Revision 2789266 of "Seni bina Islam" on mswiki

{{Islam}}
[[Fail:Brainsik-bluemosqueinside1.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Bahagian dalam kubah [[Masjid Sultan Ahmed]] di [[Istanbul]], [[Turki]].]]

'''Seni bina Islam''' ([[bahasa Arab]] عمارة إسلامية, [[bahasa Parsi]] معماری اسلامی, [[bahasa Turki]] İslami mimari) telah ditonjolkan pada sepanjang [[sejarah Islam]]. Istilah ini merangkumi [[gaya seni bina keagamaan]] sebagai mana juga bangunan-bangunan sekular, dan bersejarah dan juga penyataan moden, pada pembinaan struktur yang telah datang di bawah berbagai taraf pengaruh oleh [[kebudayaan Islam]].

Prinsip jenis-jenis gaya seni bina Islam adalah; [[Masjid]], [[Kubur]], [[Istana]] dan [[Kubu|Kota]]. Dari empat jenis ini, gaya seni bina Islam dikembangkan dan digunakan untuk bangunan-bangunan yang kurang penting seperti [[tempat mandi awam]], [[air pancut]] dan gaya seni bina tempatan <ref name="Cop149">Copplestone, p.149</ref>.

== Sejarah ==
Pada tahun [[630]] [[Masihi|M]], tentera [[Islam]] menakluk kembali bandar [[Mekah]] dari kaum [[Quraisy]]. Perlindungan suci [[Kaabah]] telah dibina balik dan didedikasikan semula pada [[Islam]], pembinaan semula ini telah dijalankan sebelum kewafatan Nabi Muhammad pada tahun [[632]] M oleh seorang tukang kayu kapal [[Habsyah]] dalam gaya aslinya. Tempat suci ini dapat digunakan sebagai contoh yang paling awal gaya seni bina Islam walaupun tidak sama seperti gaya seni bina Islam hari ini. Dinding Kaabah dihiasi dengan lukisan Nabi Isa, Siti Maryam, Nabi Ibrahim, nabi-nabi lain, malaikat dan pokok-pokok. Doktrin Islam kemudiannya, bermula dari abad kelapan dengan bersumberkan [[Hadith]], melarangkan penggunaan ikon dalam gaya seni bina, terutamanya ikon manusia dan haiwan <ref name="Cop149"/>.

Pada [[abad ke-7]], tentera [[Muslim]] memasuki and menakluki wilayah yang luas. Setelah kaum Muslim telah mengambil kuasa suatu daerah, keperluan pertama mereka adalah tempat beribadah - sebuah [[masjid]]. Susun atur sederhana merupakan unsur-unsur yang digabungkan dalam semua masjid, penganut Muslim awal membina bangunan sederhana berasaskan rumah Nabi atau mengadaptasikan bangunan-bangunan sedia ada, seperti [[gereja]], untuk kegunaan mereka.

== Pengaruh dan gaya ==
[[Fail:Moschea di Omar (Dome of the Rock) - Gerusalemme.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Qubbat As-Sakhrah]] adalah contoh utama gaya seni bina Islam]]
[[Fail:TajCalligraphy3.jpg|thumb|100px|left|[[Tulisan Arab]] di pishtaq besar [[Taj Mahal]]]]
Gaya seni bina Islam yang dapat dikenali kini berkembang tidak lama selepas kewafatan [[Nabi Muhammad s.a.w.]], yang dikembangkan dari model [[seni bina Rom|Rom]], [[Mesir Purba|Mesir]], [[Empayar Parsi|Parsi]]/[[Dinasti Sassanid|Sassanid]] dan [[seni bina Byzantine|Byzantine]]. Contoh awal boleh dikenal pasti dengan siapnya Kubah Batu (''Qubbat al-Sakhrah'') di [[Baitulmuqaddis]]. Ia mempunyai ruang kekubah dalaman, kubah bulat, dan penggunaan pola hiasan diolah dalam gaya berulang ([[arabesque]]).

