Difference between revisions 8039313 and 8050107 on simplewiki

{{short description|Scientific projections regarding the far future}}
[[File:Red Giant Earth warm.jpg|thumb|274x274px|alt= A dark gray and red sphere representing the Earth lies against a black background to the right of an orange circular object representing the Sun| Artist's idea of the [[Earth]] several billion years from now, when the [[Sun]] is a [[red giant]].]]

(contracted; show full)
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt= Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 17,000<ref name=prob group=note/>
| Best-guess recurrence rate for a "civilization-threatening" [[supervolcanic]] eruption large enough to throw up 1,000 gigatons of pyroclastic material.<ref>{{cite news |title=
‘'Super-eruption’' timing gets an update — and not in humanity’'s favour |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-07777-6 |accessdate=28 August 2020 |work=Nature |date=30 November 2017 |pages=8–8 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-017-07777-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists predict a volcanic eruption that would destroy humanity could happen sooner than previously thought |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/volcano-super-eruption-apocalypse-wipe-out-life-human-kind-timeline-how-long-a8082006.html |accessdate=28 August 2020 |work=www.independent.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>
|-
(contracted; show full)gamma-ray burst]], and an even smaller chance that the burst could harm life on Earth.<ref>{{cite journal | journal= The Astrophysical Journal |volume= 675 |number= 1 |arxiv= 0712.2111 |title= The Prototype Colliding-Wind Pinwheel WR 104 |first1= Peter |last1= Tuthill |first2= John |last2= Monnier |first3= Nicholas |last3= Lawrance |first4= William |last4= Danchi |first5= Stan |last5= Owocki |first6= Kenneth |last6= Gayley |year= 2008 |doi= 10.1086/527286 |bibcode= 2008ApJ...675..698T |pages= 698–710
|s2cid= 119293391 }}</ref><ref><!-- this is a WP:RS due to tuthill being a subject-matter expert -->{{cite web|url=http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/pinwheel/tech_faq.html|title=WR 104: Technical Questions|last1=Tuthill|first1=Peter|accessdate=20 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt= Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 500,000<ref name=prob group=note/>
(contracted; show full)
| 1.28 ± 0.05 million
| The star [[Gliese 710]] will pass as close as 0.0676 [[parsec]]s—{{convert|0.221|ly|AU|abbr=off|lk=on}}<ref name="Bailer2018">{{cite journal|last1=Bailer-Jones|first1=C.A.L.|last2=Rybizki|first2=J |last3=Andrae|first3=R.|last4=Fouesnea|first4=M.|title=New stellar encounters discovered in the second Gaia data release|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=616|pages=A37|date=2018|arxiv=1805.07581|bibcode=2018A&A...616A..37B|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201833456
|s2cid=56269929}}</ref> to the Sun before moving away. Its gravity will [[Perturbation (astronomy)|change]] things in the [[Oort cloud]], a ring of icy rocks orbiting at the edge of the Solar System.  That will make it more likely that a comet will hit something in the inner Solar System.<ref name="gliese"/>
|-
| style="background: #CEFF00;" | [[File:Butterfly icon (Noun Project).svg|16px|alt= Biology|Biology]]
| 2 million
(contracted; show full) |last2= Evans |first2= N.W. |last3= Bailey |first3= M. E.
 |title= Simulations of the Population of Centaurs I: The Bulk Statistics
 |date= 2004
 |arxiv= astro-ph/0407400
 |doi= 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08240.x
 |journal= [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
 |volume= 354|issue=3|pages=798–810 |bibcode=2004MNRAS.354..798H

|s2cid = 16002759⏎
 }}</ref> See [[Centaur (minor planet)#Notable centaurs|predictions for notable centaurs]].
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt= Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 10 million
| The [[East African Rift]] valley will become wider and be flooded by the [[Red Sea]], causing a new ocean basin to divide the continent of [[Africa]]<ref name="rift"/> and the [[African Plate]] into the Nubian Plate and the [[Somali Plate]].
|-
| style="background: #CEFF00;" | [[File:Butterfly icon (Noun Project).svg|16px|alt= Biology|Biology]]
| 10 million
| Estimated time for full recovery of [[biodiversity]] after a potential [[Holocene extinction]], if it were as large as the five previous [[extinction event|major extinction events]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Kirchner|first1= James W.|last2= Weil|authorlink1= James Kirchner|first2= Anne|title= Delayed biological recovery from extinctions throughout the fossil record|url= https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2000-03-09_404_6774/page/177|journal= Nature|date= 9 March 2000|volume= 404|pages= 177–180 |bibcode = 2000Natur.404..177K|doi= 10.1038/35004564|issue= 6774|pmid= 10724168|s2cid= 4428714}}</ref>

