Revision 634119 of "Michael Crichton" on scnwiki

'''John Michael Crichton''' (natu a [[Chicago]] lu [[23 di uttùviru]] dû [[1942]], scumparsu a Los Angeles lu [[4 Nuviemmiru]] [[2008]]), er n'[[auturi]] [[Stati Uniti|Miricanu]] , nu [[prudutturi di firma]], [[nu riggista di firma]], e nu [[prudutturi televisivu]]. Li sò travagghi cchiù canusciuti sù li rumanzi [[ticno-triller]], li [[firma]] e li [[prugrammi televisiva]]. Li sò travagghi sù basati di sòlitu supra lu gèniri dî [[Firma d'azzioni|azzioni]] e utilizza assai a [[ticnoluggìa]]. Nu saccu dî sò rumanzi di [[storia futura]] sù basati supra lu travagghiu di mèdicu ca facìa prima, e chi rifletti la sò [[canuscenza scintìfica]].

== Biografìa ==
Sò patri era [[John Henderson Crichton]] e sò matri [[Zula Miller Crichton]], e passau la sò nfanzia a [[Roslyn, New York|Roslyn]], [[Long Island]], [[New York]].<ref name="kids" /> Crichton ci havi dù soru, Kimberly e Catherine, e nu frati cchiù jùvini, Douglas, ca l’aiutau a scrìviri sutta farsu nomu "Dealing or The Berkeley-to-Boston Forty-Brick Lost-Bag Blues." 

L’università sò la fici a l’ [[Università di Harvard|Harvard]], Cambridge, Massachusetts, A.B. (''[[summa cum laude]]'') 1964 (Phi Beta Kappa). Poi addivintau nu '''Henry Russell Shaw Travelling Fellow''', e ntô 1964-65 nu [[Prufissuri]] 'n vìsita â facultà r'[[Antropoluggìa]] a l’università di [[Università di Cambridge|Cambridge]], Ngraterra, 1965. Si pigghiau la làuria a l’[[Univirsità di Midicina di Harvard]], firannisi a pigghiàrisi nu [[M.D.]] ntô 1969 e si fici lu [[post-dutturatu di ricerca]] a l'[[Istitutu Salk pî studia Biològgici]], [[La Jolla, California]], ntô 1969–1970. Ntô 1988, era nu [[scritturi 'n vìsita]] a l'[[Istitutu di ticnoluggìa dû Massachusetts]]. 

Mentri era ntâ [[scola]] di [[midicina]], si misi a scrìviri dî rumanzi cû [[farsu nomu]] di '''John Lange''' e '''Jeffery Hudson'''. ''[[A Case of Need]]'' (Nu casu di nicissità), ca fu scrittu cu lu sò ùrtimu farsu nomu vincìu lu [[Premiu Edgar]] ntô 1969 pû Megghiu Rumanzu. Scrissi macari ''Dealing'' (Aviri a chiffari) cû sò frati cchiù nicu Douglas cu lu farsu nomu cumuni Michael Douglas. Nta la quatta di cupirtina c’è na fotugrafìa dî dù frati ca fu pigghiata di sò matri quannu èranu nichi.

Li sò dui noma farsi foru criati pi riflèttiri la sò àuta statura fìsica. Iddu dici ca ntô 1997 era circa 2.06 m (6 pedi e 9 pòllici) [http://www.adara-interactive.com/crichton/ow_transcripts2.htm]. ''Lange'' signìfica "tall one" 'n [[Lingua Tudisca|Tudiscu]], [[Lingua Danisa|Danisi]] e ntâ lingua [[Lingua Landisa|Landisa]], e Don [[Jeffrey Hudson]] era nu famusu nanu dû [[diciassittèsimu sèculu]] ntâ corti dâ riggina [[Henrietta Maria di Franccia|Henrietta Maria]] di [[Francia]].

