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List of scientists
This is a '''list of''' noted '''scientists''' ordered by by nationality.

==Afghanistan==
*[[Ashraf Ghani]], President of Afghanistan (as of 2017); he is a scientist in the field of [[Anthropology]]
*[[Abdul Karim Mustaghni]], was Defense Minister of Afghanistan; died in 2004

==Albania==
*[[Ferid Murad]] - he has a [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]].
(contracted; show full)a member of the [[Brazilian Academy of Sciences]], Foreign Associate of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] of the USA,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nas.nasonline.org/site/Dir/989495092?pg=rslts|title=National Academy of Sciences|website=nas.nasonline.org}}</ref> and of the [[Third World Academy of Sciences]]; member of the [[National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)|National Order of Scientific Merit]]; Genetics, Biology, [[Agronomy]], [[Entomology]]

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* [[Fritz Müller]], known for Müllerian [[mimicry]]; [[Evolutionary biology]]; died in 1897

==Bulgaria==
*[[Lyubomir Ivanov]], got the [[award]], ''Acad. Nikola Obreshkov Prize'', the highest Bulgarian award in mathematics.;<ref>[[:File:Nikola-Obreshkov-Prize.png|The ''Academician Nikola Obreshkov Prize'' for 1987]]</ref>; Linguistics, Mathematics

==Canada==
{{main|List of biologists}}

==Czechia==
{{main|List of biologists}}

==Chile==
{{main|List of biologists|List of mathematicians|List of physicists}}

==China==
{{main|List of Chinese mathematicians}}

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*[[Shen Kuo]], was [[finance minister]]; [[Astronomy]]; died in 1095

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*[[Tong Dizhou]], the first to successfully [[Cloning|clone]] a fish;<ref>{{cite journal |author=Liao L, Li L, Zhao RC |title=Stem cell research in China |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. |volume=362 |issue=1482 |pages=1107–12 |date=June 2007  |pmid=17341453 |pmc=2435574 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2037 }}</ref> [[Embryology]]; died in 1979  

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*[[Youyou Tu|Tu Youyou]], got the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]; scientist within [[Pharmacology]]

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[[File:Chien-Shiung_Wu_(1912-1997)_in_1958.jpg|right|50px]]
<!-- Sort: Wu -->
*[[Chien-Shiung Wu]], known for the [[Wu experiment]] [[:en:Wu experiment|(en)]]; [[Nuclear physics]]; died in 1997

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*[[Xu Guangxian]], was president of the Chinese Chemical Society; Chemistry; died in 2015
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*[[Zhang Heng]], made the first [[seismometer]]; Astronomy, engineering, meteorology, geology, philosophy, and mathematics; died in 139 A.D.

==Croatia==
*[[Roger Joseph Boscovich]], maker of a precursor of [[atomic theory]]; made the first geometric [[procedure]] for finding out the [[equator]] of a rotating [[planet]] from three [[observation]]s of a surface feature and for computing the [[orbit]] of a planet from three observations of its position; discoverer of the absence of atmosphere on the [[Moon]];<ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|authorlink=|title=Энциклопедия для детей (астрономия)|publisher=Аванта+|date=1998|location=Москва|pages=|url=|doi=|id=|isbn=978-5-89501-016-7}}</ref> he was from [[Dubrovnik|a city in what later became Croatia]]; died in 1787

== Czechia==
{{main|List of biologists}}
*[[Petr Vopěnka]], he developed [[Alternative set theory]]; died in 2015

== Denmark==
{{main|List of biologists}}

==Egypt==
[[File:Ibrahim_Anouleish_20071120_1.jpg|right|50px]]
*[[Ibrahim Abouleish]], [[founder]] of [[SEKEM]] - an organization for [[biodynamic farming]] methods; got the [[Right Livelihood Award]]; [[Pharmacology]]; died in 2017  ⏎
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*[[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]], was [[United Nations Secretary-General]]; a leading figure in the peace process between Egypt and Israel; [[Law]]; died in 2016
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*[[Mamdouh Eldamaty]], is a former [[Ministry of State of Antiquities|Minister of Antiquities]]; [[Egyptology]] ⏎
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* [[Euclid of Alexandria]], known for [[Euclidean geometry]], [[Euclid's Elements|Euclid's ''Elements'']], [[Euclidean algorithm]]; died in the middle of [[3rd century BC]]

