Difference between revisions 5704935 and 5704954 on simplewiki

The '''minimum total potential energy principle''' dictates that the continuum's [[potential energy]] becomes ever more negative.<ref name = "PotEnIsNeg">[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/phase.html#c4 Why is the Potential Energy Negative?] ''HyperPhysics''</ref>

Almost all of the continuum's potential energy ([[rest mass]]<ref name="RestMass">Heighway, Jack. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=13vIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 Einstein, the Aether and Variable Rest Mass]. HeighwayPubs, 2011, p. 36. "Understanding why rest masses are reduced in a gravitational field only requires a simple insight: '''''when an object is raised in a gravitational field, the gravitational potential energy increase is real, and exists as an increase, usually tiny, in the rest mass of the object.'''''"</ref>) exists in the form of protons (a neutron is a proton that has captured an electron; outside the nucleus, a free neutron is unstable and has a mean lifetime of 881.5±1.5 s, after which it releases the captured electron and becomes a proton again). The minimum total potential energy principle applies both to a single proton and to multiple protons: every proton is being accelerated towards its own centre and towards the continuum's central proton.

The continuum's negative potential energy is a single irrotationally [[wiktionary:radial#Adjective|radial]] ("electric") flux of the vacuum,<ref name="Ziegler">Ziegler, Franz. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jREXB1HDDv0C&pg=PA167&dq=%22Force+in+such+a+potential+field+is+a+flux+in+the+sense+of+a+mechanical+driving+agent%22&hl=en&ei=8qbfTcaWDYWeOuuFgf8J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 Mechanics of Solids and Fluids]. Springer, 1995, p. 167. "Force in such a potential field is a ''flux'' in the sense of a mechanical driving agent."</ref><ref name="Volovik">Volovik, G. E. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cbngYQWAiDEC&pg=PA60&dq=%22The+non-viscous+flow+of+the+vacuum+should+be+potential+%28irrotational%29%22&hl=en&ei=hA6VTs-vH82XOuax5KoH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 The Universe in a Helium Droplet]. OUP, 2003, p. 60. "The non-viscous flow of the vacuum should be potential (irrotational)."</ref> flowing to the centre of each proton and then to the continuum's central proton.