Crichton na vota cunfissau ca mentri studiava di jùvini a l’univirsità, cupiau [[plaggiu|plaggiànnulu]] nu travagghiu di [[George Orwell|Giorgiu Orwelle]] e lu prisintau comu si l'avissi scrittu iddu. Lu travagghiu secunnu lu sò prufissuri univirsitariu di littiratura nun s’a fidau mancu a pigghiari la sufficienza. Crichton poi dissi ca cu lu plaggiu iddu nun avìa ntinzioni di pigghiari n giru la scola, ma chi vulìa fari nu [[spirimentu]]. Crichton pinzava ca lu prufissuri n custioni lu facìa apposta a mintiri vota vasci, e li raccursini cu stu spirimentu iddu pinzau ca si macari Orwelle pigghiava voti vasci, studiari littiratura a l’univirsità nun era cosa p’iddu.

Astura è maritatu cu Sherri Alexander e ci hannu na picciridda ca chiamaru Taylor, na figghia ca ci happi câ mugghieri ca ci avìa prima [[Anne-Marie Martin]].


<!-- CUMMINTATU- ANCURA RI TRADURRI RA A VUCI NGLISI - NEEDS A SOURCE Intentionally or unintentionally, his career has paralleled that of [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]], of course best known as the creator of [[Sherlock Holmes]].  Like Conan Doyle, Crichton qualified as a medical doctor but has pursued a career in writing instead.  Additionally, Crichton has investigated the paranormal trends of his time with a scientific eye (compare Crichton's ''Travels'' with Conan Doyle's ''Memories and Adventures'').  What's more, Crichton followed in Conan Doyle's footsteps in creating a story of dinosaurs alive in modern times (''Jurassic Park'' and ''The Lost World'', following Conan Doyle's ''The Lost World''.) 
== Scientific concepts ==
In several of his books, Crichton popularised scientific and technological concepts which had not previously received widespread attention by non-scientists. Many of the ideas he used were novel to the average person, despite previous attention to them being given by some in the scientific community.

For example, before ''[[Jurassic Park]]'', [[Robert T. Bakker]]'s theory of [[homeothermic|warm-blooded]] and fast-moving dinosaurs had not received a great deal of attention in the popular media.  Laypeople were accustomed to seeing [[stop motion]] clay dinosaurs crawling sluggishly over the volcanic prehistorical terrains.

==Literary techniques==
{{unreferenced}}
Crichton's works are consistently [[caution]]ary in that his plots invariably portray scientific advancements going awry, often with worst-case scenarios. Seldom if ever does Crichton portray scientific achievement as going according to plan.

The use of [[author surrogate]] has been a feature of Crichton's writings since the beginning of his career. In ''[[A Case of Need]]'', one of his pseudonymous [[whodunit]] stories, Crichton used first-person narrative to portray the hero, a [[Boston, Massachusetts|Bostonian]] [[pathology|pathologist]], who is running against the clock to clear a friend's name from [[medical malpractice]] in a girl's death from a hack job [[abortion]]. 

That book was written in [[1968]], long before the [[landmark case]] that [[legalization|legalized]] abortion nationwide in the US, ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' ([[1973]]). It took the hero about 160 pages to find the chief [[suspect]], an underground abortionist, who was created to be the author surrogate. Then, Crichton gave that character three pages to justify his illegal practice. 

Some of Crichton's fiction uses a [[literary technique]] called [[false document]]. For example, ''Eaters of the Dead'' is a fabricated recreation of the [[Old English language|Old English]] epic ''[[Beowulf]]'' in the form of a scholastic translation of [[Ahmad ibn Fadlan]]'s [[tenth century]] manuscript. Other novels, such as ''[[The Andromeda Strain]]'' and ''Jurassic Park'', incorporate fictionalized scientific documents in the form of diagrams, computer output, [[DNA]] sequences, footnotes and bibliography.

