Revision 2281480 of "Sains dan teknologi di Iran" on mswiki

{{terjemahan|en|Science and technology in Iran}}
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[[Parsi]] adalah sebuah tempat bermulanya sains dalam zaman-zaman yang lebih terdahulu. [[Iran Raya|Ahli sains Parsi]] menyumbang pada kefahaman [[alam semula jadi]], [[perubatan]], [[matematik]] dan [[falsafah]]. Orang Parsi telah membuat sumbangan penting pada [[algebra]] dan [[kimia]], mencipta mesin kuasa angin, dan [[penyulingan]] [[alkohol]] pertama. Mencuba untuk membangkitkan zaman kegemilangan sains Parsi, ahli sains Iran secara berhati-hati mencapai ke dunia. Banyak individu [[senarai ahli sains Iran sezaman|ahli sains Iran]], bersama dengan [[Akademi Sains Perubatan Iran]] dan [[Akademi Sains Iran]], telah terlibat dalam pembaharuan ini.

[[Iran]] adalah contoh sebuah negara yang telah melakukan banyak kemajuan melalui [[pendidikan di Iran|pendidikan dan latihan]], sungguhpun dikenakan [[sekatan terhadap Iran|sekatan antarabangsa]] dalam hampir semua aspek penyelidikan sejak beberapa dekad yang lalu. Penduduk universiti Iran bertambah dari 100,000 pada 1979 ke 2 juta pada 2006. 70 peratus dari pelajar sains dan kejuruteraannya adalah wanita.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7115/full/444022a.html Islam and Science: An Islamist revolution] Nature</ref>

== Sains di Parsi ==
{{seealso|Sains Islam|Reka cipta dalam zaman pertengahan Islam|garis masa sains dan teknologi Islam}}
Sains di Parsi telah timbul dalam dua fasa utama dipisah oleh ketibaan dan penyebaran besar pelukan [[Islam]] di rantau ini. Banyak dari konsep hari ini dalam Sains termasuk model sistem suria Helio-Sentrik, batas kelajuan cahaya, dan graviti telah pertama dicadangkan oleh ahli sains Parsi.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

Sedikit yang diketahui tentang sains di Iran sewaktu zaman kuno. Pada zaman [[Sassanid]] (226 hingga ke 652 AM), perhatian telah diberikan pada matematik dan [[astronomi]]. [[Gundeshapur|Akademi Gondeshapur]] adalah suatu contoh. [[Sekolah Nisibis]] dan pra-Islam [[Sarouyeh]] Sassanid adalah contoh lain dalam kategori ini.

Oleh kerana nisbah jadual Astronomi&mdash;seperti Jadual Shahryar&mdash;bermula pada zaman ini, dan balai cerap Sassanid kemudian ditiru oleh ahli astrologi dan astronomi dari zaman Islam.


Sa'ad Andolsosi, dalam bukunya ''Pengelasan Orang'', memuji ilmu matematik dan astronomi Parsi. Rujukan pada tajuk saintifik seperti sains semulajadi dan matematik bermuncul dalam buku ditulis dalam bahasa [[Zoroastrian Middle Persian|Pahlavi]].

Karangan perubatan dan veterinar, preskripsi, dan penjelasan disebut dalam ''Dinkart'' (dari zaman Sassanid) adalah keminatan pada para cendikiawan kemudian dan moden. Sesetengah buku perubatan kemudian diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Arab telah pada mulanya disusun dalam bahasa Syria atau Pahlavi oleh para cendikiawan Iran. Di kalangan buku-buku seperti itu adalah pada perubatan veterinary, pertanian, penyakit dan rawatan burung gab, latihan dan pendidikan kanak-kanak, dan taktik keadaan perang.

Pada pertengahan zaman Sassanid, ilmu datang ke Parsi dari Barat dalam bentuk pandangan dan adat Greece yang, selepas penyebaran  [[agama Kristian]], menemani [[Bahasa Syriak]], bahasa rasmi umat Kristian dan [[Nestorianisme|Nestor]] Iran. Sekolah-sekolah Kristian di Iran menghasilkan ahli sains seperti Nersi, Farhad, dan Marabai. Juga, sebuah buku ditinggalkan oleh Paulus Persa, ketua Jabatan Logik dan Falsafah [[Aristotle]] Iran, dikaang dalam bahasa Syriak dan diperintah dictated to Sassanid King Anushiravan.

Guru-guru lain telah naik dari sekolah teologi dan falsafah mirip. Di kalangan mereka adalah Ibrahim Madi, Hibai yang penterjemah, Marbab Gondishapuri, dan Paulus, anak lelaki Kaki of Karkhe. Sewaktu zaman Sassanid, Gondishapur (sebuah pekan a town east of [[Susa]], tenggara [[Dezful]] dan barat daya [[Shushtar]])menjadi sebuah pusat ilmu perubatan, dan kemasyhurannya tahan selama beberapa kurun, dan selepas mulanya Islam di Parsi.

====Teknologi kuno di Parsi====
[[Qanat]] (suatu sistem pengurusan air digunakan untuk irrigation) berasal di Parsi sewaktu pra-[[Empayar Achaemenid|Achaemenid]]. Qanat yang tertua dan terbesar adalah di bandar [[Gonabad]] si Iran yang, selepas 2,700&nbsp;tahun, masih memberikan air minuman dan pertanian ke hampir 40,000&nbsp;orang.<ref> {{cite journal | last = Ward English  | first = Paul  | title = The Origin and Spread of Qanats in the Old World | journal = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society | volume = Vol 112, No. 3 | pages = pp 170–181 | publisher = [[JSTOR]]
  | date = June 21, 1968 | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-049X%2819680621%29112%3A3%3C170%3ATOASOQ%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A&size=LARGE }} </ref>

Ahli falsafah and perekacipta Parsi telah mencipta bateri pertama (kadang-kadang digelar [[Bateri Baghdad]]) sewaktu zaman Parthian atau Sassanid. Sesetengah telah bercadang bahawa bateri itu mungkin digunakan secara perubatan. Ahli sains lain mempercayai bateri-bateri itu digunakan untuk menghantarkan elektroplat suatu lapis nipis pada permukaan logam lain-suatu teknik digunakan hari ini dan fokus suatu eksperimen bilik kelas umum.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2804257.stm BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Riddle of 'Baghdad's batteries'<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Windwheels dibangunkan oleh [[Orang Babylon]] ca. 1700&nbsp;SM untuk mengepam air untuk irrigasi. Pada kurun ke-7, jurutera Parsi di [[Afghanistan]] membangunkan mesin kuasa angin yang lebih maju, [[kincir angin]], membina model asas dibangunkan oleh orang Babylon.<ref>[http://www.psigate.ac.uk/newsite/physics_timeline.html Intute: Science, Engineering and Technology<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.geocities.com/ashishmsu/phytimeline.htm New Page 1<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Falsafah zaman Islam dipengaruhi oleh [[Greece]], [[India]], dan oleh Iran dari zaman sebelum Islam. Ibn Khurram mengarang dalam bukunya "al Melal wa al-Nehal" yang [[Al-Razi|Muhammad Bin Zakaria Razi]] | (Rhazes) mengambil dari orang Iran yang kuno lima prinsip yang mana dia mempercayai:

#Creator- Ahuramazda
#Satan-Ahriman
#Moment-Time
#Place-Locality
#Essence-Spirit

Yang sama disebut oleh [[Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī|Massoudi]] dalam bukunya ''Moruj-oz-Zahab''. [[Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi|Shahaboddin Sohrevardi]], dalam prakata pada buku falsafahnya, petikan istilah dan penjelasan Iran lama berasal dari [[Majuzi|umat Majuzi]], [[Mani (nabi)|umat Mani]], dan umat Zarvan.