All potential energy is gravitoelectric;<ref name="GravitoelecField">Grøn, Øyvind; Hervik, Sigbjørn. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IyJhCHAryuUC&pg=PA201&dq=%22%CF%86+is+the+Newtonian+or+gravitoelectric+potential%22&hl=en&ei=jzzmTaS-HYPTsgaZ4rmfCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 Einstein's General Theory of Relativity with Modern Applications in Cosmology]. Springer, 2007, pp. 201, 203. "''φ'' is the Newtonian or 'gravitoelectric' potential: ''φ'' = −''Gm''/''r''. ... In the Newtonian theory there will not be any gravitomagnetic effects; the Newtonian potential is the same irrespective of whether or not the body is rotating. Hence the gravitomagnetic field is a purely relativistic effect. The gravitoelectric field is the Newtonian part of the gravitational field, while the gravitomagnetic field is the non-Newtonian part."</ref> other types of potential energy are temporary masks of the gravitoelectric potential energy.<ref>[[w:Frank Shu|Shu, Frank H.]] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA157 The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy]. University Science Books, 1982, p. 157.<br> "'''Concluding Philosophical Comment.'''<br>Zeldovich and Novikov have made the following intriguing philosophical point about the picture of the formation of a neutron star sketched here. They note that stars begin their lives as a mixture mostly of hydrogen nuclei and their stripped electrons. During a massive star's luminous phase, the protons are combined by a variety of complicated reactions into heavier and heavier elements. The nuclear binding energy released this way ultimately provides entertainment and employment for astronomers. In the end, however, the supernova process serves to undo most of this nuclear evolution. In the end, the core forms a mass of neutrons. Now, the final state, neutrons, contains less nuclear binding energy than the initial state, protons, and electrons. So where did all the energy come from when the star was shining all those millions of years? Where did the energy come from to produce the sound and the fury which is a supernova explosion? Energy is conserved; who paid the debts at the end? Answer: gravity! The gravitational potential energy of the final neutron star is much greater (negatively; that's the '''debt''') than the gravitational potential energy of the corresponding main-sequence star (Problem 8.7). So, despite all the intervening interesting nuclear physics, ultimately Kelvin and Helmholtz were right after all! The ultimate energy source in the stars which produce the greatest amount of energy is gravity power. This is an important moral worth remembering and savoring. If we regard the neutron star as one gigantic atomic nucleus, we may also say that nuclear processes plus gravity have succeeded in converting many atomic nuclei into one nucleus. Problem 8.7 then shows that '''the ultimate energy source for the entire output of the star is the relativistic binding energy of the final end state'''."</ref> Because of the [[mass-energy equivalence]], negative potential energy has a negative [[Mass#Inertial mass|inertial mass]] (''i.e.'', a negative resistance to acceleration), so that it self-accelerates to an infinite speed,<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3fAWAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Unfortunately+a+negative+mass,++with+negative+total+energy,+has+a+negative+inertia+so+that+it+accelerates+itself+and+the+kinetic+energy+would+tend+to+minus+infinity%22&dq=%22Unfortunately+a+negative+mass,++with+negative+total+energy,+has+a+negative+inertia+so+that+it+accelerates+itself+and+the+kinetic+energy+would+tend+to+minus+infinity%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij59KogeTOAhXxa5oKHZceDzUQ6AEIFDAA ''Hadronic Journal Supplement'']. Vol. 14, Hadronic Press, 1999, p. 359. "Unfortunately a negative mass, with negative total energy, has a negative inertia so that it accelerates itself and the kinetic energy would tend to minus infinity."</ref> and, in accordance with relativity theory, exerts its attraction from the futul potential energy is gravitoelectric;<ref name="GravitoelecField">Grøn, Øyvind; Hervik, Sigbjørn. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IyJhCHAryuUC&pg=PA201&dq=%22%CF%86+is+the+Newtonian+or+gravitoelectric+potential%22&hl=en&ei=jzzmTaS-HYPTsgaZ4rmfCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 Einstein's General Theory of Relativity with Modern Applications in Cosmology]. Springer, 2007, pp. 201, 203. "''φ'' is the Newtonian or 'gravitoelectric' potential: ''φ'' = −''Gm''/''r''. ... In the Newtonian theory there will not be any gravitomagnetic effects; the Newtonian potential is the same irrespective of whether or not the body is rotating. Hence the gravitomagnetic field is a purely relativistic effect. The gravitoelectric field is the Newtonian part of the gravitational field, while the gravitomagnetic field is the non-Newtonian part."</ref> other types of potential energy are temporary masks of the gravitoelectric potential energy.<ref>[[w:Frank Shu|Shu, Frank H.]] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA157 The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy]. University Science Books, 1982, p. 157.<br> "'''Concluding Philosophical Comment.'''<br>Zeldovich and Novikov have made the following intriguing philosophical point about the picture of the formation of a neutron star sketched here. They note that stars begin their lives as a mixture mostly of hydrogen nuclei and their stripped electrons. During a massive star's luminous phase, the protons are combined by a variety of complicated reactions into heavier and heavier elements. The nuclear binding energy released this way ultimately provides entertainment and employment for astronomers. In the end, however, the supernova process serves to undo most of this nuclear evolution. In the end, the core forms a mass of neutrons. Now, the final state, neutrons, contains less nuclear binding energy than the initial state, protons, and electrons. So where did all the energy come from when the star was shining all those millions of years? Where did the energy come from to produce the sound and the fury which is a supernova explosion? Energy is conserved; who paid the debts at the end? Answer: gravity! The gravitational potential energy of the final neutron star is much greater (negatively; that's the '''debt''') than the gravitational potential energy of the corresponding main-sequence star (Problem 8.7). So, despite all the intervening interesting nuclear physics, ultimately Kelvin and Helmholtz were right after all! The ultimate energy source in the stars which produce the greatest amount of energy is gravity power. This is an important moral worth remembering and savoring. If we regard the neutron star as one gigantic atomic nucleus, we may also say that nuclear processes plus gravity have succeeded in converting many atomic nuclei into one nucleus. Problem 8.7 then shows that '''the ultimate energy source for the entire output of the star is the relativistic binding energy of the final end state'''."</ref> Almost all of the continuum's potential energy ([[rest mass]]<ref name="RestMass">Heighway, Jack. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=13vIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 Einstein, the Aether and Variable Rest Mass]. HeighwayPubs, 2011, p. 36. "Understanding why rest masses are reduced in a gravitational field only requires a simple insight: '''''when an object is raised in a gravitational field, the gravitational potential energy increase is real, and exists as an increase, usually tiny, in the rest mass of the object.'''''"</ref>) exists in the form of protons (a neutron is a proton that has captured an electron; outside the nucleus, a free neutron is unstable and has a mean lifetime of 881.5±1.5 s, after which it releases the captured electron and becomes a proton again). The minimum total potential energy principle applies both to a single proton and to multiple protons: every proton is being accelerated towards its own centre and towards the continuum's central proton.

