Difference between revisions 97899 and 111566 on orwiki

{| class="infobox" style="width: 20em;"
|+ style="font-size:larger;" | '''The Sun''' [[Image:Sun symbol.svg|25px]] 
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background: #000000;" | [[File:The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA's_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg|290px]]
|-
! bgcolor="#FCC857" colspan="2" align=center | '''Observation data'''
|-
| Mean distance<br/><small>from [[Earth]]</small>
| {{val|1.496|e=8|u=km}}<br/><small>8&nbsp;min 19&nbsp;s at [[speed of light|light speed]]</small>
|-
| [[Apparent magnitude|Visual brightness]] (''V'')
| −26.74<ref name=nssdc>
{{cite web
 |last=Williams |first=D. R.
 |year=2004
 |title=Sun Fact Sheet
 |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html
 |publisher=[[NASA]]
 |accessdate=2010-09-27
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Absolute magnitude]]
| 4.83<ref name=nssdc />
|-
| [[Spectral classification]]
| G2V
|-
| [[Metallicity]]
| ''Z'' = 0.0122<ref>
{{cite journal
 |last=Asplund|first=M.
 |coauthors=N. Grevesse and A. J. Sauval
 |year=2006
 |title=The new solar abundances - Part I: the observations
 |journal=Communications in Asteroseismology
 |volume=147 |pages=76–79
 |bibcode=2006CoAst.147...76A
 |doi=10.1553/cia147s76
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Angular size]]
| 31.6′ – 32.7′<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions
 |url=http://education.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/pages/faq.html
 |publisher=[[NASA]]
 |accessdate=2010-10-24
}}</ref>
|-
| Adjectives
| Solar
|-
! bgcolor="#FCC857" colspan="2" align=center | '''[[Orbit]]al characteristics'''
|-
| Mean distance<br/><small>from [[Milky Way]] core</small>
| ~{{val|2.5|e=17|u=km}}<br/><small>{{val|26000|u=[[light-year]]s}}</small>
|-
| [[Galaxy|Galactic]] period
| (2.25–2.50){{e|8}} [[julian year (astronomy)|a]]
|-
| [[Velocity]]
| ~{{val|220|u=km/s}} <small>(orbit around the center of the Galaxy)</small> <br />~{{val|20|u=km/s}} <small>(relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood)</small> <br />~{{val|370|u=km/s}}<ref>
{{cite journal
 |last=Hinshaw |first=G.
 |coauthors=''et al.''
 |year=2009
 |title=Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results
 |journal=The [[Astrophysical Journal]] Supplement Series
 |volume=180 |pages=225–245
 |doi=10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225
|bibcode=2009ApJS..180..225H
 |issue=2
}}</ref> <small>(relative to the [[Cosmic microwave background radiation#CMBR dipole anisotropy|cosmic microwave background]])</small>
|-
! bgcolor="#FCC857" colspan="2" align=center | '''Physical characteristics'''
|-
| Mean diameter
| {{val|1.392684|e=6|u=km}}<ref name=arxiv1203_4898>{{citation |first1=Marcelo |last1=Emilio |first2=Jeff R. |last2=Kuhn |first3=Rock I. |last3=Bush |first4=Isabelle F. |last4=Scholl |title=Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits |work=arXiv |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1203.4898 |date=March 5, 2012 |accessdate=March 28, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| Equatorial [[radius]]
| {{val|6.96342|e=5|u=km}}<ref name=arxiv1203_4898 /> <br/><small>109 × Earth<small/><ref name=sse/>
|-
| Equatorial [[circumference]]
| {{val|4.379|e=6|u=km}}<ref name=sse/><br/><small>109 × Earth<small/><ref name=sse>
{{cite web
 |title=Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures
 |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric
 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080102034758/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric
 |archivedate=2008-01-02
 |publisher=[[NASA]]
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Flattening]]
| {{val|9|e=-6}}
|-
| [[Surface area]]
| {{val|6.0877|e=12|u=km2}}<ref name=sse/><br/><small>{{val|11990}} × Earth</small><ref name=sse/>
|-
| [[Volume]]
| {{val|1.412|e=18|u=km3}}<ref name=sse/><!-- NASA source has "1.412 x 10^18 km^3" which is 1.412 × 10^27 m^3 (basic arithmetic, also verified using the formula for volume of a sphere) --><br/><small>{{val|1300000}} × Earth</small>
|-
| [[Mass]]
| <!-- 1.988&nbsp;435 Someone please cite this before implementing it. -->{{val|1.9891|e=30|u=kg}}<ref name=nssdc/><br/><small>{{val|333000}} × Earth</small><ref name=nssdc/><!-- NASA Sun Fact Sheet states 333,000, a figure coherent with data already present in en.wiki -->
|-
| [[Density|Average density]]
| {{val|1.408|e=3|u=kg/m3}}<ref name=nssdc/><ref name=sse/><ref>
{{cite web
 |last=Ko |first=M.
 |year=1999
 |title=Density of the Sun
 |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/MayKo.shtml
 |editor=Elert, G.
