Revision 4055902 of "Istana Versailles" on mswiki

{{Redirect|Versailles|bandar Versailles|Versailles, Yvelines||Versailles (disambiguation)}}
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{{Infobox historic building
| name         = Istana Versailles
| native_name         = Château de Versailles
| native_name_lang    = fr
| former_names        =
| alternate_names     =
| status              =
| image               = Vue aérienne du domaine de Versailles par ToucanWings - Creative Commons By Sa 3.0 - 073.jpg
| image_alt           =
| caption             =  Pemandangan udara Istana {{Nowrap|dari atas [[Taman Versailles]]}}
| map_type            = France Île-de-France#France
| map_alt             =
| map_caption         = Lokasi dalam [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]
| embedded            = {{designation list | embed=yes
| designation1=WHS
| designation1_offname=Istana dan Taman Versailles
| designation1_date = 1979 <small>(3rd [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria =  i, ii, vi
| designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/83 83]
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| designation1_free1value = Perancis
| designation1_free2name = Daerah
| designation1_free2value = [[Senarai Tapak Warisan Dunia di Eropah|Eropah]]
}}
| altitude            =
| building_type       =
| architectural_style =
| structural_system   =
| cost                =
| client              =
| owner               =
| current_tenants     =
| landlord            =
| location            = [[Versailles (bandar)|Versailles]], [[Perancis]]
| address             =
| coordinates         = {{coord|48.804404|2.123162|region:FR|display=inline,title}}
| groundbreaking_date =
| start_date          =
| completion_date     =
| completed_date      =
| opened_date         =
| height              =
| floor_count         =
| floor_area          =  67,000 m<sup>2</sup> (721,182 ft<sup>2</sup>)
| url                 = [http://www.chateauversailles.fr/homepage Official site of the Chateau de Versailles]
| references          =
| style               = [[Senibina Baroque Perancis]]
}}

'''Istana Versailles''', '''Château de Versailles''', atau hanya '''Versailles''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|v|ɛər|ˈ|s|aɪ}} {{respell|vair|SY|'}} atau {{IPAc-en|v|ər|ˈ|s|aɪ}} {{respell|vər|SY|'}}; {{IPA-fr|vɛʁsaj|lang}}), adalah [[château]] diraja di [[Versailles (bandar)|Versailles]] di daerah [[Île-de-France (rantau)|Île-de-France]] di Perancis. 

Ketika château dibina, Versailles adalah sebuah kampung kecil yang berasal dari abad ke-11; Namun, hari ini, ia adalah pinggiran bandar Paris yang kaya, kira-kira 20 kilometer (12 batu) barat daya dari pusat ibu kota Perancis (''titik sifar'' di dataran di depan [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame]]). Versailles adalah tingkap kuasa politik di [[Kerajaan Perancis]] dari tahun 1682, ketika [[Louis XIV dari Perancis|Raja Louis XIV]] memindahkan mahkamah kerajaan dari Paris, hingga [[Rumah Bourbon|kerabat diraja]] dipaksa kembali ke ibu negara pada Oktober 1789, dalam masa tiga bulan selepas permulaan [[Revolusi Perancis]]. Oleh itu, Versailles terkenal bukan sahaja sebagai sebuah bangunan, tetapi sebagai simbol sistem monarki mutlak dari [[Ancien Régime]].

==Sejarah==
[[File:Adam Frans van der Meulen - Construction of the Château de Versailles - WGA15115.jpg|thumb|Pembinaan Istana Versailles]]
{{Main|Sejarah Istana Versailles}}

===Sejarah senibina===
====Abad ke-17====
Terdahulunya dibina oleh [[Louis XIII]] pada tahun 1623, sebagai sebuah rumah memburu batu bata dan batu, bangunan itu dibesarkan menjadi istana kerajaan oleh [[Louis XIV dari Perancis|Louis XIV]]. Fasa pertama pengembangan (sekitar 1661-1678) telah direka dan diawasi oleh arkitek [[Louis Le Vau]]. Ia berpunca daripada penambahan tiga sayap baru ('' enveloppe ''), yang merangkumi bangunan asal Louis XIII di utara, selatan, dan barat (sebelah taman). Selepas kematian Le Vau pada tahun 1670, kerja itu diambil alih dan disempurnakan oleh pembantunya [[François d'Orbay]].<ref>Ayers 2004, pp. 334–336.</ref> [[Charles Le Brun]] merancang dan menyelia hiasan dalaman yang rumit, dan [[André Le Nôtre]] melayari [[Kebun Versailles]] yang luas. Le Brun dan Le Nôtre berkolaborasi di banyak air pancut, dan Le Brun menyelia reka bentuk dan pemasangan patung-patung yang tak terhitung jumlahnya.<ref>Berger 1985a, pp. 17–19.</ref>

Semasa fasa kedua pengembangan rumah (1678-1715), dua sayap besar utara dan selatan sayap mengepung Cour Royale (Royal Courtyard) telah ditambahkan oleh arkitek [[Jules Hardouin-Mansart]]. Dia juga menggantikan teras Le Vau yang besar, menghadap taman di barat, dengan apa yang menjadi ruang istana yang paling terkenal, [[Hall of Mirrors]]. Mansart juga membina Petites Ecuries dan Grandes Ecuries (kandang) di seberang Place d'Armes, di sebelah timur château, dan, pada tahun 1687, [[Grand Trianon]], atau Trianon de Marbre (Marble Trianon), menggantikan Le Vau's 1668 Trianon de Porcelaine di bahagian utara taman itu. Kerja cukup maju pada tahun 1682, yang Louis XIV dapat memproklamirkan Versailles kediaman utamanya dan kerusi pemerintahan Kerajaan Perancis dan juga memberi ruang di istana kepada hampir semua [[courtiers]] nya. Selepas kematian permaisuri [[Maria Theresa dari Sepanyol]] pada tahun 1683, Louis XIV melakukan pembesaran dan pembentukan semula pangsapuri diraja di bahagian asal istana, bekas perburuan memburu yang dibina oleh bapanya. [[Royal Chapel of Versailles]], terletak di hujung selatan sayap utara, dimulakan oleh Mansart pada tahun 1688, dan selepas kematiannya pada tahun 1708 diselesaikan oleh pembantunya [[Robert de Cotte]] pada tahun 1710.<ref>Ayers 2004, pp. 336–339; Maral 2010, pp. 215–229.</ref>

