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Doctors of [[internal medicine]] ("internists") are [[medical specialist]]s who focus on adult medicine र have had special study र training focusing on the prevention र treatment of adult diseases. At least three of their seven or more years of medical school र postgraduate training are dedicated to learning how to prevent, diagnose, र treat diseases that affect adults. Internists are sometimes referred to as the "doctor's doctor," because they are often called upon to act as consultants to other physicians to help solve puzzling diagnostic problems. While the name "internal medicine" may lead one to believe that internists only treat "internal" problems, this is not the case. Doctors of internal medicine treat the whole person, not just internal organs.

== Definition of an internist ==
Doctors of internal medicine may be referred to by several terms, including "internists," "general internists" र "doctors of internal medicine." They are not to be confused with "interns," who are doctors in their first year of residency training. Although internists may act as primary care physicians, they are not "family physicians," "family practitioners," or "general practitioners," whose training is not solely concentrated on adults र may include surgery, obstetrics र pediatrics. General internists practice medicine from a primary care perspective but they can treat र manage over 90% of all ailments.

Internal medicine subspecialists may also practice general internal medicine, but usually focus their practice on their particular subspecialty (like cardiology or pulmonology). 

In the [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|USA]], Adult Primary care is usually provided by either Family practice or general internal medicine physicians. The Primary care of adolescents is provided by Family practice, internists र pediatricians. The primary care of children र infants is provided by Family Practice or Pediatricians. Thus, there is overlap.

In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], the specialty is referred to as '''general medicine''' (although the combination ''general (internal) medicine'' can be found increasingly), र its practitioners are ''physicians'' or ''hospital physicians'' as distinct from ''[[surgery|surgeons]]''.

'''Caring for the whole patient'''

Internists are specially trained to solve puzzling diagnostic problems र can handle severe chronic illnesses र situations where several different illnesses may strike at the same time. They also bring to patients an understanding of wellness (disease prevention र the promotion of health), women's health, substance abuse, mental health, as well as effective treatment of common problems of the eyes, ears, skin, nervous system र reproductive organs.

'''Where does the term "internal medicine" come from?'''

The term "Internal Medicine" comes from the German term Innere Medizin, a discipline popularized in Germany in the late 1800s to describe physicians who combined the science of the laboratory with the care of patients. Many early 20th century American doctors studied medicine in Germany र brought this medical field to the United States. Thus, the name "internal medicine" was adopted.

== Subspecialties of internal medicine ==
Internists can choose to focus their practice on general internal medicine, or may take additional training to "subspecialize" in one of 13 areas of internal medicine, generally organized by organ system. Cardiologists, for example, are doctors of internal medicine who subspecialize in diseases of the heart. The training an internist receives to subspecialize in a particular medical area is both broad र deep. Subspecialty training (often called a "fellowship") usually requires an additional one to three years beyond the standard three year general internal medicine residency. (Residencies come after a student has graduated from medical school.)
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In the [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|United States]], there are two organizations responsible for certification of subspecialists within the field, the American Board of Internal Medicine, र the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine. 

The following are the subspecialties recognized by the [[American Board of Internal Medicine]][https://www.abim.org/cert/policiesssaq.shtm].
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*[[Cardiology]], dealing with disorders of the [[मुटु|heart]] र [[blood vessels]]
*[[Endocrinology]], dealing with disorders of the [[endocrine system]] र its specific secretions called [[hormones]]
*[[Gastroenterology]], concerned with the field of [[digestive diseases]]
*[[Hematology]], concerned with [[blood]], the blood-forming organs र its disorders
*[[Infectious disease]], concerned with disease caused by a biological agent such as by a [[virus]], [[bacterium]] or [[parasite]]
*[[Medical oncology]], dealing with the study र treatment of [[cancer]]
*[[Nephrology]],dealing with the study of the function र diseases of the [[kidney]]
*[[Pulmonology]], dealing with diseases of the [[lungs]] र the [[respiratory tract]]
*[[Rheumatology]], devoted to the diagnosis र treatment of problems involving the muscles and/or joints.
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The ABIM also recognizes additional qualifications in the following areas
*[[Adolescent medicine]]
*[[Clinical cardiac electrophysiology]]
*[[Critical care medicine]]
*[[Geriatric medicine]]
*[[Interventional cardiology]]
*[[Sports medicine]]
*[[Transplant hepatology]]
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Internists may also specialize in allergy र immunology. The American Board of Allergy, Asthma, र Immunology is a conjoint board between internal medicine र pediatrics. 
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The [[American College of Osteopathic Internists]] recognizes the following subspecialties.[http://www.acoi.org/MembershipsSpecialty.html]