== Fiction ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Cover !! Title !! Notes
|-
| [[1966]]
| [[Image:Oddson.jpg|50px]]
| ''[[Odds On]]''
| as John Lange
|-
| [[1967]]
| [[Image:Scratchone.jpg|50px]]
| ''[[Scratch One]]''
| as John Lange
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[1968]]
| [[Image:Easygo.jpg|50px]]
| ''[[Easy Go]]''
| as John Lange
|-
| [[Image:A Case of Need.jpg|50px]]
| ''[[A Case of Need]]''
| as Jeffrey Hudson though later rereleased with Crichton's name on it
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[1969]]
| [[Image:Andromeda Strain (BB cover).jpg|50px]]
| ''[[The Andromeda Strain]]''
| 
|-
| 
| ''Venom Business''
| as John Lange
|-
| 
| ''Zero Cool''
| as John Lange
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[1970]]
| 
| ''Grave Descend''
| as John Lange
|-
| 
| ''Drug of Choice''
| as John Lange
|-
| 
| ''Dealing: Or the Berkeley-to-Boston Forty-Brick Lost-Bag Blues''
| written with his brother, Douglas Crichton and published as Michael Douglas
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[1972]]
| [[Image:The Terminal Man.jpg|50px]]
| ''[[The Terminal Man]]''
| 
|-
| 
| ''[[Binary (novel)|Binary]]''
| as John Lange
|-
| [[1975]]
| [[Image:Trainrobbery.JPG|50px]]
| ''[[The Great Train Robbery (novel)|The Great Train Robbery]]''
| 
|-
| [[1976]]
| [[Image:Eaters of the Dead.jpg|50px]]
| ''[[Eaters of the Dead]]''
| 
|-
| [[1980]]
| [[Image:Congo novel.jpg|50px]]
| ''[[Congo (novel)|Congo]]''
| 
|-
| [[1987]]
| [[Image:Sphere novel.jpg|50px]]
| ''[[Sphere (novel)|Sphere]]''
| 
|-
| [[1990]]
| [[Image:Jurassicpark.jpg|50px]]
| ''[[Jurassic Park]]''
| 
|-
| [[1992]]
| [[Image:RisingSuncover.jpg|50px]]
| ''[[Rising Sun (novel)|Rising Sun]]''
| 
|-
| [[1993]]
| [[Image:MichaelCrighton Disclosure.jpg|50px]]
| ''[[Disclosure (novel)|Disclosure]]''
| 
|-
| [[1995]]
| [[Image:TheLostWorld.png|50px]]
| ''[[The Lost World (Michael Crichton)|The Lost World]]''
| 
|-
| [[1996]]
| [[Image:Airframe cover.jpg|50px]]
| ''[[Airframe (novel)|Airframe]]''
| 
|-
| [[1999]]
| [[Image:MichaelCrighton Timeline.jpg|50px]]
| ''[[Timeline (novel)|Timeline]]''
| 
|-
| [[2002]]
| [[Image:Prey1.jpg|50px]]
| ''[[Prey (novel)|Prey]]''
| 
|-
| [[2004]]
| [[Image:MichaelCrighton StateOfFear.jpg|50px]]
| ''[[State of Fear]]''
| 
|-
| [[2006]]
| [[Image:0060872985.01.png|50px]]
| ''[[Next (novel)|Next]]''
| To be released on November 28, 2006 [http://www.michaelcrichton.com]
|}

== Non-fiction ==
Apart from fiction, Crichton has written several other books based on [[science|scientific]] themes, amongst which is ''[[Travels (book)|Travels]]'', which also contains [[autobiography|autobiographical episodes]].  

As a personal friend to the [[Neo-Dadism|Neo-Dadaist]] artist [[Jasper Johns]], Crichton compiled many of his works in a [[coffee table book]] also named ''Jasper Johns''. That book has been updated once.

Crichton is also the author of ''Electronic Life'', a book that introduces [[BASIC programming language|BASIC]] [[computer programming|programming]] to its readers. In his words, being able to program a computer is liberation:
: In my experience, you assert control over a computer—show it who's the boss—by making it do something unique. That means programming it....[I]f you devote a couple of hours to programming a new machine, you'll feel better about it ever afterward.<ref>Crichton, Michael. ''[[Electronic Life]]'', Knopf, 1983, p. 44. ISBN 0-394-53406-9</ref>

To prove his point, Crichton included many self-written demonstrative [[Applesoft BASIC|Applesoft]] (for [[Apple II]]) and [[Microsoft BASICA|BASICA]] (for [[IBM PC]] compatibles) programs in that book. Crichton once considered updating it, but the project seemed to be canceled.