====Kos====
[[File:LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''[[Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)|Bust of Louis XIV]]'' oleh Bernini di Salon Diana di Istana Versailles]]
Salah satu aspek yang paling membingungkan bagi kajian Versailles adalah kos&nbsp;– berapa banyak [[Louis XIV]] dan penggantinya menghabiskan Versailles. Disebabkan sifat pembinaan Versailles dan evolusi peranan istana, kos pembinaan pada dasarnya adalah perkara peribadi. Pada mulanya, Versailles dirancang untuk menjadi kediaman sekali-sekala untuk Louis XIV dan dirujuk sebagai "rumah raja".<ref>{{harvnb|La Varende|1959}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> Oleh itu, sebahagian besar pembiayaan awal untuk pembinaan datang dari dompet raja, yang dibiayai oleh pendapatan yang diperoleh daripada '' appanage '' serta pendapatan dari wilayah [[Perancis Baru]] (Kanada), yang, sementara sebahagian daripada Perancis, adalah milik peribadi raja dan oleh itu dikecualikan daripada kawalan Parlimen.<ref>{{harvnb|Bluche|1986|ps=}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}; {{harvnb|Bluche|1991|ps=}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}; {{harvnb|Chouquette|1997}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>

Sebaik sahaja [[Louis XIV]] memulakan kempen bangunannya, perbelanjaan untuk Versailles menjadi lebih banyak untuk rekod awam, terutama selepas [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]] mengambil alih jawatan menteri kewangan. Pengeluaran pada Versailles telah direkodkan dalam compendium yang dikenali sebagai '' Comptes des bâtiments du roi sous le règne de Louis XIV '' dan yang diedit dan diterbitkan dalam lima jilid oleh Jules Guiffrey pada abad ke-19. Jumlah ini menyediakan bahan arkib berharga menurut perbelanjaan kewangan semua aspek Versailles dari pembayaran yang dikeluarkan untuk banyak perdagangan yang bervariasi sebagai artis dan penangkap tikus mondok.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvnb|Guiffrey|1880–1890}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>

Untuk mengatasi kos Versailles pada zaman awal pemerintahan Louis XIV, Colbert memutuskan bahawa Versailles harus menjadi "pameran" Perancis.<ref name="Bluche 1991">{{harvnb|Bluche|1991}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> Oleh itu, semua bahan yang masuk ke dalam pembinaan dan hiasan Versailles dihasilkan di Perancis. Malah cermin yang digunakan dalam hiasan Hall of Mirrors dibuat di Perancis. Ketika [[Venesia]] pada abad ke-17 telah memonopoli pembuatan cermin, Colbert berjaya menarik sejumlah artis dari Venice untuk membuat cermin untuk Versailles. Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan tuntutan pemilik Venetian mengenai teknologi pembuatan cermin, kerajaan Venice mengarahkan pembunuhan para artis untuk menyimpan rahsia milik Republik Venesia.<ref name="Bluche 1991"/> Untuk memenuhi tuntutan untuk menghias dan memberi Versailles, Colbert memulihkan kilang tapestry milik keluarga [[Gobelin]], untuk menjadi [[Gobelins Manufactory|Manufacture royale des Gobelins]].<ref name="Bluche 1991"/>

[[File:Louis14-H.jpg|upright|thumb|Louis XIV melawat [[Gobelins Manufactory|Gobelins]] dengan Colbert, 15 Oktober 1667. [[Tapestry]] dari siri ini, "Histoire du roi" yang direka oleh Charles Le Brun dan ditenun antara 1667 dan 1672. Artikel Perabot perak Louis XIV dilihat dalam permaidani ini.]]

Pada tahun 1667, nama perusahaan telah ditukar kepada Pembuatan royale des Meubles de la Couronne. Gobelins didakwa dengan semua keperluan hiasan istana, yang berada di bawah arahan Charles Le Brun.<ref name="Bluche 1991"/>

Salah satu unsur yang paling mahal dalam pemberian ''grands apprages'' pada tahun-tahun awal pemerintahan peribadi Louis XIV adalah perabot perak, yang boleh diambil sebagai standard & nbsp; - dengan kriteria lain - untuk menentukan Kos yang munasabah untuk Versailles. ''Comptes'' dengan teliti menyenaraikan perbelanjaan pada perabot perak&nbsp;- pengeluaran kepada artis, pembayaran akhir, penghantaran & nbsp; - serta keterangan dan berat item yang dibeli. Penyertaan untuk 1681 dan 1682 mengenai balustrade perak yang digunakan di salon de Mercure sebagai contoh:

* Tahun 1681
<blockquote>II. 5 In anticipation: For the silver balustrade for the king's bedroom: 90,000 ''livres''<br>
II. 7 18 November to Sieur du Metz, 43,475 ''livres'' 5 sols for delivery to Sr. Lois and to Sr. de Villers for payment of 142,196  ''livres'' for the silver balustrade that they are making for the king's bedroom and 404 ''livres'' for tax: 48,861 ''livres'' 5 sol.<br>
II. 15 16 June 1681&nbsp;– 23 January 1682 to Sr. Lois and Sr. de Villers silversmiths on account for the silver balustrade that they are making for the king's use (four payments): 88,457 ''livres'' 5 sols.<br>
II. 111 25 March&nbsp;– 18 April to Sr. Lois and Sr. de Villers silversmiths who are working on a silver balustrade for the king, for continued work (two payments): 40,000 ''livres''
</blockquote>
* Tahun 1682
<blockquote>II. 129 21 March to Sr. Jehannot de Bartillay 4,970 ''livres'' 12 sols for the delivery to Sr. Lois and de Villers silversmiths for, with 136,457 ''livres'' 5 sol to one and 25,739 ''livres'' 10 sols to another, making the 38 balusters, 17 pilasters, the base and the cornice for the balustrade for the château of Versailles weighing 4,076 ''marc'' at the rate of 41 ''livres'' the ''marc''<ref group=lower-alpha>The ''marc'', a unit equal to 8 ounces, was used to weigh silver and gold.</ref> including 41 ''livres'' 2 sols for tax: 4,970 ''livres'' 12 sols.<ref name="ReferenceA"/></blockquote>