[[Image:Book Al Sufi.jpg|thumbnail|Manuskrip ''Penggambaran Gugusan Bintang Firdausi'' [[Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi|Abdolrahman Sufi]]]] Dinasti [[Abbasid]] menujukan perhatian pada sains. Kepentingan saintifik dalam halaman [[Khulafah|khalifah]] [[Baghdad]] dan [[Emir]] Parsi seperti [[Empayar Khwarezmi|Khwarazmshah]], [[Dinasti Samanid|Samanid]], [[Dinasti Ziyarid|Ziariad]], dan [[Dinasti Buyid|Bowayyid]] dan Dialameh dari [[Esfahan|Isfahan]] mencapai puncaknya pada hujung kurun ke-11 dan mulanya kurun ke-12, tetapi merosot di bawah serangan [[Turkmen]] dan [[Mongol]].

Sesetengah dari penterjemah Iran yang mengetahui [[Bahasa Syriak]], [[Bahasa Greek|Greek]] dan [[Parsi Tengah Majuzi|Pahlavi]] menterjemah banyak buku saintifik ke dalam bahasa Arab adalah [[Bukhtishu|Al Bakhtyasu]], [[Naubakht|Al-Nowbakht]], [[Masawaiyh|Al-Masouyeh]], [[Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa|Abdollah Ibn Moqaffa]], [[Tabari (name)|Omar Ibn Farakhan Tabari]], [[Ali Ibn Ziad Tammimi]], [[Shapur ibn Sahl|Ibn Sahl]], Yusof Al Naqel, Isa Ibn Chaharbakht, and [[Abū Sahl al-Qūhī|Yatr Ibn Rostam Al Kouhi]]. Yang terbaru adalah [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī|Abu Reyhan Birooni]], ahli matematik dan penterjemah masyhur buku India.

Sebagai akibat orang-orang ini dan rakan Arab mereka (contohnya [[Thabit ibn Qurra]]), ilmu dan sains [[India]], [[Greece]], dan [[Alexandria]] kuno telah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Arab, membuatkan perbendeharaan saintifik terbesar dari [[Zaman Pertengahan]]. Ahli matematik kuno dan pengarang di kalangan umat Islam adalah dua orang Iran: [[Naubakht|Nowbakht Ahwazi]] dan [[Ibrahim al-Fazari|Ibrahim Ibn Habib-ol-fazari]], dan yang keduanya juga menterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Arab suatu kutipan buku astronomi India.

====Matematik====
{{see|Matematik pada zaman pertengahan Islam}}
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Salah seorang ahli matematik terhebat dari antikuiti, yang bermuncul pada hujung kurun ke-9, adalah seorang Iran dengan nama [[Muhammad Ibn Musa-al-Kharazmi]], yang karyanya mengesankan budaya Islam dan Eropah selepas kurun ke-12. Ahli matematik terkenal ini, temabahan pada susunan jadual tokoh digelar [[Algoritma]], juga membangunkan algebra dan mempehaharukan sisem aritmetik Iran dan India. Karyanya pada algebra telah diterjemahkan ke dalam [[bahasa Latin]] oleh penterjemah bahasa Latin [[Gerard dari Cremona]] dan berjudul: ''De jebra et almucabola''. [[Robert dari Chester]] juga menterjemahkannya di bawah judul ''Liber algebras et almucabala''. Karya Khwarizmi "melatihkan suatu pengaruh penting pada pembangunan fikiran matematik di Barat pada zaman pertengahan".<ref>Hill, Donald. ''Islamic Science and Engineering''. 1993. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0455-3 p.222</ref> 

Matematik telah kemudian dibangunkan oleh ahli sains seperti Abu Abbas Fazl Hatam, adik-beradik lelaki [[Banu Musa]], Farahani, Omar Ibn Farakhan, Abu Zeid Ahmad Ibn Soheil Balkhi (kurun ke-9&nbsp;AM), Abul Vafa Bouzjani, Abu Jaafar Khan, [[Bijan Ibn Rostam Kouhi]], Ahmad Ibn Abdul Jalil Qomi, Bu Nasr Iraqi, [[Abu Reyhan al-Biruni]], penyair Iran terkenal Hakim [[Omar Khayyam]] Neishaburi, Qatan Marvazi, Massoudi Ghaznavi (kurun ke-13 AM), [[Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī|Khajeh Nassireddin Tusi]], dan [[Jamshīd al-Kāshī|Ghiasseddin Jamshidi Kashani]].

====Perubatan====
{{main|Peurbatan Iran Kuno}}
{{seealso|Perubatan sewaktu zaman pertengahan Islam|Perubatan Islam}}

Amalan kajian [[perubatan]] di [[Iran]] mempunyai suatu sejarah yang panjang dan berprofil. Terletak di persimpangan jalan Timur dan Barat, [[Empayar Parsi|Parsi]] sering terlibat dalam pembangunan perubatan Greek dan India kuno; sebelum dan selepas Islam Iran telah melibat dalam perubatan juga.

Contohnya, hospital pengajaran pertama di mana para pelajar perubatan mengikut kaedah mengamalkan pada para pesakit berada di bawah penyeliaan doktor adalah [[Akademi Gundishapur]] dalam [[Empayar Parsi]]. Sesetengah pakar pergi sebanyak peringkat mendakwa bahawa: "pada peringkat yang sangat besar, penghargaan pada keseluruhan sistem hospital harus diberikan pada Parsi".<ref>C. Elgood, ''A medical history of Persia'', Cambridge Univ. Press. p.173</ref> 

Gagasan [[xenotransplantation]] bermula pada zaman [[Empayar Achaemenid|Achaemenidae]] (dinasti Achaemeni), seperti dibukti oleh seni ukir banyak [[Chimera (mythology)|chimeras]] mitologi masih hadir di [[Persepolis]].<ref>[http://www.ectrx.org/forms/ectrxcontentshow.php?year=2005&volume=3&issue=1&supplement=0&makale_no=0&spage_number=333&content_type=FULL%20TEXT Transplantation Activities in Iran], Behrooz Broumand</ref>

Beberapa dokuman masih wujud dari mana takrifan dan rawatan [[pening kepala]] sewaktu Parsi dapat ditentukan. Dokumen ini memberikan maklumat perincian dan klinik pada jenis-jenis berbeza pening kepala. Tulisan zaman pertengahan adala tepat dan jelas, dan mereka memberikan senarai pangjang bahan yang digunakan dalam rawatan pening kepala. Banyak dari kecapaian doktor pada zaman pertengahan Parsia dapat diterimakan hari ini; meskipun, masih dapat digunakan pada perubatan moden.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12849336&dopt=Abstract History of headache in medieval Persian medicine, ''The Lancet'', Volume 1, Issue 8, December 2002, Pages 510-515]</ref>

In medicine, Mansour Davaniqi, the founder of Baghdad, invited scholars from [[Gundeshapur|Gondishapur]] to live in that city. Amongst them was a Nestorian Christian named [[Bukhtishu|Jurjis Ibn Jebreel Ibn Bakhtyasu]], who wrote a book on medicine that contained all subjects on medical science known to their culture at that time. Others who migrated to Baghdad also had publications of their own. The first Muslim who wrote about medicine was another Persian, [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari|Ali Ibn Rabn Tabari]], who compiled medical knowledge from Greece, India, and ancient Persia.