His non-fiction works are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title
|-
| [[1970]] || ''[[Five Patients]]''
|-
| [[1977]] || ''[[Jasper Johns (book)|Jasper Johns]]''
|-
| [[1983]] || ''[[Electronic Life]]''
|-
| [[1988]] || ''[[Travels (book)|Travels]]''
|}

==Movies and television==

Crichton has written and directed several motion pictures:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| [[1972]] || ''[[Pursuit]]'' || A TV movie
|-
| [[1973]] || ''[[Westworld]]'' || 
|-
| [[1978]] || ''[[Coma (film)|Coma]]'' || 
|-
| [[1979]] || ''[[The First Great Train Robbery|The Great Train Robbery]]'' || 
|-
| [[1981]] || ''[[Looker]]'' || 
|-
| [[1984]] || ''[[Runaway (1984 film)|Runaway]]'' || 
|-
| [[1989]] || ''[[Physical Evidence]]'' || 
|-
| [[1994]] || ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' || Creator/Writer/Executive Producer
|-
| [[1996]] || ''[[Twister (film)|Twister]]'' ||
|}

''Westworld'' was the first feature film that used 2D [[computer-generated imagery]] (CGI) and the first use of 3D CGI was in its sequel, ''Futureworld'' (1976), which featured a computer-generated hand and face created by then [[University of Utah]] graduate students [[Edwin Catmull]] and Fred Parke.

Crichton directed the film ''[[Coma (film)|Coma]]'', adapted from a [[Robin Cook (novelist)|Robin Cook]] novel. There are other similarities in terms of [[genre]] and the fact that both Cook and Crichton are [[physician]]s, are of similar age, and write about similar subjects.

Many of his novels have been filmed by others:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Filmmaker/Director
|-
| [[1971]] || ''[[The Andromeda Strain (film)|The Andromeda Strain]]'' || [[Robert Wise]]
|-
| [[1972]] || ''[[Dealing: Or the Berkeley-to-Boston Forty-Brick Lost-Bag Blues]]'' || [[Paul Williams (director)|Paul Williams]]
|-
| 1972 || ''[[The Carey Treatment]] ([[A Case of Need]])'' || [[Blake Edwards]]
|-
| [[1974]] || ''[[The Terminal Man (film)|The Terminal Man]]'' || [[Mike Hodges]]
|-
| [[1993]] || ''[[Rising Sun (movie)|Rising Sun]]'' || [[Philip Kaufman]]
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'' || [[Steven Spielberg]]
|-
| [[1994]] || ''[[Disclosure (film)|Disclosure]]'' || [[Barry Levinson]]
|-
| [[1995]] || ''[[Congo (movie)|Congo]]'' || [[Frank Marshall (movie producer)|Frank Marshall]]
|-
| [[1997]] || ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]'' || [[Steven Spielberg]]
|-
| [[1998]] || ''[[Sphere (movie)|Sphere]]'' || [[Barry Levinson]]
|-
| [[1999]] || ''[[The 13th Warrior]] (Eaters of the Dead)'' || [[John McTiernan]]
|-
| [[2003]] || ''[[Timeline (film)|Timeline]]'' || [[Richard Donner]]
|}
-->

He has written the screenplay for the movies ''[[Extreme Close Up]]'' ([[1973]]) and ''[[Twister (movie)|Twister]]'' ([[1996]]) (the latter co-written with Anne-Marie Martin, his wife at the time).

Crichton is also the creator and executive producer of the television drama ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]''. In December 1994, he achieved the unique distinction of having the #1 movie (''Disclosure''), the #1 TV show (''ER''), and the #1 book (''Disclosure'', atop the paperback list). Crichton has written only three episodes of ''ER'':

* Episode 1-1: "24 Hours"
* Episode 1-2: "Day One"
* Episode 1-3: "Going Home"