[[File:Ahmed_Zewail_HD2009_Othmer_Gold_Medal_portrait.JPG|right|50px]]
*[[Ahmed Zewail]], got [[Nobel Prize for Chemistry]]; [[Chemistry]]; 2016

== Estonia ==
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*[[Karl Ernst von Baer]], [[Embryology]] (within Biology); died in 1876
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*[[Madis Kõiv]] - he got the [[award]], the  Tuglas short story award; physicist, writer and philosopher; died in 2014

==Fiji==
*[[Mahendra Reddy]] - minister of [[Ministry for Education, National Heritage, Culture and Arts]]

==France==
{{main|List of biologists|List of physicists}}
(contracted; show full)l=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/|title=The Modern History of Computing (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)|last=Copeland|first=B. Jack|date=Dec 18, 2000|work=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|accessdate=1 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author= Newman, M.H.A. | title=‘General Principles of the Design of All-Purpose Computing Machines’ | year=1948 | publisher=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, series A, 195 | pages=271–274 }}</ref> died in 1871

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* [[Alan Turing]], he was important in the development of [[theoretical computer science]],<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Newman | first1 = M. H. A.
| authorlink = Max Newman
| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0019
| title = Alan Mathison Turing. 1912–1954
| journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]
| volume = 1
| pages = 253–263
| year = 1955
| jstor = 769256
}}</ref><ref name=AFP>{{cite news| title =Alan Turing&nbsp;– Time 100 People of the Century |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html |work=Time |quote=Providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine. |first=Paul |last=Gray |date=29 March 1999}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sipser|2006|p=137}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Beavers|2013|p=481}}</ref> and is known for the [[Turing machine]], which can be considered a model of a [[general purpose computer]]; died in 1954

==Greece==
* [[Eratosthenes]]
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* [[Euclid]]
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* [[Pythagoras]]

==Guatemala==
*[[Ricardo Bressani]], one of the 42 founding members of the Third World Academy of Sciences, later known as [[The World Academy of Sciences]];<ref>{{cite web|title=TWAS's 42 Founding Members|url=http://twas.org/twass-42-founding-members|publisher=The World Academy of Sciences|accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref> Biochemistry, Nutrition; died in  2015<ref>{{cite web|title=El país pierde a dos genios|language=Spanish|url=http://www.prensalibre.com/noticias/Ricardo_Bressani_0_1294670741.html|accessdate=31 January 2015}}</ref>

==Guyana==
*[[Opendra Narayan]]<ref name=JNP>{{cite journal |author=Shilpa Buch, Barry T. Rouse, Howard E. Gendelman, [[M. Christine Zink]] and [[Janice E. Clements]] |title=Opendra "Bill" Narayan (1936–2007): A Personal Tribute to a Friend, Teacher, and Colleague |journal=[[Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |date=January 2008 |doi=10.1007/s11481-008-9101-y }}</ref> - he is known for engineering a type of HIV that could cause AIDS-like disease in monkeys;<ref name=JNP/>; the [[veterinarian]] died in 2007

==Haiti==
*[[Jean-Baptiste Chavannes (agronomist)|Jean-Baptiste Chavannes]] - he got the [[Goldman Environmental Prize]] for his work on [[forest protection]]; he is an [[agronomist]].<ref name=goldman-jean-baptiste>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/112 
 |title=Islands & Island Nations 2005 &ndash; Chavannes Jean-Baptiste &ndash; Haiti &ndash; Sustainable Development 
 |author= ⏎
 |publisher=The Goldman Environmental Prize 
 |year=2005 
 |accessdate=2008-11-17 
 |deadurl=yesurl-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930164946/http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/112 
 |archivedate=2008-09-30 
 |df= ⏎
}}</ref>