Oleh itu, balustrade perak, yang mengandungi lebih daripada satu tan perak, yang melebihi kos 560,000 '' livres ''. Adalah sukar&nbsp;- jika tidak mustahil - untuk memberikan kadar tukaran yang tepat antara 1682 dan hari ini.<ref group=lower-alpha>Pada 4 April 2008, perak telah berdagang di New York pada AS$17.83 tiap auns.</ref> Walau bagaimanapun, Frances Buckland memberikan maklumat yang berharga yang memberikan idea tentang biaya sebenar perbelanjaan di Versailles pada masa Louis XIV. Pada tahun 1679, Mme de Maintenon menyatakan bahawa kos menyediakan cahaya dan makanan untuk dua belas orang untuk satu hari berjumlah sedikit lebih daripada 14 ''livre''.<ref>{{harvnb|Buckland|1983}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> Pada bulan Disember 1689, untuk membiayai kos [[Perang Liga Augsburg]], Louis XIV mengarahkan semua perabot perak dan barang perak di Versailles – termasuk [[ruang kebun]] – dihantar ke kilang untuk dicairkan.<ref>{{harvnb|Dangeau|1854–1860}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>

Jelas sekali, perabot perak sahaja mewakili pengeluaran penting dalam kewangan Versailles. Walaupun hiasan istana itu mahal, beberapa kos lain dikurangkan. Sebagai contoh, buruh untuk pembinaan seringkali rendah, disebabkan sebahagian besarnya pada hakikat bahawa tentera pada masa-masa damai dan semasa musim sejuk, ketika perang tidak dilancarkan, ditekan ke tindakan di Versailles. Selain itu, memandangkan kualiti dan keunikan barang-barang yang dihasilkan di Gobelins untuk digunakan dan dipamerkan di Versailles, istana itu berfungsi sebagai tempat untuk mempamerkan bukan sahaja kejayaan mercantilism Colbert, tetapi juga untuk mempamerkan yang terbaik yang dihasilkan oleh Perancis.<ref>{{harvnb|Bluche|1986|ps=}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}; {{harvnb|Bluche|1991}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>

Anggaran jumlah yang dibelanjakan untuk membina Versailles adalah spekulatif. Anggaran pada tahun 2000 meletakkan jumlah yang dibelanjakan semasa Ancien Régime sebagai AS$2 bilion,<ref>{{harvnb|Littell|2000}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> angka ini, dalam segala kebarangkalian, tidak dinilai. Perbelanjaan Republik Kelima Perancis sahaja, diarahkan untuk pemulihan dan penyelenggaraan di Versailles, dengan pasti melampaui [[Louis XIV dari Perancis|Raja Matahari]]. Nilai semasa Versailles adalah $ 50.7 bilion (£41.59bn).<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/photos/what-the-worlds-most-valuable-palaces-are-really-worth/ss-AAjH5E8#image=26</ref>

====Abad ke-18====
Pada tahun 1738, Louis XV telah mengubah semula [[petit appartement ''[[Petit appartement du roi|raja]]'' di sebelah utara Cour de Marbre, asalnya pintu masuk istana lama, dan membina sebuah pavilion tidak jauh dari Grand Trianon, [[Petit Trianon]], yang direka oleh [[Ange-Jacques Gabriel]] dan selesai pada tahun 1768. Di hujung utara sayap utara, Gabriel juga membina sebuah teater, [[L'Opéra of the Palace Dari Versailles|Opéra]], diselesaikan pada 1770, pada masa untuk perkahwinan [[Louis XVI dari Perancis|Louis-Auguste]] [[Dauphin dari Perancis]] kepada [[Marie Antoinette, Archeuchess dari Austria|Marie Antoinette]]. Selepas masuknya ke takhta, Louis XVI membuat sedikit perubahan kepada istana, terutama untuk pangsapuri-pangsapuri swasta diraja.<ref name=Hoog>Hoog 1996.</ref> Walau bagaimanapun, selepas Louis XVI memberikan Marie Antoinette Petit Trianon pada tahun 1774, Ratu membuat perubahan luas di kawasan pedalaman, menambah teater, Théâtre de la Reine. Dia juga benar-benar mengubah arboretum yang ditanam semasa pemerintahan Louis XV menjadi yang dikenali sebagai [[Hameau de la Reine]].<ref>Hoog 1996, pp. 373–374.</ref> (Pokok-pokok yang dikeluarkan dari arboretum Trianon dibawa & ditanam semula di Jardin des Plantes di Paris).

====Abad ke-19====
Semasa [[Revolusi Perancis]], selepas [[Perarakan Wanita di Versailles|dipaksa berpindah ke Paris]] pada 6 Oktober 1789, tiga tahun sebelum kejatuhan monarki, Versailles terjatuh dan kebanyakan perabotnya Dijual. Beberapa kerja pemulihan dilakukan oleh [[Napoleon]] pada 1810 dan [[Louis XVIII dari Perancis|Louis XVIII]] pada tahun 1820, tetapi usaha utama untuk memulihkan dan menyelenggarakan Versailles telah dimulakan oleh [[Louis Philippe I|Louis-Philippe]], Ketika dia mencipta Musée de l'Histoire de France, yang berdedikasi untuk "semua kemuliaan Perancis". Muzium ini terletak di Aile du Midi (South Wing), yang selama Ancien Régime digunakan untuk menyerahkan anggota keluarga diraja. Ia bermula pada tahun 1833 dan dirasmikan pada 30 Jun 1837. Bilik yang paling terkenal adalah [[Galerie des Batailles]] (Dewan Pertempuran), yang terletak di kebanyakan lantai kedua.<ref name=Hoog/>

====20th century====
[[File:Schloss Versailles Springbrunnen 1.JPG|thumb|left|One of the fountains on the château grounds]]
Neglect after October 1789, when the royal family had to leave Versailles, and the ravages of war in parts of the 19th and 20th centuries have left their mark on the palace and its park. Post-[[World War II]] governments have sought to repair these damages. On the whole, they have been successful, but some of the more costly items, such as the vast array of [[fountain]]s, have yet to be put back completely in service. As spectacular as they might seem now, they were even more extensive in the 18th century. The 18th-century waterworks at [[Château de Marly|Marly]]— the [[Machine de Marly]] that fed the fountains— was possibly the biggest mechanical system of its time. The water came in from afar on monumental stone [[aqueduct (bridge)|aqueducts]] which have long ago fallen into disrepair or been torn down. Some aqueducts, such as the unfinished [[Canal de l'Eure]], which passes through the gardens of the [[château de Maintenon]], were never completed for want of resources or due to the exigencies of war. The search for sufficient supplies of water was never fully realised even during the apogee of the reign of the ''Sun King'', as the fountains could not be operated together satisfactorily for any significant periods of time.<ref>[http://blog.citibreak.com/the-magic-of-the-great-waters-of-versailles/ The magic of the “Great Waters” of Versailles]</ref>