==Primizzioni==

* '''Mystery Writers of America's''' ''Edgar Allan Poe Award'' ppi littiratura migghiuri, 1969 (''A Case of Need''; scrittu da Jeffrey Hudson)
* '''Association of American Medical Writers Award''', 1970 (''Five Patients'') 
* Mystery Writers of America's ''Edgar Allan Poe Award'' ppi migghiuri sciniggìatura, 1980 (''The First Great Train Robbery'')
* The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Journalism Award, 2006 (''State of Fear'')
* A dinosaur, ''Crichtonsaurus bohlini'', cca purta lu numi 'n unuri di ''Jurassic Park''[http://www.crichton-official.com/whatsnew/whatsnew_main.shtml].
* Crichton è statu numinatu cumu l'òmu più bbiddu di lu munnu da la rivista ''People'', 1992

==Criticism==
Many of Crichton's publicly expressed views, particularly on subjects like the [[global warming controversy]], have caused heated debate.  An example is meteorologist [[Jeffrey Masters]]' review of ''[[State of Fear]]'':
:"[F]lawed or misleading presentations of Global Warming science exist in the book, including those on Arctic sea ice thinning, correction of land-based temperature measurements for the [[urban heat island]] effect, and [[Satellite temperature measurements|satellite]] vs. ground-based measurements of Earth's warming.  I will spare the reader additional details.  On the positive side, Crichton does emphasize the little-appreciated fact that while most of the world has been warming the past few decades, most of Antarctica has seen a cooling trend.  The Antarctic ice sheet is actually expected to increase in mass over the next 100 years due to increased precipitation, according to the IPCC.  Additionally, Crichton points out that there has been no rise in hurricane activity in the Atlantic over the past few decades (a point unchanged by the record four hurricanes that struck Florida in 2004)." [http://www.wunderground.com/education/stateoffear.asp]

However, 28 hurricanes and tropical storms took place in the [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005 season]], which was 7 more than the meteorologists had names for because historically, 21 names seemed far above what was needed for a season.  In addition, [[Peter Doran]], author of the paper in the January 2002 issue of ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' which reported the finding referred to above, that some areas of [[Antarctica]] had cooled between [[1986]] and [[2000]], wrote an opinion piece in the [[July 27]] [[2006]] [[New York Times]] in which he stated "Our results have been misused as 'evidence' against global warming by Michael Crichton in his novel ''State of Fear''".[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/27/opinion/27doran.html?ex=1154145600&en=d6eb1f5b37877b00&ei=5070]

Crichton has also been criticized for having the protagonist of ''State of Fear'' assert,
:"Since the ban [of [[DDT]] ], two million people a year have died unnecessarily from [[malaria]], mostly children. The ban has caused more than fifty million needless deaths. Banning DDT killed more people than [[Hitler]]."
Even though the DDT ban specifically exempts any and all use for disease prevention from any regulation, and even though the total number of deaths from malaria worldwide in the period described is actually less than fifty million.[http://info-pollution.com/ddtban.htm] Although Crichton moderates his statement somewhat elsewhere in the book with: 
:"DDT was never banned."
:"You're right. Countries were just told that if they used it, they wouldn't get foreign aid."
Even this version conflicts with statements by [[USAID]], the [[World Bank]], and [[WHO]], all of which do fund DDT for malaria prevention.

==Trivia==
* In the episode "Emily" (5x05) of ''[[The X-Files]]'', a judge describes [[Fox Mulder]]'s paranormal investigations by saying "...I'm having a hard time wrapping my brain around this...Michael Crichton bit" meaning that Mulder's investigations are very [[science fiction]]-like.

==Nuti==
{{references}}
<references />
* Trembley, Elizabeth A. ''Michael Crichton: A Critical Companion'',  Greenwood Press, 1996, ISBN 031329414 {{Please check ISBN|031329414}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.michaelcrichton.com/ Official website]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/aod/fivelive_aod.shtml?5L_michaelcrichton Recorded BBC ''Five Live'' interview with Michael Crichton]
*[http://tal.forum2.org/crichton Michael Crichton: From Scientist to Novelist], by Tal Cohen
*[http://www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/news/2004/story12-13-04b.html Earth Institute News, Columbia.edu Criticism of the science of ''State of Fear'']
*{{imdb name | id=0000341 | name=Michael Crichton}} 
*[http://snarkfest.9.forumer.com/index.php?showtopic=712 Discuss Michael Crichton]


[[Catigurìa:Biografìi|Crichton, Michael]]

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