Revision 27357 of "عَڪسِل" on sdwiki

[[عڪس:Pixel-example.png|left|frame|{{مبسس4}}هڪ عڪس، ۽ ان جو هڪڙو حصو تمام وڏو ڪري ڏيکاريل، جنهن ۾ عڪسلون ننڍن چورسن جي صورت اختيار ڪري الڳ ٿلڳ ٿي بيٺيون آهن ۽ هڪ هڪ ڪري ڏسي سگھجن ٿيون.]]

{{مبسس4}}'''عَڪسِل'''، (لفظ '''عڪس''' جي تصغير) ڪنهن نگاريل يا چٽيل عڪس اندر هڪ نقطو يعني مفرد عنصر آهي. انهن مان هر هڪ اطلاعتي عنصر يعني عڪسل، در حقيقت ڪو ٽٻڪو يا چوڪور نه، بلڪه ڪنهن سگنل (سموري اطلاعت) جو هڪ تجريدي نمونو</font> (sample) {{مبسس4}}آهي. جيڪڏهن عڪسن کي احتياط سان ظاهريو وڃي ته عڪسلُن کي ڪنهن به سائيز ۾ بنا ظاهري ٽٻڪن يا چوڪورُن جي ڏيکاري يعني نمائي سگھجي ٿو، پر ڪيترن ئي اعتبارن سان اهي چوڪورُن يا ٽٻڪن طور ئي نمايون وينديون آهن ۽ گھربل باريڪي نه هوڻ جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ۽ الڳ ٿلڳ ٿي بيهنديون آهن.  

{{مبسس4}}نفاست ۽ احتياط سان ڪنهن به عڪس جي عڪسلُن کي ڪنهن به سائيز ۾ اهڙيءَ ريت نمائي يعني ڏيکاري سگھجي ٿو جو اهي الڳ ٿلڳ ٽٻڪا يا چورس نظر نه اچن. مگر ڪيترن ئي اعتبارن سان اهي ٽٻڪن يا چورسن جي صورت ۾ ئي نمايا ويندا آهن، جن کي ناڪافي نفاست يا تحلل هوڻ جي صورت ۾ هڪ ٻي کان الڳ ٿلڳ بيٺل ڏسي سگھجي ٿو.
 
هر عڪسل جي روشنائي ڦرڻي آهي. رنگ سرشتن ۾ عڪسل جي شدت عموماً ٽن يا چئن رخن ۾ ڦري سگھي ٿي؛ مثال طور، [[ڳسن رنگ سرشتو|ڳاڙهو، سائو، ۽ نيرو]]، يا [[فگپڪ رنگ سرشتو|فيروزي، گلابي، پيلو ۽ ڪارو]].

{{اصطلاح|عڪسل <br /> رنگ پولار <br /> ٻٽڻ <br /> رنگي اونهائي <br /> تحلل <br /> شدت <br /> نمائڻ <br /> نماڪار يا عڪس نما <br /> ڳسن <br /> فگپڪ <br /> ونگڀياس <br /> عڪس<br /> عڪسگري|pixel <br /> colour space <br /> bit <br /> colour depth <br /> resolution <br /> intensity <br /> to display <br /> display unit <br /> RGB <br /> cartography <br /> land-use planning <br /> image <br /> imagery <br /> }}
 

== ٽيڪنيڪي ==

[[عڪس:ReconstructionsFromPixels.png|left|frame|عڪسل ڪو ننڍڙو چورس ناهي. هن تصوير ۾ ٽٻڪا، ليڪون، ۽ سمُوٿ ڇاڻڪاري واپرائيندي عڪسل قدرن جي مجموعي مان عڪس ورجوڙڻ جا متفرق طريقا ڏيکارجن ٿا.]]