The restoration initiatives launched by the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] have proven to be perhaps more costly than the expenditures of the palace in the [[Ancien Régime]]. Starting in the 1950s, when the museum of Versailles was under the directorship of [[Gérald van der Kemp]], the objective was to restore the palace to its state&nbsp;– or as close to it as possible&nbsp;– in 1789 when the royal family left the palace. Among the early projects was the repair of the roof over the Hall of Mirrors; the publicity campaign brought international attention to the plight of post-war Versailles and garnered much foreign money including a grant from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]]. Concurrently, in the [[Soviet Union]] ([[Russia]] since 26 December 1991), the restoration of the [[Pavlovsk Palace]] located 25 kilometers from the center of Leningrad&nbsp;– today's [[Saint Petersburg]]&nbsp;– brought the attention of French [[Ministry of Culture (France)|Ministry of Culture]], including that of the curator of Versailles.<ref name="Massie 1990">{{harvnb|Massie|1990}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Château de Versailles - grille royale 01.jpg|thumb|right|The "Gate of Honour" restored in 2009]]

[[Pavlovsk Palace]] was built by [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine the Great's]] son [[Paul I of Russia|Paul]]. The czarevitch and his wife, [[Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)|Marie Feodorovna]], were ardent francophiles, who, on a visit to France and Versailles in May and June 1782, purchased great quantities of silk, which they later used to upholster furniture in Pavlovsk. The palace survived the Russian Revolution intact&nbsp;– descendants of Paul I were living in the palace at the time the communists evicted them&nbsp;– however, during the Second World War, the furniture and artifacts housed in the palace, which had been transformed into a museum, were removed. In the process of evacuation the museum collections, remnants of the silks purchased by Paul I of Russia and Marie Feodorovna were found and preserved. After the war when Soviet authorities were restoring the palace, which had been gutted by the retreating Nazi forces, they recreated the silk fabrics by using the preserved 18th-century remnants.<ref name="Massie 1990"/>

When these results and high quality achieved were brought to the attention of the French Minister of Culture, he revived 18th-century weaving techniques so as to reproduce the silks used in the decoration of Versailles.<ref name="Massie 1990"/> The two greatest achievements of this initiative are seen today in wall hangings used in the restoration of the ''chambre de la reine'' in the ''grand appartement de reine'' and the ''chambre du roi'' in the ''appartement du roi''. While the design used for the ''chambre du roi'' was, in fact, from the original design to decorate the ''chambre de la reine'', it nevertheless represents a great achievement in the ongoing restoration at Versailles. Additionally, this project, which took over seven years to achieve, required several hundred kilograms of silver and gold to complete.<ref>{{harvnb|Meyer|1989}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> One of the more costly endeavours for the museum and France's Fifth Republic has been to repurchase as much of the original furnishings as possible. However, because furniture with a royal provenance&nbsp;– and especially furniture that was made for Versailles&nbsp;– is a highly sought after commodity on the international market, the museum has spent considerable funds on retrieving much of the palace's original furnishings.<ref>{{harvnb|Kemp|1976}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>

====21st century====
The [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] has enthusiastically promoted the museum as one of France's foremost tourist attractions, with recent figures stating that nearly five million people visit the château, and 8 to 10 million walk in the gardens, every year.<ref name="2008KoonsExhibition">[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/11/arts/design/11koon.html?pagewanted=all At the Court of the Sun King, Some All-American Art], ''New York Times'' (September 11, 2008).</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Opperman|2004}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> In 2003, a new restoration initiative&nbsp;– the "Grand Versailles" project&nbsp;– was started, which necessitated unexpected repair and replantation of the gardens, which had lost over 10,000 trees during [[Cyclone Lothar and Martin|Hurricane Lothar]] on 26 December 1999. The project will be on-going for the next seventeen years, funded with a state endowment of €135&nbsp;million allocated for the first seven years. It will address such concerns as security for the palace and continued restoration of the ''bosquet des trois fontaines''. [[Vinci SA]] underwrote the €12&nbsp;million restoration project for the Hall of Mirrors, which was completed in 2006.<ref>{{harvnb|Leloup|2006}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>

===Social history===

====Politics of display====
[[File:Réception du Grand Condé à Versailles (Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1878).png|thumb|300px|Reception of the [[Grand Condé]] at Versailles following his [[Battle of Seneffe|victory at Seneffe]]. Condé advances towards Louis XIV in a respectful manner with laurel wreaths on his path, while captured enemy flags are displayed on both sides of the stairs. It marked the end of Condé's exile, following his participation to the [[Fronde]].]]
On 6 May 1682, Versailles became officially the seat of the government of the kingdom of France, the home of the French King Louis XIV, and the location of the [[noble court|royal court]]. Symbolically, the central room of the long extensive symmetrical range of buildings was the King's Bedchamber (''[[appartement du roi]]''), which itself was centred on the lavish and symbolic state bed, set behind a rich railing. Indeed, even the principal axis of the gardens themselves was conceived to radiate from this fulcrum. All the power of France emanated from this centre: there were government offices here; as well as the homes of thousands of courtiers, their retinues and all the attendant functionaries of court.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} By requiring that nobles of a certain rank and position spend time each year at Versailles, Louis XIV prevented them from developing their own regional power at the expense of his own and kept them from countering his efforts to [[centralization|centralize]] the French government in an [[absolute monarchy]]. {{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}

At various periods before Louis XIV established absolute rule, France, like the [[Holy Roman Empire]] lacked central authority and was not the unified state it was to become during subsequent centuries.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} During the [[Middle Ages]], French nobles were often more powerful than the King of France and, although technically loyal to him, they possessed their own provincial seats of power and government, the loyalty of culturally influential courts and armies, and the right to levy their own taxes on their subjects.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} Some families were so powerful they achieved international prominence and contracted marriage alliances with foreign [[dynasty|royal houses]] to further their own political ambitions.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} Although nominally [[List of French monarchs|Kings of France]], de facto royal power had at times been limited purely to the region around Paris. {{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}

====Life at Court====
Life at Versailles was determined by position, favour, and, above all, one's birth. The chateau was a sprawling cluster of lodgings for which courtiers vied and manipulated. Today, Versailles is seen as unparalleled in its magnificence and splendour, yet few know of the actual living conditions many of Versailles' privileged residents had to endure.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}. Many modern historians have compared the palace to a vast, crowded apartment block.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} Apart from the royal family, the majority of the residents were senior members of the household.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}