*[[Allergy]]/[[Immunology]]
*[[Cardiology]]
*[[Critical care medicine]]
*[[Endocrinology]]
*[[Gastroenterology]]
*[[Geriatric medicine]]
*[[Hematology]]/[[Oncology]]
*[[Infectious disease]]s
*[[Nuclear medicine]]
*[[Nephrology]]
*[[Pulmonology]]
*[[Rheumatology]]

== Principles of diagnosis ==
The main tools of the doctor are the medical history र the [[physical examination]], but this holds particularly true for internal medicine. Subtle descriptions of disease (e.g. cyclic shallow र deep breathing, as in Cheyne-Stokes's respiration, or persistently deep breathing as in Kussmaul's) or physical signs (e.g. [[clubbing]] in many internal diseases) are important tools in guiding the diagnostic process. In the medical history, the "Review of Systems" serves to pick up symptoms of disease that a patient might not normally have mentioned, र the physical examination typically follows a structured fashion.

At this stage, a doctor is generally able to generate a [[differential diagnosis]], or a list of possible diagnoses that can explain the constellation of [[sign (medicine)|signs]] र [[symptom]]s. [[Occam's razor]] dictates that, when possible, all symptoms should be presumed to be manifestations of the same disease process, but often multiple problems are identified.

In order to "narrow down" the differential diagnosis, [[blood test]]s र [[medical imaging]] are used. They can also serve screening purposes, e.g. to identify [[anemia]] in patients with unrelated complaints. Commonly performed screening tests, especially in older patients, are an [[X-ray]] of the chest, a [[full blood count]], basic [[electrolyte]]s, [[renal function]] र [[blood urea nitrogen]].

At this stage, the physician will often have already arrived at a diagnosis, or maximally a list of a few items. Specific tests for the presumed disease are often required, such as a [[biopsy]] for [[cancer]], [[microbiological culture]] etc.

== Treatment ==
Medicine is mainly focused on the art of diagnosis र treatment with [[medication]], but many subspecialties administer non-surgical treatment:
* [[Cardiology]]: [[angioplasty]], [[cardioversion]], [[cardiac ablation]], [[intra-aortic balloon pump]]
* [[Gastroenterology]]: [[endoscopy]] र [[ERCP]]
* [[Nephrology]]: [[dialysis]]
* [[Critical care medicine]]: [[mechanical ventilation]]

== References ==
Content based on authoritative information from the Web sites of the American College of Physicians, ABIM, र ACOI. See links above.

== See also ==
*[[Royal College of Physicians र Surgeons of Canada]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.acponline.org/?wiki American College of Physicians] - the world's largest medical specialty society for doctors of internal medicine
*[http://www.doctorsforadults.com?wiki Doctors for Adults.com] - The American College of Physicians' patient education Web site, with more info about internal medicine र internists
*[http://journalreview.org/spage.php?specialty_id=22&sdesc=Internal+Medicine On-line Internal Medicine Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)]
*[https://www.abim.org The American Board of Internal Medicine] - The largest certifying board for internists र related subspecialists in the USA
*[http://csim.medical.org/ Canadian Society of Internal Medicine]
*[http://www.acoi.org The American College of Osteopathic Internists]
*[http://www.sgim.org The Society for General Internal Medicine] - A society to improve patient care, research र education in Primary Care र General Internal Medicine

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[[ar:طب باطني]]
[[bg:Вътрешни болести]]
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[[bs:Interna medicina]]
[[ca:Medicina interna]]
[[cs:Vnitřní lékařství]]
[[de:Innere Medizin]]
[[el:Εσωτερική Παθολογία]]
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[[ja:内科学]]
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[[th:อายุรศาสตร์]]
[[tl:Panggagamot na panloob]]
[[tr:İç hastalıkları]]
[[uk:Внутрішні захворювання]]
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[[zh:內科學]]