempatan hebat untuk menakluk bahagian-bahagian besar wilayah Belanda hari ini.

Maurits telah menciptakan [[stadtholder]] (pemimpin ketenteraan) [[Republik Belanda]] pada 1585.  Pada tahun-tahun awal kurun ke-17 telah meningkatnya perkelahian di antara stadtholder dan [[oligarchy|oligarchist]] [[regenten|regents]] — sekumpulan saudagar berkuasa dipimpin oleh [[Johan van Oldebarnevelt]] — kerana Maurits hendak lebih kuasa di Republik.  Maurits memenangi perjuangan kuasa ini dengan mengaturkan pembunuhan bidang kuasa Oldebarnevelt.

== Pengembangan kuasa dinasti ==
{{BM}}
Maurits meninggal dunia tidak berkahwin pada 1625 dan tidak meninggalkan anak yang sah. Dia diganti oleh saudara seibu/sebapanya [[Frederick Henry, putera dari Orange|Frederick Henry]] (Dutch: ''Frederik Hendrik''), anak lelaki bongsu William I. Maurits urged his successor on his deathbed to marry as soon as possible. A few weeks after Maurits's death, he married [[Amalia van Solms-Braunfels]].
Frederick Henry and Amalia were the parents of a son and several daughters. These daughters were married to important noble houses such as the house of [[Hohenzollern]], but also to the Frisian Nassaus, who were stadtholders in [[Friesland]]. His only son, [[William II of Orange|William]], married [[Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange]], the eldest daughter of [[Charles I of England]]. These dynastic moves were the work of Amalia.

== Buangan dan kebangkitan semula ==
[[Fail:Four generations Princes of Orange - William I, Maurice and Frederick Henry, William II, William III (Willem van Honthorst, 1662).jpg|thumb|right|300px|Seni lukisan oleh Willem van Honthorst (1662), menunjukkan empat generasi Putera dari Orange: [[William the Silent|William I]], [[Maurice of Nassau, Putera dari Orange|Maurice]] dan [[Frederick Henry, Putera dari Orange|Frederick Henry]], [[William II, Putera dari Orange|William II]], dan [[William III dari England|William III]].]]
Frederick Henry died in 1647 and his son succeeded him. As the [[Treaty of Munster]] was about to be signed, thereby ending the Eighty Years War, William tried to extend his powers beyond the military to make his function valuable at peace, at the great distress of the regents. When [[Andries Bicker]] and [[Cornelis de Graeff]], the great regents of the city of [[Amsterdam]] refused some mayors he appointed, he besieged Amsterdam. The siege provoked the wrath of the regents. William died of smallpox on November 6, 1650, leaving only a posthumous son, [[William III of England|William III & II]] (*November 14, 1650). Since there was no Prince of Orange upon the death of William II, the regents used this opportunity to leave the stadtholdership vacant. This inaugurated the era in Dutch history that is known as the [[First Stadtholderless Period]]. A quarrel about the education of the young prince arose between his mother and his grandmother Amalia (who outlived her husband by 28 years). Amalia wanted an education which was pointed at the resurgence of the House of Orange to power, but Mary wanted a pure English education. The Estates of Holland, under [[Jan de Witt]] and Cornelis de Graeff, meddled in the education and made William a "child of state" to be educated by the state. The doctrine used in this education was keeping William from the throne. William became indeed very docile to the wishes of the regents and the Estates.

The Dutch Republic was attacked by France and England in 1672. The military function of stadtholder was no longer superfluous, and with the support of the [[Orangist]]s, William was restored, and he became the stadtholder as "William III". William successfully repelled the invasion and seized royal power. He became more powerful than his predecessors from the Eighty Years War. In 1677, William married [[Mary II of England|Mary Stuart]], the daughter of the future king [[James II of England]]. In 1688, William embarked on a mission to depose his Catholic father-in-law from the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland. He and his wife were crowned the King and Queen of England on April 11, 1689. With the accession to the thrones of the three kingdoms, he became one of the most powerful sovereigns in Europe, and the only one to defeat [[Louis XIV of France]]. Many members of the House of Orange were devoted admirers of the King-Stadtholder afterwards. William III & II died childless after a riding accident on March 8, 1702, leaving the House of Orange extinct, and leaving Scotland, England and Ireland to [[Anne of Great Britain|Queen Anne]].

== Zaman tanpa stadtholder kedua ==
The regents found that they had suffered under the powerful leadership of William III and declared the stadtholdership vacant for the second time.  The main reason was a quarrel about the title Prince of Orange between [[John William Friso]] of the Frisian Nassaus and the King of Prussia. Both descended from Frederick Henry. The King of Prussia, [[Frederick I of Prussia|Friedrich I]] was his grandson through his mother, Louise Henriette of Orange-Nassau. Frederick Henry in his will had appointed this line as successor in the case the House would die out. [[John William Friso]] was a great-grandson of Frederick Henry and was appointed heir in William III's will. The solution was that both claimants were allowed to bear the title. The problem of the lands solved itself as the principality of [[Orange, France]] was conquered by Louis XIV in 1713. John William Friso drowned in 1711 in the Hollands Diep near [[Moerdijk]], and he left his posthumously-born son [[Willem IV of Nassau|William IV]]. William IV was proclaimed the stadtholder of [[Guelders]], [[Overijssel]], [[Drenthe]], and Utrecht in 1722. When the French invaded Holland in 1747, William was restored as the stadtholder of the entire Dutch Republic, hereditary in both the male and the female lines.