{{مبسس4}}عموماً، عڪسل کي ڪنهن عڪس جو ننڍي ۾ ننڍو مفرد حصو سمجھيو ويندو آهي. اها وصف انتهائي حوال آڌاريل يا حالات آڌاريل آهي؛ مثال طور، اسان ڪنهن پني تي ڇاپيل عڪسلُن جي ڳالهه ڪري سگھون ٿا، انهن عڪسلُن جو ذڪر ڪري سگھون ٿا جيڪي برقياتي سگنلس منجھن کڻي وڃن ٿا يا انهن عڪسلن جو ذڪر ڪري سگھون ٿا جن کي عددي قدرن سان ظاهريو ويو هجي، انهن عڪسلُن جو ذڪر ڪري سگھون ٿا جيڪي ڪنهن نماڪار جي پردي تي ڏيکاريل هجن، يا وري اسان ڪنهن عددي ڪيميرا جي اندر موجود عڪسلُن جو ذڪر ڪري سگھون ٿا. اها لسٽ مڪمل نه آهي، ۽ احوال پٽاندر لفظ عڪسل جا ڪيترا ئي مخصوص هم معنيٰ اصطلاح مروج آهن، جيڪي ان مخصوص احوال ۾ مفهوم بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ مناسب سمجھيا وڃن ٿا. مثال طور، سيمپل sample، ٻٽڻ bit، ٻاٽڻ byte، پيل pel، ٽٻڪو dot، سپاٽ spot، وغير وغيره. اسان عڪسل جو تجريدي ذڪر به ڪري سگھون ٿا، يا ڪنهن ماپ جي ايڪي طور به ڪري سگھون ٿا، خاص طور عڪس جو تحلل ماپيندي. مثال طور، 2400 عڪسلون في انچ (عفا)...، 640 عڪسلون في سنڀير ...، يا 10 عڪسلون پرتي... 

ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ٽٻڪا في انچ (ٽفا) ۽ عڪسلون في انچ (عفا) جا ايڪا هڪ ٻي جي جاءِ تي استعمال ٿيندا آهن، پر انهن مان هر  هڪ جي پنهنجي مخصوص معنيٰ آهي، خاص طور ڇاپڪ يعني پرنٽر جي کيتر ۾، جتي ٽفا ڇاپڪ جي تحلل جي پيما طور ڪم اچي ٿو.<br />
مثال طور، 720 ٽفا جو تحلل رکندڙ ڪو اعليٰ سڀاوَ وارو انڪجيٽ ڇاپڪ (پرنٽر) استعمال ڪندي اسين 200 عفا جي تحلل وارو عڪس ڇاپي سگھون ٿا.
عڪس جي نمائندگيءَ لاءِ جيتريون گھڻيون عڪسلون استعمال ڪبيون، عڪس پنهنجي اصل صورت سان اوتري ئي گھڻي مشاهبت رکندو. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن عڪس اندر عڪلسن جي تعداد کي عڪس جو [[عڪسي تحلل|تحلل]] سڏيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تحلل جي هڪ مخصوص وصف آهي. عڪسلن جو تعداد هڪ ئي انگ سان به اظهاري سگھجي ٿو، جهڙوڪ "3 ميگا عڪسلي عددي ڪيميرا"، جنهن کي ڪل 30 لک عڪسلون ٿين، ته انگن جي جوڙيءَ سان به اظهاري سگھجي ٿو، جهڙوڪ "640 باءِ 480 نماڪار"، جنهن کي ساڄي ڇيڙي کان کاٻي ڇيڙي تائين 640 عڪسلون ٿين ته مٿين ڇيڙي کان هيٺين ڇيڙي تائين 480 عڪسلون ٿين (يعني ڪل 3 لک 7 هزار 2 سَو عڪسلون).

The pixels, or color samples, that form a digitized image (such as a [[JPEG]] file used on a web page) may or may not be in one-to-one [[correspondence]] with [[screen pixel]]s, depending on how a computer displays an image. 

In computing, an image composed of pixels is known as a ''[[bitmap|bitmapped image]]'' or a ''[[raster graphics|raster image]]''.  The word ''raster'' originates from [[halftone]] printing technology, and has been widely used to describe [[raster scan|television scanning]] patterns.  

