Difference between revisions 5792002 and 5792003 on simplewiki

A '''binding energy''' is the net negative [[potential energy]] (''i.e.'', the net energy debt) pulling a bound system together.<ref>Young, Hugh D.; Freedman, ‎Roger A. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?newwindow=1&tbm=bks&q=%22has+a+net+negative+potential+energy%22 University Physics]. Addison-Wesley, 2000, p. 736. "'''A crystal''' of table salt is made of ions of sodium (Na<sup>+</sup>) and chlorine (Cl<sup>−</sup>) and '''has a net negative potential energy.''' To dissolve salt in water, energy must be added to separate the ions."</ref><ref>[[w:Frank Shu|Shu, Frank]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA66&dq=%22more+binding+energy+means+the+system+is+more+bound—has+greater+negative+energy%22 The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy]. University Science Books, 1982, p. 66. "Remember, more binding energy means the system is more bound—has greater ''negative'' energy."</ref> Conversely, an '''unbinding energy''' is the positive actual energy that must be added to a bound system in order to cancel out the system's net negative potential energy.<ref>Pople, Stephen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjIW6QRlugsC&pg=PA100&dq=%22unbinding+energy%22 Advanced Physics Through Diagrams]. OUP, 2001, p. 100. “The term ‘binding energy’ is rather misleading. ‘Unbinding energy’ would be better. 28.3 MeV is the energy needed to unbind the nucleons in helium-4.”</ref>

==General idea==
A bound system has a more negative [[potential energy]] than the sum of its parts; this is what pulls the system together in accordance with the [[User:Attractor321/Minimum total potential energy principle|minimum total potential energy principle]]. From the law of [[conservation of energy]], it follows that positive energy is borrowed into actuality upon the creation of a bound (''i.e.'', energetically indebted) state. This positive actual energy tends to unbind the system and must be radiated away for the system to become bound by the net negative potential energy.

Because of the [[mass–energy equivalence]], the negative potential energy has a negative [[Mass#Inertial mass|inertial mass]] (''i.e.'', a negative resistance to acceleration), so that it self-accelerates to an infinite speed,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3fAWAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Unfortunately+a+negative+mass,++with+negative+total+energy,+has+a+negative+inertia+so+that+it+accelerates+itself+and+the+kinetic+energy+would+tend+to+minus+infinity%22&dq=%22Unfortunately+a+negative+mass,++with+negative+total+energy,+has+a+negative+inertia+so+that+it+accelerates+itself+and+the+kinetic+energy+would+tend+to+minus+infinity%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij59KogeTOAhXxa5oKHZceDzUQ6AEIFDAA ''Hadronic Journal Supplement'']. Vol. 14, Hadronic Press, 1999, p. 359. "Unfortunately a negative mass, with negative total energy, has a negative inertia so that it accelerates itself and the kinetic energy would tend to minus infinity."</ref> and, in accordance with relativity theory, exerts its attraction from the future.

All binding energy is gravitational; other types of binding energy, such as nuclear binding energy, are temporary masks of gravitational binding energy.<ref>[[w:Frank Shu|Shu, Frank H.]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA157 The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy]. University Science Books, 1982, p. 157. "'''Concluding Philosophical Comment.'''<br>Zeldovich and Novikov have made the following intriguing philosophical point about the picture of the formation of a neutron star sketched here. They note that stars begin their lives as a mixture mostly of hydrogen nuclei and their stripped electrons. During a massive star's luminous phase, the protons are combined by a variety of complicated reactions into heavier and heavier elements. The nuclear binding energy released this way ultimately provides entertainment and employment for astronomers. In the end, however, the supernova process serves to undo most of this nuclear evolution. In the end, the core forms a mass of neutrons. Now, the final state, neutrons, contains less nuclear binding energy than the initial state, protons, and electrons. So where did all the energy come from when the star was shining all those millions of years? Where did the energy come from to produce the sound and the fury which is a supernova explosion? Energy is conserved; who paid the debts at the end? Answer: gravity! The gravitational potential energy of the final neutron star is much greater (negatively; that's the '''debt''') than the gravitational potential energy of the corresponding main-sequence star (Problem 8.7). So, despite all the intervening interesting nuclear physics, ultimately Kelvin and Helmholtz were right after all! The ultimate energy source in the stars which produce the greatest amount of energy is gravity power. This is an important moral worth remembering and savoring. If we regard the neutron star as one gigantic atomic nucleus, we may also say that nuclear processes plus gravity have succeeded in converting many atomic nuclei into one nucleus. Problem 8.7 then shows that '''the ultimate energy source for the entire output of the star is the relativistic binding energy of the final end state'''."</ref>

