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[[File:Irrotational vortex.gif|thumb|[[Potential energy]] is [[rest mass]].<ref name="RestMass"/> The self-gravitational involution of a rest mass can be visualized as a series of concentric shells. The higher a shell, the lower its rotational frequency. If we sufficiently extend the series of concentric shells, then the outermost shell's rotational frequency will be zero, so that the shell will have the lowest (''i.e.'', zero) actual energy (''E''(contracted; show full)s temperature increases. The rate at which the self-gravitationally shrinking proton radiates away its heat is directly proportional to the proton's surface area and to the fourth power of the proton's temperature (the [[Stefan–Boltzmann law]]). When the proton's radius decreases tenfold, the proton's surface area decreases one-hundred-fold, while the proton's absolute temperature increases tenfold, so that the rate of energy loss and consequently the rate of the proton's self
-&#8209;gravitational shrinkage increases by a factor of one hundred.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fpM5AQAAMAAJ&q=%22Therefore+when+a+gaseous+sphere+shrinks+to+half+its+radius+its+absolute+temperature+is+doubled%22&dq=%22Therefore+when+a+gaseous+sphere+shrinks+to+half+its+radius+its+absolute+temperature+is+doubled%22&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y ''The Nation and Athenaeum'']. Vol. 29, 1921, p. 335. "Now, imagine the sphere to contract until its radius is halv(contracted; show full)mperature. Now, since the radius of the sphere is halved the density has increased eight times, for the volume varies as the cube of the radius. From this cause alone, then, the elastic force is eight times what it was; but for equilibrium it must be sixteen times what it was. This can only happen by doubling the other factor, viz., the absolute temperature. Therefore '''when a gaseous sphere shrinks to half its radius its absolute temperature is doubled'''."</ref> 
In addition, when the proton's radius shrinks tenfold, the amount of the proton's potential energy decreases tenfold, so that the next tenfold decrease in the proton's radius will generate only one tenth of the amount of collapse&#8209;impeding actual energy generated by the preceding tenfold decrease. Therefore, '''when the proton's radius shrinks tenfold, the speed of the proton's self&#8209;gravitational shrinkage increases a thousandfold'''.⏎
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The ultimate fate of the universe is described by [[w:Arthur Eddington|Arthur Eddington]]:
<blockquote>
<p>All change is relative. The universe is expanding relatively to our common material standards; our material standards are shrinking relatively to the size of the universe. The theory of the "expanding universe" might also be called the theory of the "shrinking atom". <...></p>
(contracted; show full)*[[Heat death of the universe]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Basic physics ideas]]
[[Category:Cosmology]]
[[Category:Energy]]