=== نماڪار عڪسل سائيز ===

{{مبسس4}}ڪنهن نماڪار يعني ڊسپلي جي عڪسل جي ماپ معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ پردي جو تحلل ۽ آڏي ماپ جي ڄاڻ گھربل ٿيندي آهي. عڪسل ماپ ملي ميٽرن (مم) ۾ معلوم ڪرڻ جا ڪجھه مثال هيٺ ڌجن ٿا:

{{مبسس4}}پردي جو تحلل:</font> 1024x768{{مبسس4}}، آڏي ماپ: </font>19 {{مبسس4}}انچ، عڪسل ماپ:</font> 0.377 مم 

{{مبسس4}}پردي جو تحلل:</font> 800x600{{مبسس4}}، آڏي ماپ: </font> 17 {{مبسس4}}انچ، عڪسل ماپ:</font> 0.4318 مم

{{مبسس4}}پردي جو تحلل:</font> 640x480{{مبسس4}}، آڏي ماپ: </font> 15 {{مبسس4}}انچ، عڪسل ماپ:</font> 0.4763 مم

=== مقامي بمقابله منطقي عڪسلون ===

جديد ڳڻپيوڪر نماڪار متفرق تحللن جا عڪس ڏيکاري سگھن ٿا، مگر هميشه کان ايئن نه هو. ويندي سي آر ٽي نماڪار به ايئن نه ڪري سگھندا هئا.

Modern computer monitors are expected to display a range of resolutions (this was not always so, even with [[Cathode ray tube|CRTs]]) .  Displays capable of truly displaying only one resolution must first generate a native-resolution signal from any signal in a non-native resolution.

Modern computer LCDs are designed with a ''native resolution'' which refers to the perfect match between pixels and [[Triad (computers)|triads]].  CRT displays also use red-green-blue phosphor triads, but these are not coincident with image pixels, and cannot therefore be said to be equivalent to pixels.

The native resolution will produce the sharpest picture capable from the display. However, since the user can adjust the resolution, the monitor must be capable of displaying other resolutions. 
Non-native resolutions have to be supported by approximate resampling in the LCD controller, using [[interpolation]] algorithms. This often causes the screen to look somewhat jagged or blurry (especially with resolutions that are not even multiples of the native one.) For example, a display with a native resolution of 1280×1024 will look best set at 1280×1024 resolution, will display 800×600 adequately by drawing each pixel with more physical triads, but will be unable to display in 1600×1200 sharply due to the lack of physical triads.

Pixels can be either rectangular or square.  A number called the ''[[Aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]]'' describes the squareness of a pixel.  For example, a 1.25:1 aspect ratio means that each pixel is 1.25 times wider than it is high.  Pixels on computer monitors are usually square, but pixels used in [[digital video]] have non-square aspect ratios, such as those used in the PAL and NTSC variants of the [[CCIR 601]] digital video standard, and the corresponding [[anamorphic widescreen]] formats.

Each pixel in a monochrome image has its own value, a correlate of perceptual [[brightness]] or physical [[intensity]]. A numeric representation of zero usually represents black, and the maximum value possible represents white. For example, in an eight-bit image, the maximum unsigned value that can be stored by eight [[bit]]s is 255, so this is the value used for white.

In a colour image, each pixel can be described using its hue, saturation, and value ([[HSV color space|HSV]]), but is usually represented instead as red, green, and blue intensities ([[RGB]]).

=== ٻٽڻيون فِي عڪسل ===
{{main|رنگي اونهائي}}
ڪنهن عڪسل تي ڏيکاري سگھجندڙ منفرد رنگن جي تعداد جو دارومدار في عڪسل ٻٽڻين (ٻفع) (Bits per pixel) تي ٿي ٿو. ٻن تي رنگي اونهائيءَ جي سگھه رکي ڪنهن عڪسل تي ڏيکاري سگھجندڙ منفرد رنگن جو ڪل تعداد معلوم ڪري سگھجي ٿو. مثال طور، عام انگ اکر هن ريت آهن:

* 8 ٻفع، 2<sup>8</sup> = 256 رنگ
* 16 ٻفع، 2<sup>16</sup> = 65536 رنگ، [[هاءِ رنگ]] يا هزار جي نالي سان سڏجندڙ
* 24 ٻفع، 2<sup>24</sup> = 16,777,216 رنگ؛ [[اصلي رنگ]] يا ملينس جي نالي سان سڏجندڙ
* 48 ٻفع، 2<sup>48</sup>؛ مڙن ئي پيشورانه ڪارجن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ لاڳيتو رنگ پولار