[[Masjid Agung Samarra]] di [[Iraq]] yang dsiap pada tahun 847 M, menggabungkan gaya seni bina [[hypostyle]] pada deretan tiang yang menyokong sebuah dasar datar yang di atasnya sebuah [[menara]] berpilin besar dibina.

[[Hagia Sophia]] di [[Istanbul]] juga telah mempengaruhi gaya seni bina Islam. Ketika tentera [[Turki Uthmaniyyah]] menawan bandar itu dari [[Byzantine]], mereka menukarkan [[gereja]] itu kepada sebuah [[Masjid]] (sekarang sebuah muzium) dan memasukkan unsur [[seni bina Byzantine]] ke dalam karya mereka sendiri (contohnya ''[[kubah]]''). Hagia Sophia juga telah berkhidmat sebagai model untuk beberapa buah  Masjid Turki Uthmaniyyah seperti Masjid Shehzade, [[Masjid Suleiman]] dan [[Masjid Rüstem Pasha]].
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===Seni bina Farsi===
{{utama|Seni bina Farsi}}

[[Image:Naghsh-e-jahan masjed-e-shah esfahan.jpg|left|thumb|250px|the [[Masjid Shah]] di [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]]]]
One of the first civilizations that [[Islam]] came into contact with during and after its birth was that of [[Islamic conquest of Persia|Persia]]. The eastern banks of the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] was where the capital of the [[Persian empire]] lay during the 7th century. Hence the proximity often led early Islamic architects to not just borrow, but adopt the traditions and ways of the fallen Persian empire. 

Islamic architecture borrows heavily from Persian architecture and in many ways can be called an extension and further evolution of Persian architecture. 

Many cities such as [[Baghdad]], for example, were based on precedents such as [[Firouzabad]] in [[Iran|Persia]]. In fact, it is now known that the two designers who were hired by [[al-Mansur]] to plan the city's design were [[Naubakht]] (نوبخت), a former Persian [[Zoroastrian]], and [[Mashallah]] (ماشاء‌الله), a former [[Jew]] from [[Khorasan]], [[Iran]].
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===Seni bina Moor===
{{utama|Mudéjar|Pemulihan Moor}}
[[Image:Mosque of Cordoba Spain.jpg|thumb|200px|right|the interior view of the [[Mezquita]]]]
Construction of the [[mezquita|Great Mosque at Cordoba]] beginning in 785 AD marks the beginning of Islamic architecture in the [[Iberian peninsula]] and [[North Africa]] (see [[Moors]]). The mosque is noted for its striking interior [[arch]]es. Moorish architecture reached its peak with the construction of the [[Alhambra]], the magnificent palace/fortress of [[Granada]], with its open and breezy interior spaces adorned in red, blue, and gold. The walls are decorated with stylize [[foliage]] motifs, [[Arabic language|Arabic]] inscriptions, and [[arabesque]] design work, with walls covered in glazed [[tile]].

Even after the completion of the [[Reconquista]], Islamic influence had a lasting impact on the architecture of Spain. In particular, medieval Spaniards used the [[Mudéjar]] style, an imitation of Islamic design. One of the best examples of the Moors' lasting impact is the [[Alcázar of Seville]].

===Seni bina Timurid===
[[Image:Registan.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Registan is the ensemble of three madrasahs.]]

Timurid architecture is the pinnacle of [[Islamic art]] in [[Central Asia]]. Spectacular and stately edifices erected by [[Timur]] and [[Timurid Dynasty|his successors]] in [[Samarkand]] and [[Herat]] helped to disseminate the influence of the [[Ilkhanid]] school of art in [[India]], thus giving rise to the celebrated [[Moghol]] school of architecture. Timurid architecture started with the [[Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasavi|sanctuary of Ahmed Yasawi]] in present-day [[Kazakhstan]] and culminated in Timur's mausoleum [[Gur-e Amir]] in [[Samarkand]]. The style is largely derived from [[Persian architecture]]. [[Axial symmetry]] is a characteristic of all major Timurid structures, notably the [[Shah-e Zendah]] in [[Samarkand]] and the mosque of [[Gowhar Shad]] in [[Meshed]]. Double [[dome]]s of various shapes abound, and the outsides are perfused with brilliantly colors.
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===Seni bina Turki Uthmaniyyah ===
{{utama|Gaya seni bina Turki Uthmaniyyah}}
[[Imej:Ac-sultanahmed1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Masjid Sultan Ahmed]] di [[Istanbul]], [[Turki]].]]