[[Image:Mansur1911.jpg|right|thumb|250px|From: Mansur ibn Ilyas: Tashrīḥ-i badan-i insān. {{lang|ar| تشريح بدن انسان}}. Manuskrip, ca. 1450, U.S. National Library of Medicine.]]
[[Image:Canons of medicine.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Suatu terjemahan bahasa Latin 500 tahun ''[[Qanun Perubatan]]'' oleh [[Avicenna]].]]

Dalam karya kurun ke-10 [[Shahnameh]], [[Ferdowsi]] menjelaskan suatu [[bahagian Caesarean]] dilakukan di [[Rudaba]], sewaktu mana suatu ejen [[wain]] disediakan oleh seorang paderi [[Majusi]] dan digunakan untuk menghasilkan keadaan tidak sedar diri sewaktu operasi.<ref>[[Edward Granville Browne]], ''Islamic Medicine'', Goodword Books, 2002, ISBN 81-87570-19-9 p.79</ref> Although largely mythical in content, the passage illustrates working knowledge of [[anesthesia]] in ancient [[Persia]].

Kemudian pada kurun ke-10, [[Al-Razi|Abu Bakr Muhammad Bin Zakaria Razi]] menulis secara rinci, sungguhpun pendek, buku pada perubatan. Bukunya telah diterjemahkan ke dalam [[Bahasa Latin]] dan telah dicetak kerap kali. Tamabahn pada menyusun tajuk dari buku-buku kuno, Razi bergantung pada pengalamannya sendiri. Pelajarnya adalah Abu Bakr Joveini, yang menulis sebuah buku perubatan komprehensif dalam bahasa Parsi. Ini adalah buku pertama dalam bahasa Parsi dan adalah salah satu karya sastera yang tertua dalam bahasa itu. Razi dianggapkan pengasas fizik dan pencipta khas atau berat bersih majmuk.

Pengarang penting ketiga pada perubatan zaman itu adalah [[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi|Ali Ibn Abbas Majussi Ahwazi]], doktor pada halaman [['Adud al-Dawla|Azod-od-Dowleh Daylami]], yang karyanya diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Latin dan diccetak semula kerap kali. Bukunya dianggap yang terbaik dan karya yang terlengkap pada perubatan sebelum kemunculan [[Avicenna]] (Abu Ali Sina), yang mengarang buku-buku dan dokumen-dokumen pada judul santifik yang pelbagai. Bukunya [[Qanun Perubatan|Qanun]] telah digunakan sebagai sebuah buku teks oleh orang Eropah untuk beberapa kurun di atasnya.

Banyak doktor telah bermuncul sejak Avicenna, tetapi tiada mendapatkan kemasyhuran [[Zayn al-Din al-Jurjani]], pengarang ensiklopedia perubatan pertama ditulis dalam [[bahasa Parsi]] daripada [[lingua franca]] bahasa Arab yang kebiasaan, ''Dhakhira-i Khwarazmshahi'', digubahkan di antara 1111 AM dan 1136 AM. Ia juga lebih lengkap daripada ''Qanun'' Avicenna dan dianggap buku perubatan terhebat dalam [[Bahasa Parsi|Parsi]]. Orang Iran telah juga mahir dalam sains semula jadi lain seperti bontani, farmakologi, kimia, zoologi, litologi, dan mineralogi. Ahli sains yang termasyhur dalam bidang-bidang ini adalah [[Al-Razi|Muhammad Bin Zakaria Razi]] dan [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī|Abu Reyhan Birooni]]. [[Alkohol]] dan [[asid sulfur]] difikirkan telah ditemukan oleh Razi (Rhazes), dan Biruni mengira graviti khas banyak bahan dalam cara yang sangat khusus.

Selepas [[Penaklukan Islam Parsi|penaklukan Islam Iran]], perubatan terus berkembang dengan kenaikan notables such as [[Al-Razi|Rhazes]] dan [[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi|Haly Abbas]], sungguhpun [[Baghdad]] adalah pewaris kosmopolitan baru akademi perubatan Jundishapur [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid]].

Suatu gagasan bilangan karya perubatan digubah dalam bahasa Parsi sendiri mungkin dikumpul dari ''Zur Quellenkunde der Persischen Medizin'' [[Adolf Fonahn]], diterbitkan di [[Leipzig]] pada 1910. Pengarang ini menyebut satu per satu 400 lebih karya dalam bahasa Parsi pada peruabtan, tidak termasuk pengarang seperti [[Avicenna]], yang menulis dalam bahasa Arab. Pengarang-sejarawan Meyerhof, Casey Wood, dan Hirschberg jug merakam nama-nama sekurang-kurangnya 80 [[Optometri|oculist]] yang menyumbang perjanjian pada judul berkaitan dengan [[oftalmologi]] dari mulanya 800 AM pada kemekaran sastera Islam pada 1300 AM.

Selain dari yang disebut terdahulunya, dua lagi karya perubatan menarik perhatian hebat dalam zaman pertengahan Eropah, iaitu ''Materia Medica'' [[Al-Muwaffak|Abu Mansur Muwaffaq]], dikarang di sekitar 950 AM, dan ''Anatomy'' diilustrasi ''Mansur ibn Muhammad'', dikarang pada 1396 AM.

Perubatan akademik moden bermula di Iran apabila [[Joseph Cochran]] mendirikan sebuah kolej perubatan di [[Urmia]] pada 1878. Cochran sering dihargai dengan mengasaskan "kolej perubatan sezaman pertama" Iran.<ref>[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/0252/0252127.htm Archives Of Iranian Medicine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The website of [[Urmia University]] credits Cochran for "lowering the infant mortality rate in the region"<ref>[http://www.urmia.ac.ir/intro.htm Introduction to Urmia University<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> dan dengan mengasaskan salah satu dari hospital moden pertama Iran (Hospital Westminister) di Urmia.

====Astronomi====
{{see|Astronomi pada zaman pertengahan Islam}}

Pada 1000&nbsp;AM, [[Biruni]] menuliskan sebuah ensiklopedia astronomi yang membincangkan kemungkinan bahawa bumi mungkin bumi mengelilingi matahari. Ini adalah sebelum [[Tycho Brahe]] melukiskan peta-peta pertama langit, mengunakan haiwan digayakan untuk menggambarkan gugusan bintang.