Images composed of 256 colours or fewer are usually stored in the computer's [[video memory]] in [[chunky]] or [[planar]] format, where a pixel in memory is an index into a list of colours called a [[Palette (computing)|palette]]. These modes are therefore sometimes called ''[[indexed color|indexed]]'' modes. While only 256 colours are displayed at once, those 256 colours are picked from a much larger palette, typically of 16 million colours. Changing the values in the palette permits a kind of animation effect.  The animated startup logos of [[Windows 95]] and [[Windows 98]] are probably the best-known example of this kind of animation. On older systems, 4 bpp (16 colors) was common.

For depths larger than 8 bits, the number is the sum of the bits devoted to each of the three RGB (red, green and blue) components. A 16-bit depth is usually divided into five bits for each of red and blue, and six bits for green, as most human [[eye]]s are more sensitive to green than the other two primary colors. For applications involving transparency, the 16 bits may be divided into five bits each of red, green, and blue, with one bit left for transparency. A 24-bit depth allows 8 bits per component. On some systems, 32-bit depth is available: this means that each 24-bit pixel has an extra 8 bits to describe its [[opacity]] (for purposes of combining with another image). 

When an [[image file]] is displayed on a [[screen]], the number of bits per pixel is expressed separately for the [[image file format|raster file]] and for the [[display]].  Some raster file formats have a greater bit-depth capability than others. The [[GIF]] format, for example, has a maximum depth of 8 bits, while [[TIFF]] files can handle 48-bit pixels. There are no consumer display adapters that can output 48 bits of colour, so this depth is typically used for specialized professional applications with [[film scanner]]s, [[computer printer|printers]] and very expensive [[Workstation|workstation computers]]. Such files are only [[rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]] on screen with 24-bit depth on most computers.

=== جُز عڪسلُون ===
[[عڪس:CRT phosphor dots.png|thumb|200px|ڪنهن سي آر ٽي نماڪار اندر [[فاسفر]] ٽٻڪن جو عڪسلُن يا جز عڪسلُن سان ڪو به واسطو ناهي ٿيندو]]
Many display and image-acquisition systems are, for various reasons, not capable of displaying or sensing the different [[colour]] channels at the same site. This approach is generally resolved by using multiple '''subpixels''', each of which handles a single color channel. For example, [[LCD]]s typically divide each pixel horizontally into three subpixels. Most [[LED]] displays divide each pixel into four subpixels; one red, one green, and two blue. Most [[digital camera]] [[sensor]]s also use subpixels, by using colored filters. ([[Cathode Ray Tube|CRT]] displays also use red-green-blue phosphor dots, but these are not aligned with image pixels, and cannot therefore be said to be subpixels).

For systems with subpixels, two different approaches can be taken: 
:* The subpixels can be ignored, with pixels being treated as the smallest addressable imaging element; or 
:* The subpixels can be included in rendering calculations, which requires more analysis and processing time, but can produce apparently superior images in some cases.

The latter approach has been used to increase the apparent resolution of colour displays. The technique, referred to as [[subpixel rendering]], uses knowledge of [[pixel geometry]] to manipulate the three coloured sub-pixels separately, and is most effective with flat-panel displays set to their native resolutions (because the pixel geometry of such displays is usually fixed and predictable). This works best with black-on-white images and thus is often used to make text sharper and easier to read. An added bonus of this effect is that while it does not work on CRTs, it still produces an [[anti-aliasing]] effect, and thus still improves image quality to some extent.

== ميگا عڪسل ==

ڏهه لک علسڪلُن کي ميگا عڪسل ڪوٺيو ويندو آهي. اهو اصطلاح نه رڳو ڪنهن عڪس اندر عڪسلُن جي تعداد جي ايڪي طور استعمال ٿيندو آهي، بلڪه عددي ڪيميرائن ۽ عددي عڪس نمائن منجھه اِندرين جو تعداد ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهن.  مثال طور، اها عددي ڪيميرا جنهن ۾ 2048×1536 اندرين جو تاڃيپيٽو هجي، تنهن لاءِ عام طور 3.1 ميگا عڪسلون رکندڙ ڪيميرا سڏيو ويندو آهي (2048 × 1536 = 3,145,728). 