==Holland==
{{main|List of biologists}}

==Honduras==
*[[Julieta Castellanos]] - she has the [[award]], the  the [[International Women of Courage Award]] from the U.S. State Department.<ref>{{cite web|last=Demers|first=Peter|title=Security and Human Rights in Honduras: A Conversation with Julieta Castellanos|url=http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32&pubID=3253|publisher=Inter-American Dialogue|date=7 March 2013}}</ref>

==Hungary==
*[[János Bolyai]], one of the founders of [[non-Euclidean geometry]] — a geometry that differs from [[Euclidean geometry]] in its definition of [[parallel]] lines; Mathematics; died in 1860
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*[[Paul Erdős]], published around 1,500 mathematical papers during his lifetime, a figure that remains unsurpassed;<ref>According to {{cite web |title=Facts about Erdös Numbers and the Collaboration Graph |url=http://oakland.edu/enp/trivia/}}, using the Mathematical Reviews data base, the next highest article count is roughly 823.</ref> died 1996

==Iceland==
<!-- G -->
*[[Gísli Guðjónsson]] - he is the [[creator]] of the [[Gudjonsson suggestibility scale]]

==India==
(contracted; show full)a heart donated after circulatory death (DCD), where the heart has stopped beating;<ref name=newslimited>{{cite news|last1=Patterson|first1=Robbie|title=World-first dead heart transplant at Sydney’s St Vincent’s Hospital a game changer|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/worldfirst-dead-heart-transplant-at-sydneys-st-vincents-hospital-a-game-changer/story-e6frfkp9-1227099798041|accessdate=29 October 2014|work=News.com.au|publisher=News Limited|date=24 October 2014}}</ref> he is a [[surgeon]].


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==New Zealand==
*[[Nancy Adams]], got the awards,  [[Queen's Service Order]], and the [[New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Haines|first=Catharine|title=International women in science: a biographical dictionary to 1950|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=1-57607-090-5|pages=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HftdjMNDvwIC&lpg=PA2&ots=cfXuNgS2d-&dq=madge%20adam%20oxford&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q=madge%20adam%20oxford&f=false}}</ref> Botany; died in 2007
*[[Margaret Cruickshank]], the first registered woman [[wikt|doctor]] in [[New Zealand]]; died in 1918
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*[[Fred Hollows]]; Medicine, surgery, ophthalmology; died in 1993
*[[Ernest Rutherford]] -  he got the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]; [[nuclear physicist]], and [[chemist]]; he died in 1937
(contracted; show full)e first complete proof demonstrating the impossibility of solving the [[general quintic equation]] [[:en:General quintic equation|(en)]] in [[radical]]s; died in 1829 <ref name=LastYears>{{cite web|url=http://www.abelprize.no/c53672/artikkel/vis.html?tid=53897|title=The Biography of Niels Henrik Abel: His last years|website=www.abelprize.no}}</ref>

==Romania==
*[[Ion Creangă]] - he wrote books, including [[Childhood Memories (book)|Childhood Memories]]; the education [[theorist]] died in 1889

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*[[Solomon Marcus]], recognised<ref>Encyclopaedia Unversalis (French), vol. 9, 1971, p.
1057-1059, and vol. 13, 1989, p. 837.</ref><ref>Brokhaus  Encyclopedie (German),
XVIIth improved edition, vol. 12, MAI-MOS, Wiesbaden, 1971, p. 255-256.</ref><ref>Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd edition, vol. 15, Macmillan, New
York-London, 1977, p. 568-569.</ref> as an [[initiator]] of (, or one of the people that started) [[mathematical linguistics]], and [[mathematical poetics]]; also a [[semiotician]], he died in 2016

*[[George Emil Palade]] - he and two others got one  [[Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine]]; the [[cell biologist]] died in 2008.