The architecture of the [[Empayar Turki Uthmaniyyah|Turki Uthmaniyyah]] forms a distinctive whole, especially the great mosques by and in the style of [[Sinan]], like the mid-16th century [[Masjid Suleiman]]. For almost 500 years [[Byzantine architecture]] such as the church of [[Hagia Sophia]] served as models for many of the masjid-masjid Turki Uthmaniyyah such as the Shehzade Mosque, the Suleiman Mosque, and the Rüstem Pasha Mosque.

Masyarakat [[Empayar Turki Uthmaniyyah|Turki Uthmaniyyah]] achieved the highest level architecture in the Islamic lands hence or since. They mastered the technique of building vast inner spaces confined by seemingly weightless yet massive domes, and achieving perfect harmony between inner and outer spaces, as well as light and shadow. Islamic religious architecture which until then consisted of simple buildings with extensive decorations, was transformed by [[Empayar Turki Uthmaniyyah|masyarakat Turki Uthmaniyyah]] through a dynamic architectural vocabulary of [[vault]]s, domes, semidomes and columns. The mosque was transformed from being a cramped and dark chamber with arabesque-covered walls into a sanctuary of esthetic and technical balance, refined elegance and a hint of heavenly transcendence.

===Seni bina Fatimid===
[[Image:Al Azhar, Egypt.jpg|250px|left|thumb|the [[Al-Azhar mosque]] is a great example of Fatimid architecture]]
In architecture, the [[Fatimid]]s followed [[Tulunid]] techniques and used similar materials, but also developed those of their own. In [[Cairo]], their first congregational mosque was [[al-Azhar mosque]] ("the splendid") founded along with the city (969–973), which, together with its adjacent institution of higher learning ([[al-Azhar University]]), became the spiritual center for [[Ismaili|Ismaili Shia]]. The Mosque of al-Hakim (r. 996–1013), an important example of Fatimid architecture and architectural decoration, played a critical role in Fatimid ceremonial and procession, which emphasized the religious and political role of the Fatimid [[caliph]]. Besides elaborate funerary monuments, other surviving Fatimid structures include the Mosque of al-Aqmar (1125) as well as the monumental gates for Cairo's city walls commissioned by the powerful Fatimid [[emir]] and [[vizier]] [[Badr al-Jamali]] (r. 1073–1094).

[[Al-Hakim Mosque]] (990-1012) was renovated by Dr. [[Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin]] (head of Dawoodi [[Bohra]] community) and [[Al-Jame-al-Aqmar]] built in 1125 in [[Cairo]], Egypt features with its Fatimi philosophy and symbolism and bring its architecture vividly to life.

===Seni bina Mughal===
{{utama|Mughal architecture|Seni bina India}}
[[Image:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|thumb|250px|The famous [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]] is representative of Islamic architecture in India.]]

Another distinctive sub-style is the architecture of the [[Mughal Empire]] in [[India]] in the 16th century and a fusion of  [[Persian Empire|Persian]] and [[Hindu]] elements. The Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] constructed the royal city of [http://ignca.nic.in/agra058.htm Fatehpur Sikri], located 26 miles west of [[Agra]], in the late [[1500]]s.  

The most famous example of Mughal architecture is the [[Taj Mahal]], the "teardrop on eternity," completed in 1648 by the emperor [[Shah Jahan]] in memory of his wife [[Mumtaz Mahal]] who died while giving birth to their 14th child. The extensive use of precious and semiprecious stones as inlay and the vast quantity of white marble required nearly bankrupted the empire. The Taj Mahal is completely symmetric other than the [[sarcophagus]] of [[Shah Jahan]] which is placed off center in the crypt room below the main floor. This symmetry extended to the building of an entire mirror mosque in red sandstone to complement the Mecca-facing mosque place to the west of the main structure. Another structure built that showed great depth of mughal influence was the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]].