 |work=The Physics Factbook
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Density]]
| Center (model): {{val|1.622|e=5|u=kg/m3}}<ref name=nssdc/><br/>Lower photosphere: {{val|2|e=-4|u=kg/m3}}<br/>Lower chromosphere: {{val|5|e=-6|u=kg/m3}}<br/>Corona ({{dabbr|avg|average}}): {{val|1|e=-12|u=kg/m3}}<ref>
{{cite web
 |last= |first=
 |date=30 August 2007
 |title=Principles of Spectroscopy
 |url=http://www.astro.lsa.umich.edu/undergrad/Labs/spectro/short_spectro.html
 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]], Astronomy Department
}}</ref>
|-
| Equatorial [[surface gravity]]
| {{val|274.0|u=m/s2}}<ref name=nssdc/><br/>{{val|27.94|u=[[g-force|''g'']]}}<br/><small>{{val|27542.29|u=[[cgs|''cgs'']]}}<br/>28 × Earth<small/><ref name=sse/>
|-
| [[Escape velocity]]<br/><small>(from the surface)</small>
| {{val|617.7|u=km/s}}<ref name=sse/><br/><small>55 × Earth</small><ref name=sse/>
|-
| [[Temperature]]
| Center (modeled): ~{{val|1.57|e=7|u=K}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>Photosphere (effective): {{val|5778|ul=K}}<ref name=nssdc/><br> [[Corona]]: ~{{val|5|e=6|u=K}}
|-
| [[Luminosity]] (L<sub>sol</sub>)
| {{val|3.846|e=26|ul=W}}<ref name=nssdc/><br/><small>~{{val|3.75|e=28|u=[[lumen (unit)|lm]]}}</small><br/><small>~{{val|98|u=lm/W}} [[Luminous efficacy|efficacy]]</small>
|-
| Mean [[Radiance|intensity]]&nbsp;(I<sub>sol</sub>)
| {{val|2.009|e=7|u=W·m<sup>−2</sup>·sr<sup>−1</sup>}}
|-
| Age
| 4.57 billion years<ref name="Bonanno">{{Cite journal
 |last=Bonanno |first=A. |last2=Schlattl |first2=H. |last3=Paternò |first3=L.
 |title=The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS
 |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]
 |volume=390
 |issue=3 |pages=1115–1118
 |year= 2008
 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020749
 |arxiv=astro-ph/0204331
 |ref=harv |bibcode=2002A&A...390.1115B
}}</ref>
|-
! bgcolor="#FCC857" colspan="2" align=center |'''[[Rotation]] characteristics'''
|-
| [[Axial tilt|Obliquity]]
| 7.25°<ref name=nssdc/><br/><small>(to the [[ecliptic]])</small><br/>67.23°<br/><small>(to the [[galactic plane]])</small>
|-
| [[Right ascension]]<br/><small>of North pole<ref name="iau-iag">
{{cite web
 |last1=Seidelmann |first1=P. K.
 |coauthors=''et al.''
 |title=Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements Of The Planets And Satellites: 2000
 |url=http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm
 |publisher=
 |year=2000
 |accessdate=2006-03-22
}}</ref></small>
| 286.13°<br/><small>{{nowrap|19 h 4 min 30 s}}</small>
|-
| [[Declination]]<br/><small>of North pole</small>
| +63.87°<br/><small>63° 52' North</small>
|-
| Sidereal [[Solar rotation|rotation period]] <br/><small>(at equator)</small>
| 25.05 days<ref name=nssdc/>
|-
| <small>(at 16° latitude)</small>
| 25.38 days<ref name=nssdc/><br/><small>{{nowrap|25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s}}<ref name="iau-iag"/></small>
|-
| <small>(at poles)</small>
| 34.4 days<ref name=nssdc/><!-- derived from T = ( 14.37 - 2.33 sin^2 L - 1.56 sin^4 L ) deg/day, L = 90 deg -->
|-
| Rotation velocity<br/><small>(at equator)</small>
| {{val|7.189|e=3|u=km/h}}<ref name="sse"/><!-- Derived from NASA source: equatorial circumference of 4,379,000 kilometres divided by sidereal rotation period of 609.12 hours; maybe this kind of basic calculation could be done in some generic template code? -->
|-
! bgcolor="#FCC857" colspan="2" align=center | '''[[photosphere|Photospheric]] composition (by mass)'''
|-
| [[Hydrogen]]
| 73.46%<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=The Sun's Vital Statistics
 |url=http://solar-center.stanford.edu/vitalstats.html
 |publisher=[[Stanford Solar Center]]
 |accessdate=2008-07-29
}}, citing {{cite book
 |last=Eddy |first=J.
 |title=A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab
 |url=http://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/contents.htm
 |publisher=[[NASA]]
 |year=1979
 |page=37
 |id=NASA SP-402
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Helium]]
| 24.85%
|-
| [[Oxygen]]
| 0.77%
|-
| [[Carbon]]
| 0.29%
|-
| [[Iron]]
| 0.16%
|-
| [[Neon]]
| 0.12%
|-
| [[Nitrogen]]
| 0.09%
|-
| [[Silicon]]
| 0.07%
|-
| [[Magnesium]]
| 0.05%
|-
| [[Sulfur]]
| 0.04%
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" | {{navbar|Solar System Infobox/Sun}}
|}<noinclude>

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