<!-- DEFAULTSORT:Radulescu, Ion Heliade -->
*[[Ion Heliade Rădulescu]] - the first president of the [[Romanian Academy]]; the linguist died in 1802
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*[[Codrin Țapu]] - known as a writer about [[Hypostatic model of personality|hypostatic approach]] to personality,  <ref name=Eissa>{{de icon}} Eissa, Tina Louise (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=uslA2z0sf28C&hl=en ''Frage und erkenne (Ask and understand)''], LIT Verlag Münster, p. 118. {{ISBN|978-3-643-11266-8}}.</ref> and [[hypostatic abstraction]]" [[:en:Hypostatic abstraction|(en)]];<ref name="Short">Short, TL  (1997) Hypostatic abstraction in self-consciousness, in Foster, P (ed.) ''The Rule of Reason: The Philosophy of Charles Sanders Peir(contracted; show full)

==Sweden==
{{main|List of biologists}}

==Switzerland==
{{main|List of biologists}}

* [[Leonhard Euler]], was the first to show the [[notion]] of (or idea about), a [[function (mathematics)|mathematical function]];
  <ref name="function">{{harvnb|Dunham|1999|p=17}}</ref> died in 1783

==Syria==
*[[Al-Battani]], known for showing several relations within [[trigonometry]]; he lived and worked in [[Ar-Raqqah|a city that now belongs to Syria]]; died in 929

==Thailand==
(contracted; show full)
*[[Kostiantyn Sytnyk]] - he was a [[Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada]] (a [[parliament]]) of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]];  [[Botany]]; he died in 2017

==United States==
{{main|List of biologists|List of ecologists}}
*[[Thomas Edison]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/thomas-edison|title=Thomas Edison|first=History com|last=Editors|website=HISTORY}}</ref> - he and his workers made "the first practical incandescent [[light bulb]]";
  <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/43424-who-invented-the-light-bulb.html|title=Who Invented the Light Bulb?|first1=Elizabeth|last1=Palermo|first2=Associate Editor ||last2=August 16|first3=2017 10:02pm|last3=ET|website=Live Science}}</ref> died in 1931
*[[Benjamin Franklin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/science/index.htm|title=Benjamin Franklin's contributions to science|website=www.ushistory.org}}</ref>, President of [[Pennsylvania]],  died in 1790

==Vietnam==
<!-- N -->
*[[Ngô Bảo Châu]] - best known for proving the [[Fundamental lemma (Langlands program)|fundamental lemma for automorphic forms]] [[:en:Fundamental lemma (Langlands program)|(en)]]. He is the first Vietnamese national to have received the [[Fields Medal]];<ref>[[New Scientist]] [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19337-mathematics-nobel-rewards-boundarybusting-work.html Mathematics 'Nobel' rewards boundary-busting(contracted; show full)amp;ChannelID=17 |title=10 sự kiện khoa học&nbsp;— công nghệ nổi bật năm 2005|publisher=''Tuổi trẻ Online''|author=K.Hưng|date=2005-12-29|accessdate=2010-12-19}}</ref><ref>Hạ Anh & Hương Giang, [http://vietnamnet.vn/giaoduc/201008/GS-Griffiths-Trong-gioi-Toan-hoc-anh-Chau-van-la-nguoi-Viet-930131/ "GS Griffiths: 'Trong giới Toán học, anh Châu vẫn là người Việt'"], ''Vietnamnet''. Retrieved 2010-8-19.</ref> mathematician


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==Related pages==
*[[List of scientists from Africa]]
:*[[List of Egyptian scientists]]
:*[[List of Kenyan scientists]]

*[[List of scientists from Asia]]
:*[[List of Chinese scientists]]
:*[[List of Indian scientists]]
:*[[List of Iranian scientists]]

*[[List of scientists from Europe]]
:*[[List of Turkish scientists]]

*[[List of scientists from South America]]
:*[[List of Brazilian scientists]]

*[[List of scientists from Oceania]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of scientists| ]]
[[Category:Lists of scientists by nationality|*]]