===Gaya seni bina Cina Islam===
{{utama|Gaya seni bina Cina}}
[[Image:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque.jpg|left|[[Masjid Agung Xiian]], [[China]]|left|thumb|150px]]
Masjid [[China]] pertama telah ditubuhkan pada [[abad ke-8]] pada zaman [[Dinasti Tang]] di [[Xi'an]]. [[Masjid Besar Xi'an]], yang mana bangunan-bangunan masa kini bertarikh dari [[Dinasti Ming]], tidak membuat salinan banyak ciri-ciri sering berkenaan dengan masjid-masjid tradisional.  Sebagai gantian, ia mengikuti [[Gaya seni bina Cina]] tradisional. Masjid-masjid di China barat mengandungi lebih lagi elemen-elemen uang dapat dilihat di masjid-masjid di bahagian lain dunia. Western Chinese mosques were more likely to incorporate minarets and domes while eastern Chinese mosques were more likely to look like [[pagoda]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198504/muslims.in.china-the.mosques.htm|accessdate=2006-04-08|last=Cowen|first=Jill S.|date=July/August 1985|pages=30-35|publisher=Saudi Aramco World|title=Muslims in China: The Mosque}}</ref>

An important feature in Chinese architecture is its emphasis on [[symmetry]], which connotes a sense of grandeur; this applies to everything from [[palace]]s to [[mosque]]s. One notable exception is in the design of [[garden]]s, which tends to be as asymmetrical as possible. Like Chinese scroll paintings, the principle underlying the garden's composition is to create enduring flow; to let the patron wander and enjoy the garden without prescription, as in nature herself.

Chinese buildings may be built with either red or grey bricks, but [[wood]]en structures are the most common; these are more capable of withstanding [[earthquake]]s, but are vulnerable to [[fire]]. The roof of a typical Chinese building is curved; there are strict classifications of gable types, comparable with the classical orders of European columns.

===Seni bina Islam Afrika===
{{utama|Gaya seni bina Afrika}}
[[Image:Great Mosque of Djenné 1.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Masjid Besar Djenné]] di [[Mali]] adalah contoh yang hebat untuk gaya seni bina [[Sudano-Sahelian]].]]

Penakulukan Islam Afrika Utara melihatkan perkembangan gaya seni bina Islam di daerah itu, termasuk struktur-struktur masyhur seperti [[Citadel Kaherah]].

Di selatan Sahara, pengaruh Islam adalah faktor sumbangan utama pada pengembangan gaya seni bina dari zaman [[Kerajaan Ghana]].  Di [[Kumbi Saleh]], orang tempatan tinggal di pondok berkubah, tetapiu para pedagang ada rumah batu. [[Sudano-Sahelian|Sahelian architecture]] initially grew from the two cities of [[Djenné]] dan [[Timbuktu]].  Masjid Sanskore di [[Timbuktu]], dibina dari lumpur di balak, adalah mirip dalam gaya pada [[Masjid Besar Djenné]]. Kenaikan kerajaan-kerajaan di kawasan pantai Afrika Barat menghasilkan gaya seni bina yang melukiskan sebagai pada tradisi orang aslinya, dengan kegunaan kayu.  [[Bandar Benin]] yang terkenal, yang dimusnahkan oleh [[Ekspedisi Punitive]], adalah sebuah kompleks besar perumahan di lumpur kasar, dengan atap-atap hipped [[sirap]] atau daun palma.  Istananya adalah seturutan bilik istiadat, dan dihiaskan dengan [[Gangsa Benin|plak loyang]].
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==Tafsiran==
[[image:Mahan.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Mahan, [[Kerman]], [[Iran]]. Built in the 1300s.]]
Common interpretations of Islamic architecture include the following: The concept of [[Allah]]'s infinite power is evoked by designs with repeating themes which suggest infinity. Human and animal forms are rarely depicted in decorative art as Allah's work is considered to be matchless. Foliage is a frequent motif but typically stylized or simplified for the same reason.
[[Arabic Calligraphy]] is used to enhance the interior of a building by providing quotations from the [[Qur'an]]. Islamic architecture has been called the "architecture of the veil" because the beauty lies in the inner spaces (courtyards and rooms) which are not visible from the outside (street view). Furthermore, the use of grandiose forms such as large domes, towering minarets, and large courtyards are intended to convey power.
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==Seni bina masjid dan bangunan di negara-negara Islam==
{{utama|Masjid}}