Pada kurun kesepuluh, ahli astronomi Parsi Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi menoleh matanya ke atas pada awning of stars overhead dan adalah yang pertama untuk merakamkan suatu galaksi bersama dengan milik kita. Merenung pada galaksi Andromeda dia menggelarnya "awam kecil" - penjelasan apt kemunculan seikat kawan kejirnan galaktik kita.<ref name=scotsman>[http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=1634902007 Scotsman.com News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

====Biologi====
{{see|Falsafah Islam Awal}}

Pada kurun ke-13, lebih daripada 600&nbsp;tahun sebelum [[Charles Darwin]], [[Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī|Nasir al-Din Tusi]] memajukan suatu teori asas evolusi. Perbezaan utama wujud di antara kecapaian ''[[Asal-usul Spesis]]'' Tusi dan Darwin. Sementara Darwin menggunakan alasan deduktif, mengumpul sapel tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan untuk menjalankan caranya dari fakta ke suatu teori, Tusi used a more theoretical approach. Tusi explained that "hereditary variability" was the leading force of evolution. He wrote that all living organisms were able to change and that the animate organisms developed owing to their hereditary variability, saying "the organisms that can gain the new features faster are more variable. As a result, they gain advantages over other creatures." This sounds remarkably like a simplistic form of Darwin's writings about [[mutation]]s. Tusi was correct when he suggested that "the bodies are changing as a result of the internal and external interactions"; that is, as a result of environmental influences. Tusi wrote "look at the world of animals and birds. They have all that is necessary for defense, protection and daily life, including strength, courage, and appropriate tools ([[Organ (anatomy)|organs]])". Tusi also believed that humans are derived from advanced animals. He wrote about the different transition forms between the human and animal world, saying "such humans (probably anthropoid apes) live in the Western Sudan and other distant corners of the world. They are close to animals by their habits, deeds and behavior".<ref name=azer92>[http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/92_folder/92_articles/92_tusi.html 9.2 A 13th-Century Darwin? - Tusi's Views on Evolution - Farid Alakbarov<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Tusi said that humans are related to all living and inanimate creatures of Nature, writing that "the human has features that distinguish him from other creatures, but he has other features that unite him with the animal world, the vegetable kingdom or even with the inanimate bodies".<ref name=azer92/>

====Kimia====
{{see|Alkimia dan kimia pada zaman pertengahan Islam}}

Tusi believed that a body of matter is able to change but is not able to disappear entirely. He wrote "a body of matter cannot disappear completely. It only changes its form, condition, composition, color, and other properties, and turns into a different complex or elementary matter".  Five hundred years later, [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] (1711&ndash;1765) and [[Antoine Lavoisier|Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier]] (1743&ndash;1794) created the law of [[conservation of mass]], setting down this same idea.<ref name=azer92/> However, it should be noted that Tusi argued for evolution within a firmly Islamic context&mdash;he did not, like Darwin, draw materialist conclusions from his theories. Moreover, unlike Darwin, he was arguing hypothetically: he did not attempt to provide empirical data for his theories. Nonetheless his arguments, which in some ways prefigure [[natural selection]], are still considered remarkably 'advanced' for their time.

[[geber|Jaber Ibn Hayyan]], the famous Iranian chemist who died in 804 at Tous in [[greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], was the father of a number of discoveries recorded in an encyclopaedia and of many treatises covering two thousand topics, and these became the bible of European chemists of the 18th century, particularly of Lavoisier. These works had a variety of uses including tinctures and their applications in tanning and textiles; distillations of plants and flowers; the origin of perfumes; therapeutic pharmacy, and gunpowder, a powerful military instrument possessed by Islam long before the West. Jabir ibn Hayyan, is widely regarded as the founder of chemistry, inventing many of the basic processes and equipment still used by chemists today such as [[distillation]].<ref name=scotsman/>

====Fizik====
{{see|Fizik dalam zaman pertengahan Islam}}

Abu Ali al'Hasan ibn al'Haitam is known in the West as Alhazen, born in 965 in Persia and dying in 1039 in Egypt. He is known as the father of [[optics]] for his writings on, and experiments with, lenses, mirrors, [[refraction]], and reflection. He correctly stated that vision results from light that is reflected into the eye by an object, not emitted by the eye itself and reflected back, as [[Aristotle]] believed. He solved the problem of finding the locus of points on a spherical mirror from which light will be reflected to an observer. From his studies of refraction, he determined that the atmosphere has a definite height and that twilight is caused by refraction of solar radiation from beneath the horizon. <ref><small>On the page to which this comment is linked, the optical diagram on the Pakistani commemorative in blue, green, and black is hard to decipher because of the lack of contrast.</small> http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/asl/exhibits/stamps/em.html</ref>
[[Biruni]] was the first scientist to formally propose that the [[speed of light]] is finite, before [[Galileo]] tried to experimentally prove this.

== Sains di Iran moden ==
{{seealso|Pendidikan tinggi di Iran}}

Considering the country's [[Iran's brain drain|brain drain]] and its poor political relationship with the [[United States]] and some other Western countries, Iran's scientific community remains productive, even while [[sanctions against Iran|economic sanctions]] make it difficult for universities to buy equipment or to send people to the United States to attend scientific meetings.<ref name=nature/> Furthermore, Iran considers scientific backwardness, as one of the root causes of political and military bullying by developed countries over undeveloped states.<ref>[http://www5.irna.ir/En/View/FullStory/?NewsId=392352&IdLanguage=3]</ref>

==== Belanjawan ====
{{seealso|Government of Iran|Economy of Iran}}
Iran's national science budget is about $900 million and it has not been subject to any significant increase since 15 years (2005).<ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5742/1802?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=iran&searchid=1138556046976_3291&FIRSTINDEX=0&journalcode=sci</ref> Iran allocates around 0.4% of its [[GDP]] to [[R&D]], which ranks it "far behind industrialized societies" who spend 1.4% of their GDP on average.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/0141/malekzadeh0141.html Medical Science and Research in Iran<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Yet Iran's government has devoted huge amounts of funds for research on high technologies such as [[nanotechnology]], [[biotechnology]], [[stem cell]] research and [[information technology]] (2008).<ref>http://uk.zawya.com/Story.cfm/sidZAWYA20081031102629/Iran:%20Huge%20Investments%20On%20Nanotech</ref> [[Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology]] is one of the main institutions in Iran in charge of establishing research policies at the state level.

====Gambaran keseluruhan====
{{seealso|harta milik intelektual di Iran}}
[[Image:IUST GATE.jpg|thumb|200 px|Pintu masuk [[Universiti Iran Sains dan Teknologi]].]]