On each floor apartments of varying size, 350 in all, were arranged along tiled corridors and given a number and a key. Many courtiers traded lodgings and grouped themselves together with their allies, families or friends. The [[Duke of Noailles|Noailles family]] took over so much of the northern wing's attic that floor was nicknamed ''rue de Noailles'' (Noailles Street).<ref>Da Vinha, Mathieu & Masson, Raphaël: ''Versailles: Histoire, Dictionnaire & Anthologie'' - Chapter: ''Aile du Nord'', Publisher: Robert Laffont, Paris, 10 September 2015, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=LKF4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT459&lpg=PT459&dq=versailles+histoire+dictionnaire+anthologie+aile+du+nord+rue+de+noailles&source=bl&ots=ftHPcDzPi5&sig=Eiva7r_QMB-MlqHDpdG4llK6TxI&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-4ve0x6fOAhUGthoKHdrOC-gQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=versailles%20histoire%20dictionnaire%20anthologie%20aile%20du%20nord%20rue%20de%20noailles&f=false](no page number available). {{ISBN|978-2221115022}}</ref>

Louis XIV envisaged Versailles as a seat for all the Bourbons, as well as his troublesome nobles. These nobles were, so to say, placed within a "gilded cage".<ref>{{harvnb|Duc de Saint-Simon}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> Many of the apartments were far from luxurious with many nobles having to make do with one or two room apartments,  forcing many of them to build or buy town-houses in Versailles proper while keeping their palace rooms for changes of clothes or entertaining guests, rarely sleeping there.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} Rooms at Versailles were immensely useful for ambitious courtiers, as they allowed palace residents easy access to the monarch.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}

====Political and ceremonial functions====
{{See also|Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation){{!}}Treaties of Versailles}}
[[File:Wernerprokla.jpg|thumb|310px|left|''Proclamation of the [[German Empire]], 18 January 1871'', 1877 by [[Anton von Werner]]]]

Two of the three treaties of the [[Peace of Paris (1783)]], in which the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|United Kingdom]] recognized the independence of the [[United States]], were signed at Versailles.

After the French defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], with the [[Siege of Paris (1870-1871)|Siege of Paris]] dragging on, the palace was the main headquarters of the Prussian army from 5 October 1870 until 13 March 1871. On 18 January 1871, Prussian King [[Wilhelm I]] was proclaimed [[List of German monarchs|German Emperor]] in the Hall of Mirrors and the [[German Empire]] was founded.<ref>{{harvnb|Wawro|2003|p=282}}</ref>
[[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles.jpg|thumb|''[[The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28 June 1919]]'' by [[William Orpen]]]]

After the First World War, it was the site of the opening of the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] in 1919, also on 18 January. Germany was blamed for causing the First World War in the [[Treaty of Versailles]], which was signed in the same room on 28 June 1919.

The palace, however, still serves political functions. Heads of state are regaled in the Hall of Mirrors; the bicameral [[French Parliament]]&mdash;consisting of the [[Senate (France)|Senate]] (''Sénat'') and the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] (Assemblée nationale)&mdash;meet in joint session (a [[congress of the French Parliament]]) in Versailles<ref name="Safran">William Safran, "France" in ''Politics in Europe'' (M. Donald Hancock et al., CQ Sage: 5th ed. 2012).</ref>  to [[Constitutional amendments under the French Fifth Republic|revise or otherwise amend]] the [[Constitution of France|French Constitution]], a tradition that came into effect with the promulgation of the 1875 Constitution.{{#tag:ref|Article 9: ''Le siège du pouvoir exécutif et des deux chambres est à Versailles.''<ref>[http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/textes/constitution/c1875.htm Constitution of 1875]</ref>}} For example, the Parliament met in joint session at Versailles to pass constitutional amendments in June 1999 (for domestic applicability of [[International Criminal Court]] decisions and for gender equality in candidate lists), in January 2000 (ratifying the [[Treaty of Amsterdam]]), and in March 2003 (specifying the "decentralized organization" of the French Republic).<ref name="Safran"/>

In 2009, President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] addressed the [[global financial crisis]] before a congress in Versailles, the first time that this had been done since 1848, when [[Charles-Louis Napoleon Bonaparte]] gave an address before the [[French Second Republic]].<ref>Associated Press, [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-06-22-sarkozy-parliment_N.htm Breaking tradition, Sarkozy speaks to parliament] (June 22, 2009).</ref><ref>Jerry M. Rosenberg, "France" in The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007-2012 (Scarecrow Press: 2012), p. 262.</ref><ref>Associated Press, [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/11/16/world/europe/ap-eu-france-paris-attacks-the-latest.html The Latest: US Basketball Player James Not Going to France] (November 16, 2015).</ref> Following the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]], President [[Francois Hollande]] gave a speech before a rare [[joint session]] of parliament at the Palace of Versailles.<ref>Associated Press, [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/11/16/world/europe/ap-eu-france-paris-attacks-the-latest.html The Latest: Brother Linked to Paris Attacks in Disbelief] (November 16, 2015).</ref> This was the third time since 1848 that a French president addressed a joint session of the French Parliament at Versailles.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/11/16/francois-hollande-speech-parliament-france-war-isis.cnn Francois Hollande: 'France is at war'], CNN (November 16, 2015).</ref> The [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of France|president of the National Assembly]] has an [[Official residence|official apartment]] at the Palace of Versailles.<ref>Georges Bergougnous, ''Presiding Officers of National Parliamentary Assemblies: A World Comparative Study'' ([[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]: Geneva, 1997), p. 39.</ref>

==Palace and grounds==

===Architecture===
The palace that we recognize today was largely completed by the death of Louis XIV in 1715. The eastern facing palace has a U-shaped layout, with the [[corps de logis]] and symmetrical advancing secondary wings terminating with the Dufour Pavilion on the south and the Gabriel Pavilion to the north, creating an expansive [[cour d'honneur]] known as the Royal Court (Cour Royale). Flanking the Royal Court are two enormous asymmetrical wings that result in a facade of {{convert|402|m|ft}} in length.<ref>{{cite news|title=History of Art|newspaper=Visual Arts Cork|url=http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/versailles-palace.htm|accessdate=August 10, 2016}}</ref> Encompassing {{convert|721182|sqft|m2|0|order=flip}} the palace has 700 rooms, more than 2,000 windows, 1,250 fireplaces and 67 staircases.<ref>{{cite news|title=Palace of Versailles|newspaper=Dimensions Info|url=http://www.dimensionsinfo.com/what-is-the-size-of-versailles-castle/|accessdate=August 10, 2016}}</ref>

The façade of the original lodge is preserved on the entrance front. Built of red brick and cut stone embellishments, the U-shaped layout surrounds a black-and-white marble courtyard. In the center, a 3-storey ''[[avant-corps]]'' fronted with eight red marble columns supporting a gilded wrought-iron balcony is surmounted with a triangle of lead statuary surrounding a large clock, whose hands were stopped upon the death of Louis XIV. The rest of the façade is completed with columns, painted and gilded wrought-iron balconies and dozens of stone tables decorated with consoles holding marble busts of Roman emperors. Atop the mansard slate roof are elaborate dormer windows and gilt lead roof dressings that were added by Hardouin-Mansart in 1679–1681. 
 