===Bentuk===
[[Image:Cordoba moschee innen5 dome.jpg|thumb|250px|right|the interior of the [[Mezquita]] in [[Córdoba, Spain]].]]
[[Image:Morocco Africa Flickr Rosino December 2005 82664690.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Hassan II Mosque]] in [[Casablanca]], [[Morocco]]. 210m high. A floor with room for 25,000 worshippers.]]
Many forms of Islamic architecture have evolved in different regions of the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]]. Notable Islamic architectural types include the early [[Abbasid]] buildings, T-type mosques, and the central-dome mosques of [[Anatolia]]. The [[Petroleum|oil]]-wealth of the 20th century drove a great deal of mosque construction using designs from leading non-Muslim modern architects and promoting the careers of important contemporary Muslim architects. 

''Arab-plan'' or ''hypostyle'' mosques are the earliest type of mosques, pioneered under the [[Umayyad Dynasty]]. These mosques are  square or rectangular in plan with an enclosed courtyard and a covered prayer hall. Historically, because of the warm Mediterranean and Middle Eastern climates, the courtyard served to accommodate the large number of worshipers during Friday prayers. Most early hypostyle mosques have flat roofs on top of prayer halls, necessitating the use of numerous [[column]]s and [[support]]s.<ref name="Masdjid1">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Hillenbrand| first = R | editor = P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]], E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online| title = Masdjid. I. In the central Islamic lands | publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | id = {{ISSN|1573-3912}} }}</ref> One of the most notable hypostyle mosques is the [[Mezquita]] in [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], [[Spain]], as the building is supported by over 850 columns.<ref name="mit-handout">{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/4.614/www/handout02.html |accessdate=2006-04-09 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |title=Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures}}</ref> Frequently, hypostyle mosques have outer [[arcade (architecture)|arcade]]s so that visitors can enjoy some shade. Arab-plan mosques were constructed mostly under the Umayyad and [[Abbasid]] dynasties; subsequently, however, the simplicity of the Arab plan limited the opportunities for further development, and as a result, these mosques gradually fell out of popularity.<ref name="Masdjid1"/>

Masyarakat Turki Uthmaniyyah introduced ''central dome mosques'' in the [[15th century]] and have a large dome centered over the prayer hall. In addition to having one large dome at the center, there are often times smaller domes that exist off-center over the prayer hall or throughout the rest of the mosque, where prayer is not performed.<ref name="mit-vocab">{{cite web|url=http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Architecture/4-614Religious-Architecture-and-Islamic-CulturesFall2002/LectureNotes/detail/vocab-islam.htm#islam6 |accessdate=2006-04-09 |title=Vocabulary of Islamic Architecture |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> This style was heavily influenced by the [[Byzantine]] religious architecture with its use of large central domes.<ref name="Masdjid1"/>

===Iwan===
[[Image:TajEntryArch.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Pintu masuk iwan ke [[Taj Mahal]] di [[Agra]]]]
Sebuah iwan (Persian ايوان berasal dari perkataan Pahlavi Bān bermakna rumah) ditakrifkan sebagai dewan atau ruangan kebal, berdinging pada tiga belah, dengan satu hujung buka penuh.

Iwans were a trademark of the [[Sassanid]] architecture of [[Persia]], later finding their way into Islamic architecture. This transition reached its peak during the [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuki]] era when iwans became established as a fundamental design unit in Islamic architecture. Typically, iwans open on to a central courtyard, and have been used in both public and residential architecture.