Theoretical and computational sciences are highly developed in Iran. Theoretical physicists and chemists regularly publish works in high [[impact factor]] journals.<ref name="iran-daily.com">http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3426/html/science.htm#s386553</ref> Despite the limitations in funds, facilities, and international collaborations, Iranian scientists have been very productive in several experimental fields such as [[pharmacology]], [[pharmaceutical chemistry]], and organic and polymer [[chemistry]]. Iranian [[Biophysics|biophysicists]], especially molecular biophysicists, have gained international reputations since the 1990s{{Fact|date=January 2009}}. High field [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] facility, micro[[calorimetry]], [[circular dichroism]], and instruments for single protein channel studies have been provided in Iran during the past two decades. [[Tissue engineering]] and research on [[biomaterial]]s have just started to emerge in biophysics departments. According to the State Registration Organization of Deeds and Properties, a total of 9,570 national [[invention]]s was registered in Iran during 2008. Compared with the previous year, there was a 38-percent increase in the number of inventions registered by the organization.<ref>http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3372/html/science.htm</ref>

====Kerjasama Saintifik====
{{seealso|Kumpulan penyelidikan utama di Iran|Sekatan terhadap ahli sains Iran}}
Iran annually hosts international science festivals. The International [[The position of Iranians in scientific competitions#Kharazmi Festival|Kharazmi Festival]] in Basic Science and The Annual [[The position of Iranians in scientific competitions#Razi Medical Sciences Research Festival|Razi Medical Sciences Research Festival]] promote original research in science, technology, and medicine in Iran. 

Iranians welcome scientists from all over the world to Iran for a visit and participation in seminars or collaborations. Many Nobel laureates and influential scientists such as [[Bruce Alberts]], [[Frank Sherwood Rowland|F. Sherwood Rowland]], [[Kurt Wüthrich]], [[Stephen Hawking]], and [[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes]] visited Iran after the [[Iranian Revolution|revolution]]. Some universities also hosted [[United States|American]] and [[Europe]]an scientists as guest lecturers during recent decades.

====Sektor swasta====
{{seealso|Ekonomi Iran}}
Parallel to academic research, several companies have been founded in Iran during last few decades. For example [[CinnaGen]], established in 1992, is one of the pioneering biotechnology companies in the region. CinnaGen won ''Biotechnology Asia 2005 Innovation Awards'' due to its achievements and innovation in biotechnology research. In 2006 [[Parsé Semiconductor Co.]] announced it had designed and produced a 32 bit computer [[microprocessor]] inside the country for the first time.<ref>http://www.eetimes.com/news/design/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=191203237</ref>[[Software]] companies are growing rapidly. In [[CeBIT]] 2006, ten Iranian software companies introduced their products.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/science/story/2006/03/060310_fb_me_cebit_iran.shtml BBCPersian.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.sanaray.ir/english/ Sanaray<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
====Taman teknologi====
{{seealso|Pelaburan langsung asing di Iran}}
[[Kerajaan Iran]] mempunyai rancangan untuk pertubuhan 50-60 [[taman industri]] pada hujung [[Ekonomi Iran#Rancangan pembangunan sosio-ekonomi lima tahun|Rancangan Pembangunan Sosioekonomi Lima Tahun]] kelima pada 2015.<ref>[http://mehrnews.com/en/NewsDetail.aspxNewsID=509073?] retrieved 12 February 2008</ref>
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Nama taman 
! Kawasan fokus
! Lokasi
|-
| Taman Sains dan Teknologi Guilan
| Agro-Food, Bioteknologi, Kimia, Elektronik, Alam, ICT, Pelancongan.<ref>http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=o34918&L=2</ref>
| [[Guilan]]
|-
| [[Taman Teknologi Pardis]]
| Kejuruteraan Maju (mekanik dan otomasi), Bioteknologi, Kimia, Elektronik, ICT, Nano-teknologi.<ref>http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=o34918&L=2</ref>
| 25&nbsp;km Barat laut [[Tehran]]
|-
| Taman Perisian dan Teknologi Maklumat Tehran (dirancang)<ref> {{Citation| first= | last=| coauthors=| contribution=Telecoms And Technology Forecast| title=Economist Intelligence Unit| editor-first=| editor-last=| coeditors=| publisher=| place=| pages=| date=| year=| id= | contribution-url=| format=| accessdate=2009-07-06 }}</ref>
| ICT<ref>http://www.cra.ir/Earchive/EArchiveF/UpdateCounter.asp?filename=rad1736E.pdf</ref>
| Tehran
|-
| Taman Teknologi Sains dan Teknologi Khorasan (Kementerian Sains, Penyelidikan dan Teknologi) 
| Kejuruteraan Maju, Agro-Food, Kimia, Elektronik, ICT, Perkhidmatan.<ref>http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=o34918&L=2</ref>
| [[Khorasan]]
|-
| Taman Teknologi Sheikh Bahai (Juga digelar "Pekan Sains dan Teknologi Isfahan") 
| Bahan dan Metalurgi, Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Rekabentuk & Pengilangan, Otomasi, Bioteknolgi, Perkhidmatan.<ref>http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=o34918&L=2</ref> 
| [[Isfahan]]
|-
|}

====Perubatan====
{{seealso|Jagaan kesihatan di Iran}}
Clinical sciences are highly developed in Iran. In areas such as [[rheumatology]], [[hematology]], and [[Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation|bone marrow trasplantation]], Iranian medical scientists are among the world leaders.<ref>http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3403/html/science.htm#s380415</ref> The Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Research Center (HORC) of [[Tehran University of Medical Sciences]] in Shariati Hospital was established in 1991. Internationally, this center is one of the largest bone marrow transplantation centers and has carried out a large number of successful transplantations.<ref>[http://www.tums.ac.ir/research/BMT/]{{Dead link|date=March 2008}}</ref> According to a study conducted in 2005, associated specialized pediatric hematology and oncology (PHO) services exist in almost all major cities throughout the country, where 43 board-certified or eligible pediatric hematologist–oncologists are giving care to children suffering from cancer or hematological disorders. Three children’s medical centers at universities have approved PHO fellowship programs.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8292512&dopt=Abstract Pediatric hematology and oncology in Iran: past and present state.]</ref> Besides hematology, [[gastroenterology]] has recently attracted many talented medical students. The gasteroenterology research center based at [[University of Tehran|Tehran University]] has produced increasing numbers of scientific publications since its establishment.

[[Image:MoslemBahadori.jpg|right|thumb|Prof [[Moslem Bahadori]], one of the pioneering figures in modern Iranian medicine]]