The continuum's negative potential energy is a single irrotationally [[wiktionary:radial#Adjective|radial]] ("gravitoelectric") flux of the vacuum,<ref name="Ziegler">Ziegler, Franz. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jREXB1HDDv0C&pg=PA167&dq=%22Force+in+such+a+potential+field+is+a+flux+in+the+sense+of+a+mechanical+driving+agent%22&hl=en&ei=8qbfTcaWDYWeOuuFgf8J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 Mechanics of Solids and Fluids]. Springer, 1995, p. 167. "Force in such a potential field is a ''flux'' in the sense of a mechanical driving agent."</ref><ref name="Volovik">Volovik, G. E. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cbngYQWAiDEC&pg=PA60&dq=%22The+non-viscous+flow+of+the+vacuum+should+be+potential+%28irrotational%29%22&hl=en&ei=hA6VTs-vH82XOuax5KoH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 The Universe in a Helium Droplet]. OUP, 2003, p. 60. "The non-viscous flow of the vacuum should be potential (irrotational)."</ref> flowing to the centre of each proton and then to the continuum's central proton. Because of the [[mass-energy equivalence]], negative potential energy has a negative [[Mass#Inertial mass|inertial mass]] (''i.e.'', a negative resistance to acceleration), so that it self-accelerates to an infinite speed,<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3fAWAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Unfortunately+a+negative+mass,++with+negative+total+energy,+has+a+negative+inertia+so+that+it+accelerates+itself+and+the+kinetic+energy+would+tend+to+minus+infinity%22&dq=%22Unfortunately+a+negative+mass,++with+negative+total+energy,+has+a+negative+inertia+so+that+it+accelerates+itself+and+the+kinetic+energy+would+tend+to+minus+infinity%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij59KogeTOAhXxa5oKHZceDzUQ6AEIFDAA ''Hadronic Journal Supplement'']. Vol. 14, Hadronic Press, 1999, p. 359. "Unfortunately a negative mass, with negative total energy, has a negative inertia so that it accelerates itself and the kinetic energy would tend to minus infinity."</ref> and, in accordance with relativity theory, exerts its attraction from the future. Thus the continuum's central proton initiates the entire gravitoelectric flux.

In the beginning of the continuum's 13.8&#8209;billion&#8209;year gravitational cycle, the gravitoelectric fields of uniformly distributed protons cancel each other, so that the resultant gravitoelectric flux is zero. The continuum's central proton breaks the uniformity of protons' spatial distribution and thus creates a gravitoelectric flux towards the central proton's centre.

[[File:Dendritic drainage system.jpg|thumb|center|350px|<p>As the [[Gravitational constant|hierarchicity factor (''G'')]] increases,<ref name="HierarchFactor"/> so does the gravitoelectrical<ref name="GravitoelecField"/> suction exerted by the central proton. Consequently, a [[w:Electrical treeing|gravitoelectrical tree]] grows from the central proton and spreads outwards like a [[w:Mycelium|mycelium]], attaching its wormhole [[w:Hypha|hyphae]] (contracted; show full)*[[Heat death of the universe]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Basic physics ideas]]
[[Category:Cosmology]]
[[Category:Energy]]