''Iwan mosques'' are most notable for their domed chambers and ''[[iwan]]s'', which are vaulted spaces open out on one end. In ''iwan'' mosques, one or more iwans face a central courtyard that serves as the prayer hall. The style represents a borrowing from pre-Islamic Iranian architecture and has been used almost exclusively for mosques in [[Iran]]. Many ''iwan'' mosques are converted [[Zoroastrism|Zoroastrian]] fire temples where the courtyard was used to house the sacred fire.<ref name="Masdjid1"/> Today, iwan mosques are no longer built.<ref name="mit-vocab" />

===Sahn===
[[Image:Sahn sample.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A simple Sahn, with a [[howz]] in the middle. Notice flanking domed [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]].]]

Almost every mosque and many houses and buildings in areas of the [[Muslim World]] contain a religious courtyard known as a [[sahn]] ([[Arabic]] صحن), which are surrounded on all sides by an arcade. Sahns usually feature a centrally positioned, symmetrical axis pool known as a [[howz]], where [[ablution]]s are performed. Some sahns also contain drinking fountains.

If a sahn is in a mosque, it is used for performing ablutions. If a sahn is in a traditional house or private courtyard, it is used for bathing, for aesthetics, or for both.

===Arabes===
[[Image:arabesque2.jpg|thumb|left|150px]] 
An element of [[Islamic art]] usually found decorating the walls of mosques and Muslim homes and buildings, the [[arabesque]] is an elaborate application of repeating [[geometry|geometric]] forms that often echo the forms of plants, shapes and sometimes animals (specifically [[birds]]). The choice of which geometric forms are to be used and how they are to be formatted is based upon the Islamic view of the world. To Muslims, these forms, taken together, constitute an infinite pattern that extends beyond the visible material world. To many in the Islamic world, they in fact symbolize the infinite, and therefore uncentralized, nature of the creation of the one God ([[Allah]]). Furthermore, the Islamic Arabesque artist conveys a definite spirituality without the [[icon]]ography of [[Christian art]]. Arabesque is used in mosques and building around the Muslim world, and it is a way of decorating using beautiful, embellishing and repetitive Islamic art instead of using pictures of humans and animals (which is forbidden ''[[Haram]]'' in [[Islam]]).
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===Seni khat Islam===
Arabic [[calligraphy]] is associated with geometric Islamic art (the Arabesque) on the walls and ceilings of mosques as well as on the page. Contemporary artists in the Islamic world draw on the heritage of calligraphy to use calligraphic inscriptions or abstractions in their work.

Instead of recalling something related to the reality of the spoken word, calligraphy for the Muslim is a visible expression of the highest art of all, the art of the [[spirituality|spiritual]] world. Calligraphy has arguably become the most venerated form of Islamic art because it provides a link between the languages of the Muslims with the religion of Islam. The [[holy book]] of Islam, al-[[Qur'an]], has played an important role in the development and evolution of the Arabic language, and by extension, calligraphy in the Arabic alphabet. [[Proverb]]s and complete passages from the Qur'an are still active sources for Islamic calligraphy.

==Unsur-unsur gaya Islam==

Islamic architecture may be identified with the following design elements, which were inherited from the first mosque built by [[Muhammad]] in [[Medina]], as well as from other pre-Islamic features adapted from churches, temples and synagogues. Byzantine architecture had a great influence on early Islamic architecture with its characteristic round arches, vaults and domes.

* Large courtyards often merged with a central prayer hall (originally a feature of the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]]).'''

* [[Minaret]]s or towers (these were originally used as torch-lit watchtowers, as seen in the [[Great Mosque of Damascus]]; hence the derivation of the word from the Arabic ''nur'', meaning "light").

* [[Mihrab]] or [[niche (architecture)|niche]] on an inside wall indicating the direction to [[Mecca]]. This may have been derived from previous uses of niches for the setting of the [[torah]] scrolls in [[Jewish]] synagogues or the [[haikal]] of [[Coptic Christianity|Coptic]] churches.