Modern organ transplantation in Iran dates to 1935, when the first cornea transplant in Iran was performed by Professor [[Mohammad-Qoli Shams]] at Farabi Hospital in Tehran, Iran. The [[Shiraz]] Nemazi transplant center, also one of the pioneering transplant units of Iran, performed the first Iranian [[kidney]] transplant in 1967 and the first Iranian [[liver]] transplant in 1995. The first heart transplant in Iran was performed 1993 in Tabriz. The first lung transplant was performed in 2001, and the first heart and lung transplants were performed in 2002, both at [[Tehran University]].<ref name=ectrx>[http://www.ectrx.org/forms/ectrxcontentshow.php?year=2005&volume=3&issue=1&supplement=0&makale_no=0&spage_number=333&content_type=FULL%20TEXT ::: Experimental and Clinical Tranplantation :::<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Iran developed the first [[artificial lung]] in 2009 to join five other countries in the world which possess such technology.<ref>http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=103704&sectionid=3510208</ref> Currently, renal, liver, and heart transplantations are routinely performed in Iran. Iran ranks fifth in the world in kidney transplants.<ref>http://roozonline.com/english/016441.shtml <!--link broken  [http://itb.tums.ac.ir/index.htm]--></ref> The Iranian Tissue Bank, commencing in 1994, was the first multi-facility tissue bank in country. In June 2000, the Organ Transplantation Brain Death Act was approved by the Parliament, followed by the establishment of the Iranian Network for Transplantation Organ Procurement. This act helped to expand heart, lung, and liver transplantation programs. By 2003, Iran had performed 131 liver, 77 heart, 7 lung, 211 bone marrow, 20,581 cornea, and 16,859 liver transplantations. 82&nbsp;percent of these were donated by living and unrelated donors; 10&nbsp;percent by cadavers; and 8&nbsp;percent came from living-related donors. The 3-year renal transplant patient survival rate was 92.9%, and the 40-month graft survival rate was 85.9%.<ref name=ectrx/>

[[Neuroscience]] is also emerging in Iran. A few PhD programs in cognitive and computational neuroscience have been established in the country during recent decades.

====Bioteknologi====

Agricultural research has been successful in releasing high yielding varieties with higher stability as well as tolerance to harsh weather conditions. The agriculture researchers are working jointly with international Institutes to find the best procedures and genotypes to overcome produce failure and to increase yield. In 2005, Iran's first [[Genetically modified organism|genetically modified]] (GM) rice was approved by national authorities and is being grown commercially for human consumption. In addition to GM rice, Iran has produced several GM plants in the laboratory, such as insect-resistant maize; cotton; potatoes and sugar beets; herbicide-resistant canola; salinity- and drought-tolerant wheat; and blight-resistant maize and wheat.<ref>[http://onlypunjab.com/fullstory2k5-insight--status-7-newsID-12171.html Iranian scientists produce GM rice : Middle East Onlypunjab.com- Onlypunjab.com Latest News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The [[Royan Institute]] engineered Iran's first [[cloning|cloned animal]]; the sheep was born on August 2, 2006 and has passed the critical first two months of his life.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/science/story/2006/08/060805_mf_clone.shtml BBCPersian.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=17674 Middle East Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In the last months of 2006, Iranian biotechnologists announced that they, as the third manufacturer in the world, have sent [[CinnaGen|CinnoVex]] (a recombinant type of [[Interferon]] b1a) to the market.<ref>http://www.bioregio-stern.de/en/first_biogeneric_therapeutic_protein_from_fraunhofer_institute_introduced_to_the_market</ref>
According to a study by David Morrison and Ali Khademhosseini (Harvard-MIT and Cambridge), [[stem cell research]] in Iran is amongst the top 10 in the world. <ref> http://isg-mit.org/projects-storage/StemCell/stem_cell_iran.pdf </ref> Iran will invest 2.5 billion dollars in the country's stem cell research over the next five years (2008-2013).<ref>http://www.payvand.com/news/08/nov/1059.html</ref>

[[Image:Laser DSC09088.JPG|thumb|220px|right|The legacy of [[Ibn al-Haytham|Alhazen]] who was highly instrumental in the founding of [[Optics|modern optics]] was continued by [[Ali Javan]] who invented the [[gas laser]]. Laser optics via fiber optics is a key technology used in [[Internet]].<ref>http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=118164&sectionid=3510208</ref>]]

====Fizik dan bahan====
{{seealso|Aturcara nuklear Iran}}
Iran had some significant successes in [[nuclear technology]] during recent decades, especially in [[nuclear medicine]]. However, little connection exists between Iran's scientific society and that of the [[nuclear program of Iran]]. Iran is the 7th country in production of Uranium Hexafluoride ([[UF6]]).<ref>http://www.payvand.com/news/08/dec/1156.html</ref> Iran now controls the entire [[Nuclear fuel cycle|cycle for producing nuclear fuel]].<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090411/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_iran_nuclear_4</ref> Iranian scientists are also helping to construct the Compact Muon Solenoid, a detector for the Large Hadron Collider of the European Organization for Nuclear Research ([[CERN]]) that is due to come online in 2008{{Fact|date=January 2009}}. Iran is also involved in the developement of a domestic [[Linear particle accelerator]] (LINAC) (2009).<ref>http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3380/html/science.htm#s374145</ref>
It is among the few countries in the world that has the technology to produce [[zirconium]] alloys.<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/iran/esfahan-nuke.htm</ref><ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iran/2005/iran-051114-rferl01.htm</ref>

====Sains komputer====
{{seealso|Komunikasi Iran}}
[http://sharif.ac.ir/~cedra/ Center of  Excellence in Design,  Robotics, and  Automation] was established in 2001 to promote educational and research activities in the fields of design, [[robotics]], and [[automation]]. Besides these professional groups, several robotics groups work in Iranian high schools.<ref>[http://www.payvand.com/news/03/nov/1072.html Iranian High Schools Establish Robotics Groups<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>''Ultra Fast Microprocessors Research Center'' in Tehran’s [[Amir Kabir University]] successfully built a [[supercomputer]] in 2007.<ref>http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1198517207339&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull</ref> Maximum processing capacity of the supercomputer is 860 billion operations per second. Iran’s first supercomputer launched in 2001 was also fabricated by Amir Kabir University.<ref>http://www.iran-daily.com/1386/3015/html/index.htm</ref> In 2009, a SUSE Linux-based HPC system  made by the [[Aerospace Research Institute of Iran]] (ARI) was launched with 32 cores and now runs 96 cores. Its performance was pegged at 192 GFLOPS.<ref>http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyName=knowledge_center&articleId=340338&taxonomyId=1&intsrc=kc_top</ref> The Routerlab team at the [[University of Tehran]] successfully designed and implemented an access-[[router]] (RAHYAB-300) and a 40Gbps high capacity switch fabric ([[UTS (Mainframe UNIX)|UTS]]).<ref>http://web.ut.ac.ir/routerlab</ref>

====Nanoteknologi====
[[Image:SarboloukiMN.JPG|thumb|right|[[Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki]], ahli sains berpengaruh dan pengasas pusat penyelidikan biobahan pertama di Iran]]
Iran ranked 25th in the world in Nanotechnology in 2007 with highest, ranked paper citation international mean, amongst all Islamic countries and only second to S.Korea in Asia.<ref name="berr.gov.uk">http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file11959.pdf</ref> They are now 15th (2010) in the world ranking.<ref>http://en.nano.ir/index.php</ref><ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/bm/newsworld.php?id=453647]</ref> In 2007 Iranian scientists at the Medical Sciences and Technology Center succeeded in mass producing an advanced scanning microscope—the [[Scanning Tunneling Microscope]] (STM).<ref>http://iran-daily.com/1386/2847/html/index.htm</ref>