Inspired by the architecture of baroque Italian villas, but executed in the French classical style, the garden front and wings were encased in white cut [[ashlar]] stone known as the ''enveloppe'' in 1661-1678. The exterior features an arcaded, [[Rustication (architecture)|rusticated]] ground floor, supporting a main floor with round-headed windows divided by reliefs and pilasters or columns. The attic storey has square windows and pilasters and crowned by a balustrade bearing sculptured trophies and flame pots dissimulating a flat roof.

<gallery mode=packed heights=250>
Plans du rez-de-chaussée et du premier étage du palais de Versailles, Éditeur Gavard, premier étage - Gallica 2011 (detail, color-coded).jpg|Plan of the main floor (c. 1837, with north to the right), showing the [[Hall of Mirrors]] in red, the [[Galerie des Batailles|Hall of Battles]] in green, the [[Royal Chapel of Versailles|Royal Chapel]] in yellow, and the [[Royal Opera of Versailles|Royal Opera]] in blue
</gallery>

===Interior===

====Grands appartements (State Apartments)====
{{Main|Grand appartement du roi|Grand appartement de la reine}}

As a result of [[Louis Le Vau|Le Vau's]] ''enveloppe'' of [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII's]] former hunting lodge transforming it, between 1631 and 1634, into a red brick and white stone small château, with a black tile roof, the king and the queen had new apartments in the new addition, known at the time as the ''château neuf''. The ''grands appartements'' (Grand Apartments, also referred to as the State Apartments<ref>Saule & Meyrer 2000, pp. 18, 22; Michelin Tyre 1989, p. 182.</ref>) are known respectively as the ''grand appartement du roi'' and the ''grand appartement de la reine''. They occupied the main or principal floor of the ''château neuf'', with three rooms in each apartment facing the garden to the west and four facing the garden parterres to the north and south, respectively. Le Vau's design for the state apartments closely followed Italian models of the day, as evidenced by the placement of the apartments on the next floor up from the ground level—the ''piano nobile''—a convention the architect borrowed from 16th- and 17th-century Italian palace design.<ref>{{harvnb|Berger|1985b|ps=}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}; {{harvnb|Verlet|1985}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>

The king's apartment consisted of an enfilade of seven rooms, each dedicated to one of the then known planets and their associated titular Roman deity. The queen's apartment formed a parallel enfilade with that of the ''grand appartement du roi''. It served as the residence of three queens of France - Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche, wife of [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XIV]], [[Maria Leszczyńska|Marie Leczinska]], wife of [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]], and [[Marie-Antoinette]], wife of [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]]. Additionally, Louis XIV's granddaughter-in-law, [[Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy]], ''duchesse de Bourgogne'', wife of the [[Louis, Duke of Burgundy|Petit Dauphin]], occupied these rooms from 1697 (the year of her marriage) to her death in 1712.<ref group=lower-alpha>Six kings were born in this room: [[Philip V of Spain]], [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]], [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]], [[Louis XVII of France|Louis XVII]], [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]], and [[Charles X of France|Charles X]].</ref> After the addition of the [[Hall of Mirrors]] (1678–1684) the king's apartment was reduced to five rooms (until the reign of Louis XV, when two more rooms were added) and the queen's to four.

[[File:Versailles - Plan du premier étage de l'avant corps - Architecture Françoise Tome4 Livre7 Pl8 (apts colored).jpg|thumb|Plan of the main floor in the central part of the palace (c. 1742),<ref>{{harvnb|Blondel|1752–1756}}, vol. 4 (1756), book 7, plate 8; {{harvnb|Nolhac|1898}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=biMoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49 p. 49] (dates Blondel's plan to c. 1742).</ref> showing the ''[[grand appartement du roi]]'' in dark blue, the ''[[appartement du roi]]'' in medium blue, the ''[[petit appartement du roi]]'' in light blue, the ''[[grand appartement de la reine]]'' in yellow, and the ''[[petit appartement de la reine]]'' in red]]

====Appartement du roi (King's Apartment)====
{{Main|Appartement du roi}}

The ''appartement du roi'' is a suite of rooms originally set aside for the personal use of [[Louis XIV]] in 1683. His successors, [[Louis XV]] and [[Louis XVI]], used these rooms for such ceremonies as the ''lever'' and the ''coucher''.

====Petit appartement du roi (King's Private Apartment)====
{{Main|Petit appartement du roi}}

The ''petit appartement du roi'' is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the private use of the king. Occupying the site on which rooms were originally arranged for Louis XIII on the first floor of the château, the space was radically modified by Louis XIV. His successors, Louis XV and Louis XVI had these rooms drastically modified and remodeled for their personal use.

====Petit appartement de la reine (Queen's Private Apartment)====
{{Main|Petit appartement de la reine}}

The petit appartement de la reine is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the personal use of the queen. Originally arranged for the use of the [[Maria Theresa of Spain|Marie-Thérèse]], consort of [[Louis XIV]], the rooms were later modified for use by [[Maria Leszczyńska|Marie Leszczyńska]] and finally for [[Marie-Antoinette]].

====Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors)====
{{Main|Hall of Mirrors}}

The Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors), is perhaps the most celebrated room in the château of Versailles. Setting for many of the ceremonies of the French Court during the [[Ancien Régime]], the Galerie des Glaces has also inspired numerous copies and renditions throughout the world.

The room's construction began in 1678.

====Chapels of Versailles====
{{Main|Chapels of Versailles}}

In the evolution of the palace, there have been five chapels. The current chapel, which was the last major building project of Louis XIV, represents one of the finest examples of [[French Baroque and Classicism|French Baroque]] architecture and ecclesiastical decoration.