* [[Dome]]s and [[Cupola]]s.

* Iwans to intermediate between different sections.

* The use of geometric shapes and repetitive art (arabesque).

* The use of decorative [[Islamic calligraphy]] instead of [[pictures]] which were [[haram]] (forbidden) in mosque architecture.  Note that in secular architecture, pictures were indeed present.

* The [[ablution]] of [[fountain]]s (once used as a [[wudu]] area for Muslims).

* The use of bright color.

* Focus both on the interior space of a building and the exterior

==Perbezaan antara seni bina Islam dengan seni bina Parsi==

Not to be confused with [[Iranian architecture|Persian Architecture]], ''Islamic Architecture'' refers broadly to architectural styles across the Islamic world but does not directly include reference to Persian styles prior to the rise of Islam. Persian architecture predates Islamic architecture and can be correctly understood as an important influence on overall Islamic architecture as well as a branch of Islamic architecture since the introduction of Islam in [[Persia]].  Islamic architecture can be classified according to chronology, geography, and building typology.
--->

== Lihat juga ==
* [[Anugerah Aga Khan untuk Seni Bina]]
* [[Madrasah]]
* [[Pemulihan Moor]]
* [[Seni bina India-Islam]]
* [[Hispano-Moresque|Tembikar Hispano-Moresque]]
* [[Zaman Kegemilangan Islam]]

== Nota ==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

== Rujukan ==
* Ettinghausen, Richard and Grabar, Oleg. (1987) ''The Art and Architecture of Islam: 650 - 1250'', Penguin, Amerika Syarikat
* Pourjafar, M.Reza and Taghvaee, Ali A. (January-June 2006) ''Indo-Iranian Socio-Cultural Relations at Past, Present and Future'' Jilid 1 di  [http://www.webjournal.unior.it -'''''Jurnal Web mengenai Patrimoni Kebudayaan''''' (edisi Fabio Maniscalco)]
* Copplestone, Trewin. (ed). (1963). ''World architecture - An illustrated history.'' Hamlyn, London.
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Hillenbrand| first = R | editor = P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]], E. van Donzel dan W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =[[Ensiklopedia Islam]] dalam talian| title = Masdjid. I. In the central Islamic lands | publisher = Penerbitan Akademik Brill | id = {{ISSN|1573-3912}} }}

== Pautan luar ==
{{Commonscat|Islamic architecture|Seni bina Islam}}
* [http://www.fonsvitae.com/archit.html Laman web ''Fons Vitae:'' Seni bina Islam di Cairo]
* [http://www.islamic-art.org Islamic Rangkaian Seni - Yayasan Thesaurus Islamicus]
* [http://www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com Laman web ''Osmanlimedeniyeti''] – banyak makalah mengenai masjid-masjid dan seni bina Turki Uthmaniyyah (dalam [[bahasa Turki]])
* [http://islamicart.com/main/architecture/index.html Perbincangan seni bina Islam]
* [http://www.3dkabah.com Laman web ''3dkabah:'' Model 3D tentang Masjid Agund di  Makkah] – dengan gambar dan video
* [http://www.streetphotos.net/pakistan/wazir.htm Gambar foto kota bertembok zaman Mughal di Lahore]
* [http://www.islamicity.com/Culture/MOSQUES/Asia/TMp81a.htm Masjid Agung Sammarra]
* [http://www.etereaestudios.com/docs_html/isfahan_htm/isfahan_index.htm "Filem Isfahan"] &nbsp; contoh unggul seni bina Islam melalui pemain QuickTime 
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/  Laman web Seni Bina Islam]
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/gallery.php?module_id=12&gallery_id=7 Galeri gambar Seni Bina Islam]
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/texts.php?module_id=12&reading_id=115 Rencana: Apakah itu Seni Bina Islam?]
* [http://www.islamicamagazine.com/content/view/108/62/ Rencana: Masjid Dua Tiang di Universiti Georgetown]
* [http://arabworld.nitle.org/introduction.php?module_id=12 Seni dan Seni Bina dalam dunia Arab dan Islam]

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