====teknologi angkasa====
{{seealso|Agensi Angkasa Iran}}
Pada Ogos 17, 2008, [[Agensi Angkasa Iran]] proceeded with the second test launch of a three stages [[Safir (rocket)|Safir]] SLV from a site south of [[Semnan]] in the northern part of the [[Dasht-e Kavir|Dasht-e-Kavir desert]]. The ''Safir'' (Ambassador) satellite carrier successfully launched the [[Omid (satellite)|Omid satellite]] into orbit in February 2009.<ref>{{citeweb|title=Iran says it has put first dummy satellite in orbit  |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20080817/wl_nm/iran_satellite_dc_4|publisher=''[[Reuters]]''|accessdate=2008-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=41636&sectionid=351020101 | title = Iran's Kavoshgar I lifts off for space | publisher = Press TV | date = 2008-02-04}}</ref><ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2009/feb/03/iran-satellite-launch</ref> Iran is the 9th country to put a domestically-built satellite into orbit since the Soviet Union launched the first in 1957.<ref>http://www.kayhanintl.com/feb5/domestic.htm</ref>

====Astronomi====

The Iranian government has committed 150 billion rials (roughly $17.5 million) for a [[telescope]], an observatory, and a training program, all part of a plan to build up the country's [[astronomy]] base. Iran wants to collaborate internationally and become internationally competitive in astronomy, says the University of Michigan's Carl Akerlof, an adviser to the Iranian project. "For a government that is usually characterized as wary of foreigners, that's an important development".<ref>[http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-57/iss-7/p28a.html Physics Today July 2004 - Iran Invests in Astronomy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

==Sumbangan Iran dan asal-usul orang Iran pada sains moden==
{{Main|List of contemporary Iranian scientists, scholars, and engineers}}

[[Image:Ahmad Reza Dehpour.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ahmad Reza Dehpour]], Iran's most prolific researcher of the year 2006.]]

Scientists with an Iranian background have made significant contributions to the international scientific community. In 1960, [[Ali Javan]] invented first gas laser. In 1973, the [[Fuzzy set|fuzzy set theory]] was developed by [[Lotfi Asker Zadeh|Lotfi Zadeh]]. Iranian cardiologist [[Toffy Musivand|Tofy Mussivand]] invented the first [[artificial heart]] and afterwards developed it further. [[Glycosylated hemoglobin|HbA1c]] was discovered by [[Samuel Rahbar]] and introduced to the medical community. The [[Vafa-Witten theorem]] was proposed by [[Cumrun Vafa]], an Iranian string theorist, and his co-worker [[Edward Witten]]. The Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation has been named after [[Mehran Kardar]], notable Iranian physicist. Extraordinary because of multidisciplinary works at a young age, [[Ali Eftekhari]] is considered a founder of electrochemical [[nanotechnology]] and creator of surprising theories such as the [[Fractal]] Geometry of Literature. Other notable discoveries and innovations by Iranian scientists and engineers (or of Iranian origin) include:

* [[Karim Nayernia]]: discovery of spermatagonial stem cells
* [[Reza Ghadiri]]: 1998 Feynman prize for invention of a self-organized replicating molecular system
* [[Mehdi Vaez-Iravani]]: invention of shear force microscopy
* [[Siavash Alamouti]] and [[Vahid Tarokh]]: invention of [[space–time block code]]
* [[Faraneh Vargha-Khadem]]: discovery of SPCH1 , a gene implicated in a severe speech and language disorder
* [[Shirin Dehghan]]: 2006 Women in Technology Award<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6111090.stm 'Top technology' woman announced]</ref> 
* [[Nader Engheta]], inventor of  "invisibility shield" (plasmonic cover) and research leader of the year 2006, ''Scientific American'' magazine,<ref>[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=CA663E2C-E7F2-99DF-3B212D4B44CF6D05 Research leaders of the year]</ref> and winner of a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] (1999) for "Fractional paradigm of classical electrodynamics"
* [[Ali Safaeinili]]: coinventor of Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding ([[MARSIS]])<ref>[http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/express/spotlight/20050504.html ''First-of-Its-Kind Antenna to Probe the Depths of Mars'']</ref>
* [[Pierre Omidyar]]: economist, founder and chairman of [[eBay]]
* [[Shahriar Afshar]]: proposed the [[Afshar experiment]]
* [[Rouzbeh Yassini]]: inventor of the cable modem
* [[Homayoun Seraji]]: most-published author in the 20-year history of the ''Journal of Robotic Systems'' (declared in 2007).
* [[Moslem Bahadori]]: reported the first case of Plasma cell granuloma of the lung.
* Maysam Ghovanloo: inventor of Tongue-Drive Wheelchair.
* Mansour Ahmadian and Jila Nazari: Developers of PARS (Parallel Application from Rapid Simulation) which won the IET Inovation award 2008 in software design <ref>[http://www.iranian.com/main/singlepage/2008/mansour-ahmadian-jila-nazari]</ref><ref> [http://www.erp.ac.uk/news_erpem.html]</ref><ref> [http://www.pldesignline.com/212901763?cid=RSSfeed_programmablelogicdesignline_pldlRSS]</ref><ref>[http://issuu.com/sundance/docs/enews/4] </ref><ref> [http://www.sundancedsp.com/products.php?action=detail&param=72]</ref><ref>[http://www10.edacafe.com/nbc/articles/view_article.php?section=ICNews&articleid=618339]</ref>
*[[Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki]], invention of dendrosome <ref>[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/73501625/abstract]</ref>

==Penempatan Antarabangsa==

*According to the [[Institute for Scientific Information]] (ISI), Iran increased its [[academic publishing]] output nearly tenfold from 1996 to 2004, and has been ranked first globally in terms of output growth rate (followed by China with a 3 fold increase).<ref>[http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file27330.pdf PSA target metrics for the UK research base]</ref><ref>http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file27330.pdf</ref> In comparison, the only [[G8]] countries in top 20 ranking with fastest performance improvement are, Italy which stands at tenth and Canada at 13th globally.<ref>http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file27330.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file27330.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.softmachines.org/wordpress/?p=216</ref> Iran, China, [[India]] and [[Brazil]] are the only developing countries among 31 nations with 97.5% of the world's total scientific productivity. The remaining 162 developing countries contribute less than 2.5% of the world's scientific output.<ref>http://www.scidev.net/en/news/china-brazil-and-india-lead-southern-science-outp.html</ref> Despite the massive improvement from 0.0003% of the global scientific output in 1970 to 0.29% in 2003, still Iran's total share in the world's total output remains small.<ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/j3w865q255vgr260/fulltext.pdf?page=1</ref>

*Iran ranked 49th for citations, 42nd for papers, and 135th for citations per paper.<ref>[http://www.in-cites.com/countries/iran2006.html Essential Science Indicators]</ref> Their publication rate in international journals has quadrupled during the past decade. Although it is still low compared with the developed countries, this puts Iran in the first rank of Islamic countries.<ref name=nature>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7096/full/441932d.html Education and training put Iran ahead of richer states]</ref> According to a British government study (2002), Iran ranked 30th in the world in terms of scientific impact.<ref name="berr.gov.uk"/> 

*According to a report by SJT (A spanish sponsored scientific data data) Iran ranks 25th in the world in scientific publications by volume 2007 (a huge leap from rank 40 few years before)<ref>http://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank...=0&min_type=it </ref>