Digital cameras use photosensitive electronics, either [[Charge-coupled device]] (CCD) or [[CMOS|Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (CMOS) [[image sensor]]s, consisting of a large number of single sensor elements, each of which records a measured intensity level. In most digital cameras, the sensor array is covered with a patterned color filter mosaic having red, green, and blue regions in the [[Bayer filter]] arrangement, so that each sensor element can record the intensity of a single primary color of light.  The camera interpolates the color information of neighboring sensor elements, through a process called [[demosaicing]], to create the final image. These sensor elements are often called "pixels", even though they only record 1 channel (only red, or green, or blue) of the final color image. Thus, a so-called ''N-megapixel'' camera that produces an N-megapixel image provides only one-third of the information that an image of the same size could get from a scanner.  Thus, certain color contrasts may look fuzzier than others, depending on the allocation of the primary colors (green has twice as many elements as red or blue in the Bayer arrangement).

In contrast to conventional image sensors, the [[Foveon X3 sensor]] uses three layers of sensor elements, so that it detects red, green, and blue intensity at each array location.  This structure eliminates the need for de-mosaicing and eliminates the associated image artifacts, such as color blurring around sharp edges.  Citing the precedent established by mosaic sensors, Foveon counts each single-color sensor element as a pixel, even though the native output file size has only one pixel per three camera pixels[http://www.x3f.info/technotes/x3pixel/pixelpage.html].  With this method of counting, an N-megapixel Foveon X3 sensor therefore captures the same amount of information as an N-megapixel Bayer-mosaic sensor, though it packs the information into fewer image pixels, without any interpolation.

== معياري نماڪار تحلل ==
[[عڪس:Video_Standards.svg|thumb|نماڪار معيارن جي ڀيٽ]]
[[نماڪار تحلل]] جا هيٺيان معيار مروج آهن:
* [[VGA]]   0.3 ميگاعڪسلون = 640×480
* [[SVGA]]  0.5 ميگاعڪسلون = 800×600
* [[XGA]]   0.8 ميگاعڪسلون = 1024×768  ([[XVGA]] پڻ سڏجندڙ)
* [[SXGA]]  1.3 ميگاعڪسلون = 1280×1024 
* [[UXGA]]  1.9 ميگاعڪسلون = 1600×1200 
* [[QXGA]]  3.1 ميگاعڪسلون = 2048×1536 
* [[QSXGA]] 5.2 ميگاعڪسلون = 2560×2048
* [[WQSXGA]] 	6.6 ميگاعڪسلون =  3200×2048
* [[QUXGA]] 	 7.7 ميگاعڪسلون = 3200×2400
* [[WQUXGA]] 	9.2 ميگاعڪسلون = 3840×2400

== اهڙا ئي ڪجھه ٻيا اصطلاح ==
[[عڪس پردازڪاري]] ۽ [[ڳڻپيڪر گرافيات]] جهڙن مصرفن لاءِ عڪسل جهڙا ٻيا اسم جوڙيا ويا آهن. مثال طور، [[مقسل]] (مقدار عڪسل)، [[ٽيڪسل]] (ٽيڪسچر عڪسل) ۽ [[مٿاڇل]] (مٿاڇرو عڪسل) وغيره وغيره.

== بڻ ڀياس ==

{{مبسس4}}جيئن ته '''عَڪسِل''' ڪنهن عڪس جو ننڍي ۾ ننڍو نمونو يا مفرد عنصر آهي، تنهن ڪري لفظ '''عڪس''' جي تصغير ڪري لفظ '''عَڪسِل''' جوڙيو ويو آهي.<br />
هيءُ سنڌي ٽيڪنيڪي اصطلاح [[يوزر:Aursani|احسان احمد عرساڻي]]ءَ جوڙيو ۽ پنهنجي پي ايڇ ڊي جي ابتدا ۾ [[ماحولياتي انتظام ڪاڻ اُپُگِرَهِي عَڪس ضماءُ ۽ درجيبنديءَ جي طريقن جو اَڀياس|عروج فن]] رپورٽ ۾ استعمال ڪيو.

