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[[File:Irrotational vortex.gif|thumb|[[Potential energy]] is [[rest mass]].<ref name="RestMass"/> The self-gravitational involution of a rest mass can be visualized as a series of concentric shells. The higher a shell, the lower its rotational frequency. If we sufficiently extend the series of concentric shells, then the outermost shell's rotational frequency will be zero, so that the shell will have the lowest (''i.e.'', zero) actual energy (''E''(contracted; show full)that the potential energy of every proton is maximal (''i.e.'', zero), while the actual energy of every proton is minimal (''i.e.'', zero). Such protons have enormously big radii and fill the entire volume of the continuum without any gaps of negative-energy vacuum between them. The minimum total potential energy principle dictates that the continuum's protons begin their gravitational involution from such a state of maximal potential energy:
<blockquote>

'''Accordingly the primordial state of things which I picture is an even distribution of protons and electrons, extremely diffuse and filling all (spherical) space, remaining nearly balanced for an exceedingly long time until its inherent instability prevails.''' We shall see later that the density of this distribution can be calculated; it was about one proton and electron per litre. There is no hurry for anything to begin to happen. But at last small irregular tendencies accumulate, and evolution gets under way. The first stage is the formation of condensations ultimately to become the galaxies; this, as we have seen, started off an expansion, which then automatically increased in speed until it is now manifested to us in the recession of the spiral nebulae.
(contracted; show full)*[[Heat death of the universe]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Basic physics ideas]]
[[Category:Cosmology]]
[[Category:Energy]]