*In 2008 report by [[Institute for Scientific Information]] (ISI), Iran ranked 32, 46 and 56 in [[Chemistry]], [[Physics]] and [[Biology]] respectively among all science producing countries. <ref>[http://www.mehrnews.ir/NewsPrint.aspx?NewsID=678634 Iranian science according to ISI (2008)]</ref>Iran ranked 15th in 2009 in the field of nanotechnology in terms of presenting articles.<ref>http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/bm/newsworld.php?id=453647</ref>

==Jurnal Irani disenaraikan di Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)==

Menurut dengna [[Institute for Scientific Information]] (ISI), penyelidik Iran dan ahli sains telah menerbitkan suaut jumlah 60,979 kajian saintifik dalam jurnal antarabangsa utama dalam 19 tahun ini.<ref name="iran-daily.com"/>

[[Image:Natureestaki.jpg|right|thumb|500px|Ahli neurosains Iran telah juga menerbitkan dalam jurnal yang disanjung secara tinggi. Kertas semulajadi ini dijalankan oleh orang Iran yang melakukan kebanyakan latihan dan penyelidikan mereka di Iran]]

*''Acta Medica Iranica''
*''Entomologi dan FitoPatologi Dimohon''
*''Arkib Perubatan Iran''
*''[[Daru-Jurnal Fakulti Farmasi]]''
*''Iranian Biomedical Journal''
*''Iranian Journal of BioTechnology''
*''Iranian Journal of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering''
*''Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences-English''
*''Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology''
*''Iranian Journal of Science and Technology''
*''Iranian Polymer Journal''
*''Iranian Journal of Public Health''
*''Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research''
*''Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine''
*''Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine''
*''Iranian Journal of Fuzzy Systems''
*''Journal of Entomological Society of Iran''
*''Plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute Insect Taxonomy Research Department Publication''
*''The Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society''
*''Rostaniha (Jurnal Botani Iran)''

== Lihat juga ==
=== Umum ===
*[[Senarai negara superlative mengikut statistik]]
*[[Pertubuhan Penyelidikan Iran untuk Sains adan Teknologi]]
*[[Indeks Komposit Kebolehan Negara]]
*[[Sejarah sains dalam budaya awal]]
*[[Senarai ahli sains, cendekiawan, dan jurutera Iran sezaman]] (zaman moden)
*[[Senarai ahli sains Iran]]
*[[Pendidikan Tinggi di Iran]]
*[[Jagaan kesihatan di Iran]]
*[[Gerakan Intelektual di Iran]]
*[[Oftalmologi dalam zaman pertengahan Islam]]
*[[Zaman Kegemilangan Islam]]
*[[Falsafah Iran|Falsafah Parsi]]
*[[Sejarah Patologi di Iran]]
*[[Sekatan terhadap ahli sains Iran]]
*[[Senarai Pusat Penyelidikan Iran]]
*[[Kumpulan penyelidikan utama di Iran]]
*[[Ekonomi Iran]]
*[[Iran National Science Foundation]]
*[[Iran's Brain Drain problem]]
*[[Base isolation|Base isolation from Iran]]
*[[Iranian High Performance Computing Research Center]]
*[[Sharif University of Technology]]
*[[International rankings of Iran]]

===Pertubuhan terkenal===
*[[Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran]]
*[[Atomic Energy Organization of Iran]]
*[[Iranian Space Agency]]
*[[Iranian Chemists Association]]
*[[The Physical Society of Iran]]
*[[HORCSCT]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pautan luar ==
===Pertubuhan saintifik berpengaruh Iran===
*[http://www.msrt.ir/ Iran Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology]
*[http://www.iamp.ir/ Iranians Association of Medical Physics]
*[http://www.irost.com/ Iran Research Organization for Science and Technology]
*[http://www.iranscience.net/ Iran Science Network]
*[http://www.pasteur.ac.ir Pasteur Institute of Iran]
*[http://www.iranbiotech.com Biotechnology Study Center]
*[http://www.irip.ir/ Iranian Institute for Philosophy]
*[http://www.nri.ac.ir/ National Energy Research Institute of Iran]
*[http://www.nrcgeb.ac.ir/ National Research Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology]
*[http://www.ias.ac.ir/ Iran Academy of Sciences]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/ Iran Academy of Medical Sciences]
*[http://knowdiff.net/ Knowledge Diffusion Network]
*[http://i-aim.org/ International Association of Iranian Managers]
*[http://www.ecs.org.ir Department of High Tech Industries / Information Network for Electronic Industries]

===Taman teknologi===
*[http://www.iraniec.com/ Iran Small Industries & Industrial Parks Organization (ISIPO)]
*[http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=o34918&L=2 Technology Parks in Iran] - The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
*[http://www.kstp.ir/ Khorasan Province]
*[http://www.ea-sciencepark.org.ir/ East Azerbaijan Province]
*[http://www.sstp.ir Semnan Province]
*[http://www.gstp.ir/ Gilan Province]
*[http://www.ystp.org/ Yazd Province]
*[http://www.astp.ir/ Markazi Province]
*[http://www.istt.org Isfahan Province]

===Lain===
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-7vTLIwVqA&feature=channel_page Documentary on science and technology in Iran (2009)] - Part I 
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZSF2gbb4O4&feature=channel_page Documentary on science and technology in Iran (2009)] - Part II
* [http://www.jazirehdanesh.com/ Iran science island] (in Persian)
* [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/290/5496/1484?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=iran&searchid=1138556046976_3291&FIRSTINDEX=0&journalcode=sci  Iranian science: Iran's Scientists Cautiously Reach Out to the World]
* [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5742/1802?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=iran&searchid=1138556046976_3291&FIRSTINDEX=0&journalcode=sci  Iranian science: An Islamic Science Revolution?]
* [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/290/5496/1485 Iranian science: Iranian Women Hear the Call of Science]
* [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v435/n7040/full/435264a.html Iranian neuroscience:  The brain trust of Tehran]
* [http://en.nano.ir/index.php Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council]
* [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v435/n7040/full/435247b.html ''Nature'' editorial: Iran's long march]
* [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7104/full/442719b.html ''Nature'' editorial: Revival in Iran]
* [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6944/full/424003b.html ''Nature:'' String theorists bypass NSF en route to Iran seminar]
* [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/ancient_medicine_mesopotamia_iran.php History of ancient medicine in Iran]
* [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7087/full/440997a.html Science in culture: An exhibition in Britain explores a rich scientific heritage.]
* [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5742/1806?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=iran&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT Science in Iran: The Sturgeon's Last Stand]
* [http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/medical_sciences_avesta.php The medical sciences in the Avesta]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/0693/0026.pdf The contribution of Iranian scientists to world civilization]
*[http://www.science-academy.org/ Science Academy]
*[http://www.SharifThinkTank.com/ Sharif ThinkTank]
*[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7189/full/452781a.html ''Nature'' editorial: All eyes north]
*[http://www.payvand.com/news/08/dec/1282.html Saba Valadkhan: Seeking for a prospective Nobel Prize!]
*[http://www.iranreview.org/content/view/663/37/ Scientific advances of Iranians]

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