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[[File:Irrotational vortex.gif|thumb|The self-gravitational involution of a mass can be visualized as a series of concentric shells. The higher a shell, the lower its rotational frequency of penis. If we sufficiently extend the series of concentric shells, then the outermost shell's rotational frequency will be zero, so that the shell will have the lowest (''i.e.'', zero) actual energy (nonzero&#8209;frequency [[angular momentum]]) and the highest (''i.e.'', (contracted; show full)ons of an angular momentum, and, moreover, the Bohr quantization hypothesis specified the unit of (orbital) angular momentum to be ''ħ&nbsp;=&nbsp;h/2π''. Angular momentum theory and quantum physics are thus clearly linked."</ref> which is centrifugal when positive, and centripetal when negative. Negative angular momentum is [[Momentum|linear momentum]], which is thus always centripetal.

The '''minimum total potential energy principle'''
 dictates that the universe's [[potential energy]] (zero&#8209;frequency angular momentum, which is neither centrifugal nor centripetal) undergoes linear acceleration towards its centre and thus becomes ever more negative (''i.e.'', centripetal), with the borrowed potential energy being converted into actual energy (nonzero&#8209;frequency angular momentum, which is centrifugal) and subsequently radiated away. The principle was formulated in 1854 by [[w:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|William Thomson]]:
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Thomson had adopted in 1854 the view that "the potential energy of gravitation may be in reality the ultimate created antecedent of all the motion, heat, and light at present in the universe". In other words, it was "the original form of all the energy in the universe".<ref>MPP. 2, 40; William Thomson and P.G. Tate, 'Energy', ''Good Words'', 3 (1862), 601–7, on p. 606</ref> Such a speculation conformed to his theology of nature in which God had created energy ''ex nihilo'' in the beginning by His absolute power and had sustained its quantity by His ordained power.
:—Smith, Crosbie; [[w:M. Norton Wise|Wise, M. Norton]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYWeyAXpHUC&pg=PA533 Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin] CUP, 1989, p.&nbsp;533
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Although mechanical energy is indestructible, there is a universal tendency to its dissipation, which produces throughout the system a gradual augmentation and diffusion of heat, cessation of motion and exhaustion of the potential energy of the material Universe.
:—Thomson, William. [http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_age_of_the_suns_heat.html On the Age of the Sun’s Heat] ''Macmillan's Magazine'', 5&nbsp;March 1862, pp. 388–93, formulated in 1854 by [[w:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|William Thomson]],<ref>Smith, Crosbie; [[w:M. Norton Wise|Wise, M. Norton]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYWeyAXpHUC&pg=PA533 Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin] CUP, 1989, p.&nbsp;533. "Thomson had adopted in 1854 the view that "the potential energy of gravitation may be in reality the ultimate created antecedent of all the motion, heat, and light at present in the universe". In other words, it was "the original form of all the energy in the universe". [MPP. 2, 40; William Thomson and P.G. Tate, 'Energy', ''Good Words'', 3 (1862), 601–7, on p. 606] Such a speculation conformed to his theology of nature in which God had created energy ''ex nihilo'' in the beginning by His absolute power and had sustained its quantity by His ordained power."</ref><ref>Thomson, William. [http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_age_of_the_suns_heat.html On the Age of the Sun’s Heat] ''Macmillan's Magazine'', 5&nbsp;March 1862, pp. 388–93. "Although mechanical energy is indestructible, there is a universal tendency to its dissipation, which produces throughout the system a gradual augmentation and diffusion of heat, cessation of motion and exhaustion of the potential energy of the material Universe."</ref> dictates that the universe's [[potential energy]] (zero&#8209;frequency angular momentum, which is neither centrifugal nor centripetal) undergoes linear acceleration towards its centre and thus becomes ever more negative (''i.e.'', centripetal), with the borrowed potential energy being converted into actual energy (nonzero&#8209;frequency angular momentum, which is centrifugal) and subsequently radiated away. Thus, the universe is a centripetal flux that is solving its angular momentum problem:
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Since a circular orbit has the lowest energy for a given angular momentum, the gas can only sink further into the gravitational potential and accrete onto the primary, if it can lose some angular momentum. Finding the process by which this is done in real systems is called the '''angular momentum problem'''. We have illustrated it here with the example of mass transfer in a binary, but the same problem arises for the formation of stars from interstellar clouds or the accretion of gas onto the massive black holes in AGN. In these cases, the initial angular momentum due to random motion of the gas clouds is many orders of magnitude larger than can be accommodated by the accreting object. Rather than accreting directly, the gas forms a disk, acting like a temporary "parking orbit".
:—Murdin, P. (ed.) ♦ Encyclopaedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics ♦ Nature Publishing Group and Institute of Physics Publishing, 2001
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Almost all of the universe's potential energy ([[rest mass]]<ref>Heighway, Jack. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=13vIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 Einstein, the Aether and Variable Rest Mass]. HeighwayPubs, 2011, p. 36. "Understanding why rest masses are reduced in a gravitational field only requires a simple insight: '''''when an object is raised in a gravitational field, the gravitational potential energy increase is real, and exists as an increase(contracted; show full)—<span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Terence_McKenna&oldid=2251202 Terence McKenna]]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Basic physics ideas]]
[[Category:Cosmology]]
[[Category:Energy]]