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In [[चिकित्साशास्त्र|medicine]], '''pulmonology''' (aka '''pneumology''') is the specialty that deals with [[रोग|diseases]] of the [[lung]]s र the [[respiratory tract]]. It is called '''chest medicine''' र '''respiratory medicine''' in some countries र areas. ''Pulmonology'' is generally considered a branch of [[internal medicine]], although it is closely related to [[intensive care medicine]] when dealing with patients requiring [[mechanical ventilation]]. [[Surgery]] of the respiratory tract is generally performed by specialists in [[cardiothoracic surgery]] (or [[thoracic surgery]]). '''Chest medicine''' is not a specialty in itself but is an inclusive term which pertains to the treatment of diseases of the chest र contains the fields of pulmonology, thoracic surgery, र [[intensive care medicine]]. Pulmonology is concerned with the diagnosis र treatment of [[lung]] diseases, as well as secondary prevention ([[tuberculosis]]). Physicans specializing in this area are called pulmonologists.

== Diagnosis ==
In [[चिकित्साशास्त्र|medicine]], 50% of all diagnoses can be made by a thorough medical history, र lung diseases are no different. The pulmonologist will conduct a general review र focus on:
* hereditary diseases affecting the lungs ([[cystic fibrosis]], [[alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]])
* exposure to [[toxin]]s ([[tobacco smoking|tobacco smoke]], [[asbestos]], [[exhaust fume]]s, [[coal mining]] fumes)
* exposure to [[infectious disease|infectious agents]] (certain types of [[bird]]s, malt processing)
* an [[autoimmune disorder|autoimmune diathesis]] that might predispose to certain conditions ([[pulmonary fibrosis]], [[pulmonary hypertension]])

Physical diagnostics are as important as in the other fields of [[चिकित्साशास्त्र|medicine]].
* Inspection of the hands for signs of [[cyanosis]] or [[clubbing]], chest wall, र respiratory rate.
* Palpation of the [[cervical]] [[lymph node]]s, [[trachea]] र chest wall movement.
* Percussion of the lung fields for dullness or [[hyperresonance]].
* [[Auscultation]] (with a [[stethoscope]]) of the lung fields for diminished or unusual breath sounds.

As many [[cardiology|heart diseases]] can give pulmonary signs, a thorough cardiac investigation is usually included.

Other tools include:
* [[Laboratory]] investigation of [[blood]] ([[blood test]]s). Sometimes [[arterial blood gas]] measurements are also required.
* [[Spirometry]] (the determination of [[lung volumes]] in time by breathing into a dedicated machine; response to [[bronchodilatator]]s र [[diffusion]] of [[carbon monoxide]])
* [[Bronchoscopy]] with [[bronchoalveolar lavage]] (BAL), [[biopsy]] र [[epithelium|epithelial]] brushing
* [[X-rays|Chest X-rays]]
* [[Computed axial tomography|CT scanning]] ([[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI scanning]] is rarely used)
* [[Scintigraphy]] र other methods of [[nuclear medicine]]
* [[Positron emission tomography]] (especially in [[lung cancer]])

== Treatment ==
[[Surgery|Surgical]] treatment in generally performed by the ([[cardiothoracic surgery|cardio]])[[thoracic surgery|thoracic surgeon]], generally after primary evaluation by a pulmonologist.

[[Medication]] is the most important treatment of most diseases of pulmonology, either by inhalation ([[bronchodilator]]s र [[steroid]]s) or in oral form ([[antibiotic]]s, [[leukotriene antagonist]]s).

[[अक्सिजन|Oxygen]] therapy is often necessary in severe respiratory disease ([[emphysema]] र [[pulmonary fibrosis]]). When this is insufficient, the patient might require [[mechanical ventilation]].

== Training ==

Pulmonologists are physicians who after receiving a medical degree [[MD]] or [[DO]] complete residency training in internal medicine (3 years) followed by at least 2 additional years of subspeciality fellowship training in pulmonology.

== Diseases managed by the pulmonologist ==
* [[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]]
* [[Asthma]]
* [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]: -
** [[Chronic bronchitis]]
** [[Emphysema]]
* [[Cystic fibrosis]] (adults)
* [[Lung cancer]] diagnosis
* [[Pneumoconiosis]]
* [[Pneumonia]]
* [[Pneumothorax]]
* [[Psittacosis]]
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
* [[Pulmonary fibrosis]]
* [[Pulmonary hypertension]]
* [[Pulmonary sequestration]]
* [[Sarcoidosis]]
* [[Sleep apnea]] or [[restless legs syndrome]]

== Scientific research ==
Pulmonologists are involved in both clinical र basic research of the [[respiratory system]], ranging from the anatomy of the bronchial epithelium to the most effective treatment of [[pulmonary hypertension]] (a disease notoriously resistant to therapy).

== External Links ==
* [http://www.maxanim.com/biochemistry/Oxygen%20Carbon%20Dioxide/Oxygen%20Carbon% Changes in the partial pressures of oxygen र carbon dioxide] (Animations)

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[[श्रेणी:Pulmonology| ]]

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[[ur:طب رئوی]]
[[war:Pulmonolohiya]]⏎
[[zh:胸腔醫學]]