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[[File:Irrotational vortex.gif|thumb|The self-gravitational involution of a mass can be visualized as a series of concentric shells. The higher a shell, the lower its rotational frequency. If we sufficiently extend the series of concentric shells, then the outermost shell's rotational frequency will be zero, so that the shell will have the lowest (''i.e.'', zero) actual energy (''E'' = [[w:Planck constant|''h'']][[w:frequency(contracted; show full) higher temperature in order to withstand it. At the same time, the relative expansion of the ambient vacuum makes the radiated actual energy colder, so that the hotter particle cannot reabsorb the colder radiated actual energy from the ambient vacuum. This makes the radiational loss of energy irreversible. Morever, the higher temperature of the retained actual energy accelerates the radiational loss of the latter and thus accelerates the particle's further self‑gravitational condensation.


So, the universe is a centripetal flux that is solving its '''angular momentum problem''' by condensing its zero‑frequency angular momentum (potential energy) into nonzero‑frequency angular momentum (actual energy), and radiating the latter away into the relatively expanding ambient vacuum:
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Since a circular orbit has the lowest energy for a given angular momentum, the gas can only sink further into the gravitational potential and accrete onto the primary, if it can lose some angular momentum. Finding the process by which this is done in real systems is called the '''angular momentum problem'''. We have illustrated it here with the example of mass transfer in a binary, but the same problem arises for the formation of stars from interstellar clouds or the accretion of gas onto the massive black holes in AGN. In these cases, the initial angular momentum due to random motion of the gas clouds is many orders of magnitude larger than can be accommodated by the accreting object. Rather than accreting directly, the gas forms a disk, acting like a temporary "parking orbit".
:—Murdin, P. (ed.) ♦ Encyclopaedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics ♦ Nature Publishing Group and Institute of Physics Publishing, 2001
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All potential energy is gravitational; other types of potential energy are temporary masks of gravity.<ref>[[w:Frank Shu|Shu, Frank H.]] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA157 The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy]. University Science Books, 1982, p. 157. "'''Concluding Philosophical Comment.'''<br>Zeldovich and Novikov have made the following intriguing philosophical point about the picture of the formation of a neutron st(contracted; show full)it+accelerates+itself+and+the+kinetic+energy+would+tend+to+minus+infinity%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij59KogeTOAhXxa5oKHZceDzUQ6AEIFDAA ''Hadronic Journal Supplement'']. Vol. 14, Hadronic Press, 1999, p. 359. "Unfortunately a negative mass, with negative total energy, has a negative inertia so that it accelerates itself and the kinetic energy would tend to minus infinity."</ref> and, in accordance with relativity theory, exerts its attraction from the future.


Thus, the universe is a centripetal flux that is solving its '''angular momentum problem''' by condensing its zero&#8209;frequency angular momentum (potential energy) into nonzero&#8209;frequency angular momentum (actual energy), and radiating the latter away into the relatively expanding ambient vacuum:
<blockquote>
Since a circular orbit has the lowest energy for a given angular momentum, the gas can only sink further into the gravitational potential and accrete onto the primary, if it can lose some angular momentum. Finding the process by which this is done in real systems is called the '''angular momentum problem'''. We have illustrated it here with the example of mass transfer in a binary, but the same problem arises for the formation of stars from interstellar clouds or the accretion of gas onto the massive black holes in AGN. In these cases, the initial angular momentum due to random motion of the gas clouds is many orders of magnitude larger than can be accommodated by the accreting object. Rather than accreting directly, the gas forms a disk, acting like a temporary "parking orbit".
:—Murdin, P. (ed.) ♦ Encyclopaedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics ♦ Nature Publishing Group and Institute of Physics Publishing, 2001
</blockquote>⏎
Almost all of the universe's potential energy ([[rest mass]]<ref name="RestMass">Heighway, Jack. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=13vIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 Einstein, the Aether and Variable Rest Mass]. HeighwayPubs, 2011, p. 36. "Understanding why rest masses are reduced in a gravitational field only requires a simple insight: '''''when an object is raised in a gravitational field, the gravitational potential energy increase is real, and exists as an inc(contracted; show full)—<span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Terence_McKenna&oldid=2251202 Terence McKenna]]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Basic physics ideas]]
[[Category:Cosmology]]
[[Category:Energy]]