== Akhirnya republik ==
William IV meninggal dunia pada 1751, meninggalkan anak lelaki berusia tiga tahun baginda, [[Willem V of Orange]], sebagai stadtholder. Sejak Willem V masih seorang anak kecil, pemangku raja bertahta untuknya. Beliau menjadi seorang yang tidak pandai membuat keputusan, suatu kecacatan sifat yang ikut sama Willem V sepanjang hayat beliau.
Perkahwinan beliau dengan Wilhelmina dari Prusia melegakan kecacatan ini ke sesetengah peringkat. Pada 1787, Willem V terselamat dari suatu pemberontakan oleh [[Patriots (puak)|Patriots]]  (revolusi demokratik) selepas Kerajaan [[Prussia]] bercampur tangan. Apabila Perancis menakluk Holland pada 1795, Willem V terpaksa melarikan diri, dan dia tidak pernah pulang ke Holland.

Selepas 1795, Rumah Orange-Nassau menghadapi suatu jangka yang sukar, surviving in exile at other European courts, especially those of Prussia and of England. Willem V died in 1806.
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== Monarki (sejak 1815) ==
=== Suatu rohaniah baru: Kerajaan Bersatu Belanda ===
Para pemberontak Belanda mengejar keluar pihak Perancis pada 1813.  Ia was virtually taken for granted that any new government would have to be headed by William VI, prince of Orange (known in Dutch as ''Willem Frederik''), son of [[William V of Orange|William V]]. 

At the invitation of the provisional government, William VI returned to the Netherlands on November 30. This move was strongly supported by the United Kingdom, which sought ways to strengthen the Netherlands and deny future French aggressors easy access to the Low Countries' Channel ports.  On December 6, William proclaimed himself hereditary sovereign prince of the Netherlands (having previously declined the offer of kingship).  In 1814 the former Austrian Netherlands (now [[Belgium]]) was added to his realm.  On March 15, 1815 with the support of the powers gathered at the [[Congress of Vienna]], William proclaimed himself [[William I of the Netherlands|King William I]].  He was also made grand duke of [[Luxembourg]].  The two countries remained separate despite sharing a common monarch.  

As king of the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]], William tried to establish one common culture.  This provoked resistance in the southern parts of the country, which had been culturally separate from the north since 1581.  He was considered an [[enlightened despotism|enlightened despot]].

The Prince of Orange held rights to Nassau lands (Dillenburg, Dietz, Beilstein, Hadamar, Siegen) in central Germany. On the other hand the King of Prussia, [[Frederick William III]]--brother-in-law and first cousin of William I, had beginning from 1813 managed to establish his rule in Luxembourg, which he regarded as his inheritance from [[Anne, Duchess of Luxembourg]] who had died over three centuries earlier.  At the Congress of Vienna, the two brothers-in-law agreed to a trade—Frederick William received William I's ancestral lands while William I received Luxembourg. Both got what was geographically nearer to their center of power.

In 1830 Belgium declared its independence and William fought a disastrous war until 1839 when he was forced to settle for peace. With his realm halved, he decided to abdicate in 1840. Royal power was curbed during the reign of his son [[William II of the Netherlands|William II]] in a constitution ordered by the King to prevent the [[Revolution of 1848]] from spreading to his country.

=== William III dan ancaman kepupusan ===
William II died in 1849. He was succeeded by his son, King [[William III of the Netherlands|William III]], a rather [[Conservatism|conservative]], even a reactionary man. William III was sharply opposed to the new 1848 constitution, and he continually tried to form his own royal governments. In 1868, he tried to sell [[Luxembourg]] to [[France]], which was the source of a quarrel between [[Prussia]] and [[France]].

William III had a rather unhappy marriage with [[Sophie of Württemberg]], and his heirs died young. This raised the possibility of the extinction of the House of Orange-Nassau. After the death of Queen Sophie in 1877, William remarried, to [[Emma of the Netherlands|Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont]] in 1879. One year later, Queen Emma gave birth to their daughter and the royal heiress, [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Wilhelmina]]. 

Since females were not allowed to hold power in Luxembourg, due to the "[[Salic law]]", Luxembourg passed to the House of [[Nassau-Weilburg]], a collateral line to the House of Orange. The Dutch Royal Family faced the threat of a complete extinction until 1909, when Wilhemina gave birth to her daughter, [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Juliana]]. The Dutch royal house remained quite small until the latter 1930s and the early 1940s, during which Juliana gave birth to four children. Although the House of Orange died out in its male line with the death of Queen Wilhelmina, the name "Orange" continues to be used by the Dutch royalty.