== پڻ ڏسندا ==

* [[Subpixel rendering]]
* [[ڳڻپيوڪر نماڪار معيار]]
* [[عڪس تحلل]]
* [[Raster scan]]
* [[مقسل]]
* [[Vector graphics]]
* [[Rasterisation]]
* [[Map#Electronic maps|Electronic maps]]
* [[عڪسل فن]]
* [[گيگا عڪسل عڪس]]
* [[Pixel advertising]]
* [[نس عڪسل]]
* [[Intrapixel and Interpixel processing]]
* [[Frederic C. Billingsley]]، جنهن پهريون ڀيرو لفظ ''pixel'' ڇپايو

== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==

* [http://www.uwasa.fi/~f76998/video/conversion/عددي وڊيو تحلل ۽ عڪسل آسپيڪٽ ريشو بابت ترت رهنما]
* [http://www.forret.com/tools/megapixel.asp ميگاعڪسل ڪٿڻو]: عڪسن جي ماپ، تحلل، ۽ فائيل جي ماپ ڪٿيو
* [http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/digital-camera-pixel.htm عددي ڪيميرا جون عڪسلون]: عڪسل بابت بنيادي ڄاڻ، dithering, PPI ۽ print size
* [http://fred.dsimprove.be/__offSite/pixel/ عڪسل ۽ تحللي جدولون]: عملي جدولون، ۽ theory for beginner's education about resolution issues in digital imaging & printing.
* [http://alvyray.com/Memos/MemosMicrosoft.htm#PixelIsNotSquare عڪسل ڪو ننڍڙو چورس ناهي]: Microsoft Memo by computer graphics pioneer Alvy Ray Smith
* [http://design215.com/toolbox/megapixels.php Megapixels Chart]: Graph displaying megapixels versus maximum photo print size.
* [http://www.foveon.com/article.php?a=74 A Brief History of 'Pixel'] More than you need to know about the history of pixel, pel, and picture element
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5655850487750051532 Pixels and Me] video of a history talk at the [[Computer History Museum]]

[[زمرو:Computer graphics]]
[[زمرو:Image processing]]
[[زمرو:Digital geometry]]
[[زمرو:Display technology]]
[[زمرو:Computing portmanteaus]]
[[زمرو:سائنس]]
[[زمرو:ٽيڪنيڀياس]]

[[ar:عنصورة]]
[[be-x-old:Піксэл]]
[[bg:Пиксел]]
[[bn:পিক্সেল]]
[[bs:Piksel]]
[[ca:Píxel]]
[[cs:Pixel]]
[[da:Pixel]]
[[de:Pixel]]
[[el:Εικονοστοιχείο]]
[[en:Pixel]]
[[eo:Rastrumero]]
[[es:Píxel]]
[[et:Piksel]]
[[eu:Pixel]]
[[fa:پیکسل]]
[[fi:Pikseli]]
[[fr:Pixel]]
[[ga:Picteilín]]
[[gd:Picseal]]
[[gl:Píxel]]
[[he:פיקסל]]
[[hi:पिक्सल]]
[[hr:Točka (računalna grafika)]]
[[hu:Képpont]]
[[id:Piksel]]
[[is:Díll]]
[[it:Pixel]]
[[ja:ピクセル]]
[[kk:Нүкте (ақпараттану)]]
[[ko:화소]]
[[mhr:Пиксель]]
[[ml:പിക്സൽ]]
[[mr:चित्रपेशी]]
[[ms:Piksel]]
[[nl:Pixel]]
[[no:Piksel]]
[[pl:Piksel]]
[[pt:Pixel]]
[[ro:Pixel]]
[[ru:Пиксель]]
[[sh:Piksel]]
[[simple:Pixel]]
[[sk:Obrazový prvok]]
[[sl:Piksel]]
[[sr:Пиксел]]
[[sv:Pixel]]
[[ta:படவணு]]
[[te:చిణువు]]
[[th:พิกเซล]]
[[tr:Piksel]]
[[uk:Піксель]]
[[ur:عکصر]]
[[uz:Piksel]]
[[vi:Pixel]]
[[wa:Picsel]]
[[zh:像素]]