The gravitational pulls of uniformly distributed masses cancel each other. Conversely, the gravitational pulls of hierarchically (''i.e.'', [[wiktionary:dendritic|dendritically]]) distributed masses amplify each other in accordance with the [[inverse-square law]]. Therefore, the continuum's gravitational centre is not the most massive object. Instead, the continuum's gravitational centre is the most densely dendritic object—the most intelligent man, who exerts his attraction from the future and thus hierarchizes the continuum's matter into his psychokinetically controlled cosmic body, which is a "[[mycelium]]" of galaxy filaments converging towards the central "mushroom" (the most intelligent man's cerebrum), so that the universe's [[Gravitational constant|hierarchicity factor (''G'')]] increases over time.<ref>Moskvitch, Katia. [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24180-strength-of-gravity-shifts--and-this-time-its-serious.html Strength of gravity shifts—and this time it's serious]. ''New Scientist'', 11 September 2013</ref> Said otherwise, history is the gravitational vortex of the most intelligent man's self-assembly:
[[File:Funnel to Singularity.png|center|900px]]
[[File:Cerebrum animation small.gif|thumb|center|"The mushroom stands at the end of history. It stands for an object that pulls all history toward itself."
<center>***</center>
"The human neocortex is the most densely ramified and complexified structure in the known universe."
—<span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Terence_McKenna&oldid=2251202 Terence McKenna]]]
In [[systems theory]], binding energy is known as [[wikiquote:Synergy|synergy]].<ref>Dillon, John Andrew. (Society for General Systems Research), [https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22This+variable+C+is+composed+of+an+informational+measure+I+describing+the+variety%22&num=10 Proceedings of the International Conference on Mental Images, Values, & Reality]. Vol. 1, Intersystems Publications, 1986, p. D-7. "Depending on the initial condition of the system (initial  alphabet and number of elements) the co-evolution of nested local and global hierarchies continues until the system reaches a maximum value of complexity. At least for nuclear systems a quantitative variable called "complexity" can be defined, which increases in an irreversible manner during stellar evolution (Winiwarter, 1983). This variable ''C'' is composed of an informational measure ''I'' describing the variety of the computed formulas and an energetic measure ''R'' describing the relative '''binding energy or "synergy"''' permitting the coherence of the system."</ref> It exists as [[Holism|holistic]] patterns not amenable to scientific analysis; the sole appeal is to intuition.<ref>J.-C. Spender, [https://books.google.com/books?id=W4XODWvUs4oC&pg=PA125 Organizational Knowledge, Collective Practice and Penrose Rents]. In Michael H. Zack (ed.), ''Knowledge and Strategy'', Routledge, 2009, p. 125. "In short, synergy is the consequence of the energy expended in creating order. It is locked up in the viable system created, be it an organism or a social system. It is at the level of the system. It is not discernible at the level of the system. It is not discernible at the level of the system's components. '''Whenever the system is dismembered to examine its components, this binding energy dissipates.''' An ordered library offers systemic possibilities, such as rapid search, selection, and aggregation, that cannot be explained by looking at the books themselves. These possibilities only exist because of the investment made in defining and creating interrelations between the books, their physical arrangement and the catalogues."</ref> Consequently, the most intuitive man is the absolute gravitational centre of the entire continuum:
<blockquote>
The earth, to Fuller, is a "contracting phase" of the universe, a low-pressure zone in the cosmos where energy is collected and stored. The sun's radiation warms the oceans, and the oceans feed the earth. Fuller calls processes which conserve energy aspects of "synergy", a word he relies on heavily in his discussions of the "more-with-less" technologies that will accomplish the defeat of scarcity. An example of synergetic action that Fuller is particularly fond of is the way chrome-nickel steel acquires, through chemical mating, a tensile strength greater than the sum of its components. But '''the highest expression of synergy is man's intuition''', his ability to see comprehensive patterns in random events, which has led him from near helplessness to the point where he can now take control of his own evolution.
:—Farrell, Barry. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kVMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46 The View from the Year 2000]. ''LIFE Magazine'', 26 February 1971
</blockquote>

==Mass-energy relation==
{{main|Mass–energy equivalence}}
When a system becomes bound (''i.e.'', energetically indebted), the borrowed positive actual energy must be radiated away and subtracted from the [[rest mass]] of the unbound system, simply because this positive actual energy has a [[w:Mass in special relativity#Relativistic mass|relativistic mass]].<ref>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/nucbin.html Nuclear Binding Energy]. ''HyperPhysics''</ref> Thus the bound system acquires a mass defect, or, which is the same (due to the [[mass–energy equivalence]]), a net negative [[potential energy]].<ref name="RestMass">Heighway, Jack. [https://books.google.com/books?id=13vIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 Einstein, the Aether and Variable Rest Mass]. HeighwayPubs, 2011, p. 36. "Understanding why rest masses are reduced in a gravitational field only requires a simple insight: '''''when an object is raised in a gravitational field, the gravitational potential energy increase is real, and exists as an increase, usually tiny, in the rest mass of the object.'''''"</ref>

From ''E''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''mc''<sup>2</sup>, it follows that '''''Binding energy'' = ''Mass change'' × ''c''<sup>2</sup>'''. Since the mass change is negative (a mass defect), the binding energy is negative too.

==See also==
*[[User:Attractor321/Minimum total potential energy principle|Minimum total potential energy principle]]
*[[Potential energy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/nucbin.html Nuclear Binding Energy]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binding Energy}}
[[Category:Basic physics ideas]]
[[Category:Cosmology]]
[[Category:Energy]]