====Royal Opera====
{{Main|Royal Opera of Versailles}}

[[Ange-Jacques Gabriel]]'s Royal Opera (Opéra Royal) was perhaps the most ambitious building project of Louis XV for the château of Versailles. Completed in 1770, the Opéra was inaugurated at the time of the wedding festivities of Louis XV's grandson, the Dauphin, future [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]], and [[Marie-Antoinette]].

===={{Anchor|Versailles Museum}}Museum of the History of France====
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{{main|Galerie des Batailles}}

In the 19th century the Museum of the History of France was founded in Versailles, at the behest of [[Louis-Philippe I]], who ascended to the throne in 1830. The entire second floor (''premier étage'') of the Aile du Midi (South Wing) of the palace was transformed into the Galerie des Batailles to house the newly created collection of paintings and sculptures depicting milestones battles of [[French history]]. The collections display painted, sculpted, drawn and engraved images illustrating events or personalities of the history of France since its inception. The museum occupies the lateral wings of the Palace. Most of the paintings date back to the 19th century and have been created specially for the museum by major painters of the time such as [[Eugène Delacroix|Delacroix]], [[Horace Vernet]] or [[François Gérard]] but there are also much older artworks which retrace French History. Notably the museum displays works by [[Philippe de Champaigne]], [[Pierre Mignard]], [[Laurent de La Hyre]], [[Charles Le Brun]], [[Adam Frans van der Meulen]], [[Nicolas de Largillière]], [[Hyacinthe Rigaud]], [[Jean Antoine Houdon]], [[Jean Marc Nattier]], [[Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun]], [[Hubert Robert]], [[Thomas Lawrence]], [[Jacques-Louis David]], [[Antoine Jean Gros]] and also [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]].

====Galeri====
<gallery mode=packed heights=250>
File:Chateau Versailles Galerie des Glaces.jpg|[[Dewan Cermin]]
File:Versailles Queen's Chamber.jpg|Bilik permaisuri di ''[[grand appartement de la reine]]''
File:La Galería de las Batallas.JPG|[[Galerie des Batailles]]
File:Versailles Chapel - July 2006 edit.jpg|[[Gereja kecil diraja Versailles|Gereja kecil]]
File:Opéra du château de Versailles - vue de la salle - DSC 0970.jpg|[[Versailles Opera|Opéra]]
File:A Dripping Fountain, Versailles.jpg|Air pancut menetes, Versailles
File:Galerie des Glaces par Ranken.jpg|La Galerie des Glaces, Versailles, 1927
File:Salon de la Paix par Ranken.jpg|Salon de la Paix, Versailles, 1927
</gallery>

===Gardens of Versailles===
[[File:Orangerie.jpg|thumb|The [[Orangerie of Versailles]]]]
{{Main|Gardens of Versailles}}

Evolving with the château, the [[gardens of Versailles]] represent one of the finest extant examples of the ''[[jardin à la française]]'' created by [[André Le Nôtre]].

===Subsidiary structures===
{{Main|Subsidiary structures of the Palace of Versailles}}

Located in proximity to the château, these smaller structures served the needs of the royal family and court officials during the [[Ancien Régime]]. They include the Ménagerie royale (1664), demolished; the Trianon de porcelaine (1670), demolished; the [[Grand Trianon]] or Trianon de marbre (Marble Trianon) (1689); the [[Petit Trianon]] (1768); and the [[La Lanterne (Versailles)|Pavillon de la Lanterne]] (1787), a hunting lodge.

==In popular culture==
{{main|List of films shot at the Palace of Versailles}}

;Films
*''[[Madagascar 3]]'' (2012) is an animated film in which sophisticated chimpanzees Mason and Phil dress up as "King of Versailles" in reference to the Palace of Versailles

;Music
*  "The Palace of Versailles" is a song by singer-songwriter [[Al Stewart]], detailing the [[French Revolution]], [[Reign of Terror|The Terror]], and [[Napoleon I of France|Napoléon Bonaparte]]'s [[18 Brumaire|military coup]], from the perspective of "the lonely Palace of Versailles"
*On 2 July 2005, the French [[Live 8]] was held in the courtyard of Versailles

;Television
*In the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' episode, "Girl in the Fire Place" (2005), The Doctor met the Madame de Pompadour in the Palace of Versailles
* ''[[Let Them Eat Cake (TV series)|Let Them Eat Cake]]'', a 1999 [[BBC]] comedy starring [[Jennifer Saunders]] and [[Dawn French]], is set within the Palace.
* ''[[Versailles (TV series)|Versailles]]'' is a 2015 British-American-Franco-Canadian television series set during the construction of Versailles Palace during the reign of Louis XIV

;Video games
*''[[Assassin's Creed Rogue]]'' is set in Versailles at the end of the game
*''[[Assassin's Creed Unity]]'' is set in Versailles at the beginning of the game
* ''[[Castlevania: Bloodlines]]'' is a [[Konami]] video game in which Versailles is the fifth stage

==Galeri==
<gallery mode=packed heights=220>
File:Versaillespanoraama2.jpg|Pemandangan panoramo dari taman
File:Peter Stehlik 2013.04.22 Panorama 1A.jpg|Pemandangan panoramo dari bandar Versailles
File:Versailles-Chateau-VueJardins1.jpg|Fasad taman dari barat daya
File:GrandAppartReine-Versailles.jpg|Salle du Sacre dengan pemandangan ke Salle des Gardes di [[Grand appartement de la reine|Pangsapuri Besar Permaisuri]]
File:VERSAILLES DETAIL.JPG|Pemandangan sudut barat daya sayap selatan
File:Versailles chateau.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Pemandangan Istana dari bahagian selatan Parterre d'Eau, dengan patung gangsa Sungai [[Rhône]] oleh Jean-Baptiste Tuby (1687)
File:Cour de Marbre du Château de Versailles October 5, 2011.jpg|thumb|Halaman Marmar