=== Sebuah monarki moden ===
Wilhelmina was queen of the [[Netherlands]] for 58 years, from 1890 to 1948. Because she was only 10 years old in 1890, her mother, [[Queen Emma]], was the regent until Wilhelmina's 18th birthday in 1898. The Netherlands remained neutral in [[World War I]], during her reign, and this country was not invaded by [[Germany]], as neighboring [[Belgium]] was. 

Nevertheless, Queen Wilhelmina became a symbol of the Dutch resistance during [[World War II]]. The moral authority of the Monarchy was restored because of her rule. After fifty years on the throne as the Queen, Wilhelmina decided to abdicate in favour of her daughter, Juliana. Juliana had the reputation of making the monarchy less "aloof", and under her reign the Monarchy became known as the "cycling monarchy". Members of the royal family were often seen [[bicycle|bicycling]] through the cities and the countryside under Juliana. 

A royal marriage policy quarrel occurred starting in 1966, when the future Queen [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Beatrix]] decided to marry [[Claus von Amsberg]], a German diplomat. The marriage of a member of the royal family to a German was quite controversial in the Netherlands, which had suffered under Nazi German occupation in 1940 - 45. This reluctance to accept a German consort probably was exacerbated by Herr Amsberg's former membership in the [[Hitler Youth]] under the Nazi regime in his native country, and also his following service in the German [[Wehrmacht]]. 

Permission was needed from the civilian Government for Beatrix to marry anyone, but after some argument, it was granted. As the years went by, and Prince Claus was fully accepted by the Dutch people. In time, became one of the most popular members of the Dutch monarchy, and his death in 2002 was widely mourned. 

On April 30, 1980, Queen Juliana abdicated in favor of her daughter, Beatrix. In the decade of the 2000s, the Dutch monarchy seems to be popular with a large part of the population. The first-born son of Beatrix and her husband, Prince Claus, [[Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange|Crown Prince Willem-Alexander]], was born on April 27, 1967 - the first male heir to the Dutch throne in almost 100 years. Willem-Alexander married [[Máxima Zorreguieta]] in 2002. They are already the parents of three  daughters: Catharina-Amalia, Alexia, and Ariane. When [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]] passes away, or abdicates the throne, the Crown Prince will take the throne, most likely as King William IV.

After a long struggle with neurological illiness, Queen [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Juliana]] died on March 20, 2004, and her husband, [[Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld|Prince Bernhard]], died on December 1 of that same year.

== Lihat juga ==
* [[Monarki Belanda]]
* [[Orange Institution]]
* [[Order of Orange-Nassau]]
* [[William III dari England]]

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2008}}

== Pautan luar ==
* [http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/ Dutch Royal House] – laman sesawang rasmi

{{Start}}
{{S-royalhouse|Rumah Orange-Nassau}}
|- 
{{S-non|reason=Negara berdaulat baru}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Dinasti|Kerabat memerintah]] dari [[Luxembourg]]|years=1815–1890}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Kerabat Nassau-Weilburg]]}}
|-
{{S-vac|last=[[Bonaparte|Kerabat Bonaparte]]|as=kerabat memerintah dari [[Holland|Kerajaan Holland]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Dinasti|Kerabat memerintah]] dari [[Netherlands]]|years=1815–}}
{{S-aft|after=Penyandang}}
|-
{{S-end}}

{{Royal houses of Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Orange-Nassau, House Of}}
[[Kategori:Monarki Belanda]]
[[Kategori:Rumah kerabat bangsawan Belanda]]
[[Kategori:Keluarga diraja Eropah]]
[[Kategori:Rumah kerabat bangsawan Jerman]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Belanda]]
[[Kategori:Rumah Lippe]]
[[Kategori:Rumah Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
[[Kategori:Rumah Nassau]]
[[Kategori:Rumah Orange-Nassau| ]]

[[ca:Casa d'Orange-Nassau]]
[[cs:Oranžsko-nasavská dynastie]]
[[da:Oranien]]
[[de:Oranien]]
[[en:House of Orange-Nassau]]
[[es:Casa de Orange-Nassau]]
[[eo:Oranje-Nassau]]
[[fr:Maison d'Orange-Nassau]]
[[ko:오라녜나사우 왕가]]
[[it:Casa d'Orange-Nassau]]
[[he:בית אורנז'-נאסאו]]
[[la:Domus Auriaca]]
[[nl:Huis Oranje-Nassau]]
[[ja:オラニエ＝ナッサウ家]]
[[no:Huset Oranien-Nassau]]
[[pl:Dynastia Orańska-Nassau]]
[[pt:Casa de Orange-Nassau]]
[[ro:Casa de Orania]]
[[ru:Оранская династия]]
[[sl:Rodbina Orange-Nassau]]
[[fi:Orania-Nassau-suku]]
[[sv:Huset Nassau-Oranien]]
[[th:ราชวงศ์ออเรนจ์-นัสเซา]]
[[vi:Nhà Orange-Nassau]]
[[uk:Оранська династія]]