</gallery>

==Lihat juga==
* [[Bureau du Roi]]
* [[Châteaux di Lembah Loire]]
* [[Senarai tempat kediaman Baroque]]
* [[Persidangan Damai Paris, 1919]]
* [[Istana Peterhof]]
* [[Tennis Court Oath]] ({{lang-fr|serment du jeu de paume}}) di daerah Saint-Louis
* [[Perjanjian Versailles]]
* [[Katedral Versailles]]
{{Portal bar|Kerajaan Perancis}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv |last= Ayers |first= Andrew |title=The Architecture of Paris |publisher=Edition Axel Menges |location=Stuttgart, London |date=2004 |isbn= 9783930698967}}
*{{cite book|ref= harv | last= Berger |first= Robert W. |title= In the Garden of the Sun King: Studies on the Park of Versailles Under Louis XIV |location= Washington, DC |publisher= Dumbarton Oaks Research Library |year= 1985a}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Berger |first= Robert W. |title= Versailles: The Château of Louis XIV |location= University Park |publisher= The College Arts Association |year= 1985b}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Blondel |first= Jacque-François |authorlink=Jacques-François Blondel |title= Architecture françoise, ou Recueil des plans, élévations, coupes et profils des églises, maisons royales, palais, hôtels & édifices les plus considérables de Paris |volume= 4 vols. |location= Paris |publisher= Charles-Antoine Jombert |date= 1752–1756}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Bluche |first= François |title= Louis XIV |location= Paris |publisher= Arthème Fayard |year= 1986}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Bluche |first= François |title= Dictionnaire du Grand Siècle |location= Paris |publisher= Arthème Fayard |year= 1991}}
*{{cite journal |ref= harv |last= Buckland |first= Frances |title= Gobelin tapestries and paintings as a source of information about the silver furniture of Louis XIV |journal= The Burlington Magazine |volume= 125 |issue=  962 |date= May 1983 |pages= 272–283}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Dangeau |first= Philippe de Courcillon, marquis de |title= Journal |location= Paris |date=1854–60}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv |last= Gady |first= Alexandre |chapter= Édifices royaux, Versailles: Transformations des logis sur cour |pages= 171–176 |editor-last=Gady |editor-first=Alexandre |title=Jules hardouin-Mansart 1646–1708 |publisher=Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme |location=Paris |date=2010 |isbn= 9782735111879}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Guiffrey |first= Jules |title= Comptes des bâtiments du roi sous le règne de Louis XIV |location= Paris |publisher= Imprimerie Nationale |volume= 5 vols. |date= 1880–1890}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv |last= Hoog |first= Simone |chapter= Versailles |volume= 32 |pages= 369–374 |editor-last=Turner |editor-first=Jane |title=[[The Dictionary of Art]] |publisher=Grove |location=New York |date=1996 |isbn= 9781884446009}} Also at [http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T089059 Oxford Art Online] (subscription required).
*{{cite journal |ref= harv |last= Kemp |first= Gerard van der |title= Remeubler Versailles |journal= Revue du Louvre |volume= 3 |pages= 135–137 |year=1976
}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= La Varende |first= Jean de |title= Versailles |location=Paris |publisher= Henri Lefebvre |year= 1959}}
*{{cite news |ref= harv |last= Leloup |first= Michèle |title= Versailles en grande toilette |work= L'Express |date= 7 August 2006 |url= http://www.lexpress.fr/mag/arts/dossier/patrimoine/dossier.asp?ida=451314}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Littell |first= McDougal |title= World History: Patterns of Interactions |location= New York |publisher= Houghton Mifflin |year= 2001}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv |last= Maral |first= Alexandre |chapter= Chapelle royale |pages= 215––228 |editor-last=Gady |editor-first=Alexandre |title=Jules hardouin-Mansart 1646–1708 |publisher=Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme |location=Paris |date=2010 |isbn= 9782735111879}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Massie |first= Suzanne |title= Pavlosk: The Life of a Russian Palace |location= Boston |publisher= Little, Brown and Company |year= 1990}}
*{{cite journal |ref= harv |last= Meyer |first= Daniel |authormask= ——— |title= L'ameublement de la chambre de Louis XIV à Versailles de 1701 à nos jours |journal= Gazette des Beaux-Arts |edition= 6th |volume= 113 |date= February 1989 |pages= 79–104}}
* Michelin Tyre PLC (1989). ''Île-de-France: The Region Around Paris''. Harrow [England]: Michelin Tyre Public Ltd. Co. {{ISBN|9782060134116}}.
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Nolhac |first= Pierre de |authorlink=Pierre de Nolhac |title= La création de Versailles sous Louis Quinze |location= Paris |publisher= H. Champion |year= 1898 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biMoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Oppermann |first= Fabien |title= Images et usages du château de Versailles au XXe siècle |type= Thesis |publisher= École des Chartes |year= 2004 |url= http://theses.enc.sorbonne.fr/document128.html}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last1= Saule |first1= Béatrix |last2=Meyer |first2=Daniel |title= Versailles Visitor's Guide |location= Versailles |publisher= Éditions Art-Lys |year= 2000 |isbn=9782854951172}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Verlet |first= Pierre |title= Le château de Versailles |location= Paris |publisher= Librairie Arthème Fayard |year= 1985}}
*{{cite book |ref= harv |last= Wawro |first= Geoffrey |title= The Franco-Prussian War: the German conquest of France in 1870–1871 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year= 2003}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Palace of Versailles}}
{{wikivoyage|Versailles}}
*[http://en.chateauversailles.fr/homepage Official Site]
*[http://www.stockholm360.net/list.php?id=versailles Virtual Tour of the Palace (fullscreen panoramic tour)]
*[http://jasoncoyne.smugmug.com/Vacation/Paris-2005/Versailles/ Large Versailles photo gallery]
*[http://leparcdeversailles.webs.com/ Flickr : Le Parc de Versailles]
*[http://rbsc.princeton.edu/versailles Versailles on Paper (exhibition website)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X235vpOToVU&feature=youtu.be 3D evolution of the Palace of Versailles]

{{World Heritage Sites in France}}
{{Royal Residences in France}}
{{Visitor attractions in Paris}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Palace of Versailles| ]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in France|Versailles, Palace of]]
[[Category:Baroque architecture at Versailles|Versailles]]
[[Category:Baroque palaces|Versailles]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1672]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1684]]
[[Category:Châteaux in France|Versailles, Palace of]]
[[Category:French formal gardens|Versailles (Palace)]]
[[Category:Gardens in Yvelines|Versailles]]
[[Category:Landscape design history of France|Versailles]]
[[Category:Palaces in France|Versailles, Palace of]]
[[Category:French Parliament]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in France]]
[[Category:Royal residences in France|Versailles]]
[[Category:Seats of national legislatures]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in France]]
[[Category:Châteaux in Yvelines]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Yvelines]]
[[Category:Museums in Yvelines]]
[[Category:1684 establishments in France]]