Even without a mass extinction, by this time most current species will have disappeared through the [[background extinction rate]], with many [[clade]]s gradually evolving into new forms.<ref>{{cite book|last= Wilson|first= Edward O.|title= The Diversity of Life|date= 1999|publisher= W.W. Norton & Company|page= 216 | isbn = 9780393319408 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FzPaB_6Pw4MC}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Wilson
 | first1 = Edward Osborne
(contracted; show full)
| 110 million
| The Sun will be 1% brighter.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited |journal= Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume= 386 |issue= 1 |pages= 155–63 |author= Schröder, K.-P. |author2= Connon Smith, Robert |date= 2008|arxiv= 0801.4031|bibcode= 2008MNRAS.386..155S|doi= 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x
|s2cid= 10073988 }}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt= Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 180 million
(contracted; show full)rom which plant and animal life may not fully recover.<ref name=swansong2>{{cite journal|title= Swansong Biosphere II: The final signs of life on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes |journal= International Journal of Astrobiology |volume= 13 |issue= 3 |pages= 229–243 |author= O'Malley-James, Jack T. |author2= Greaves, Jane S. |author3= Raven, John A. |author4= Cockell, Charles S.|date= 2014 | arxiv= 1310.4841 |bibcode= 2014IJAsB..13..229O |doi= 10.1017/S1473550413000426
|s2cid= 119252386 }}</ref>
|-
|style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt= Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 300 million
| Due to a shift in the equatorial Hadley cells to roughly 40° north and south, the amount of arid land will increase by 25%.<ref name=swansong2/>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt= Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 300–600 million
(contracted; show full)rbon dioxide levels begin to fall.<ref name=swansong>{{cite journal|title= Swansong Biospheres: Refuges for life and novel microbial biospheres on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes |journal= International Journal of Astrobiology |volume= 12 |issue= 2 |pages= 99–112 |author= O'Malley-James, Jack T. |author2= Greaves, Jane S. |author3= Raven, John A. |author4= Cockell, Charles S.|date= 2012 | arxiv= 1210.5721 |bibcode= 2013IJAsB..12...99O |doi= 10.1017/S147355041200047X
|s2cid= 73722450 }}</ref> By this time, carbon dioxide levels will fall to the point at which [[C3 carbon fixation|{{C3}} photosynthesis]] is no longer possible. All plants that utilize {{C3}} photosynthesis (≈99 percent of present-day species) will die.<ref name="Heath Doyle 2009"/> The extinction of {{C3}} plant life is likely to be a long-term decline rather than a sharp drop. It is likely that plant groups will die one by one well before the critical [[carbon dioxide]] level is reached. The first p(contracted; show full)
| High estimate until all plant life dies out, assuming some form of photosynthesis is possible despite extremely low carbon dioxide levels. If this is possible, rising temperatures will make any animal life unsustainable from this point on.<ref name=nature>{{cite journal|title= The life span of the biosphere revisited |journal= Nature |volume= 360 |issue= 6406 |pages= 721–23 |author= Caldeira, Ken |author2= Kasting, James F|date=1992|bibcode= 1992Natur.360..721C|doi=10.1038/360721a0|pmid=11536510
|s2cid= 4360963 }}</ref><ref name=tellus_b_52_1>{{cite journal|title= Reduction of biosphere life span as a consequence of geodynamics |journal= Tellus B |volume= 52 |issue= 1 |pages= 94–107 |author= Franck, S.|date= 2000 |bibcode= 2000TellB..52...94F|doi= 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.00898.x}}</ref><ref name=grl28_9>{{cite journal |title= Biotic feedback extends the life span of the biosphere |journal= Geophysical Research Letters |volume= 28 |issue= 9 |pages= 1715–18 |author= Timothy M, von Bloh |auth(contracted; show full)nner core]] continues to grow at its current rate of {{cvt|1|mm}} per year.<ref name="ng4_264"/><ref name="compo"/> Without its liquid outer core, the [[Earth's magnetic field]] shuts down,<ref name="magnet"/> and charged particles emanating from the [[Sun]] gradually deplete the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Solar wind hammers the ozone layer |journal= News@nature |author= Quirin Shlermeler|date= 3 March 2005 | doi= 10.1038/news050228-12 
|ref= harv}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt= Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 2.55 billion
| The Sun will have become the hottest it can be: 5,820 K. From then on, it will become cooler even though it will become brighter.<ref name="mnras386_1"/>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt= Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 2.8 billion
(contracted; show full)ot;>{{cite journal | last1= Li | first1= King-Fai | last2= Pahlevan | first2= Kaveh | last3= Kirschvink | first3= Joseph L. | last4= Yung | first4= Yuk L. | date= 16 June 2009 | title= Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America| volume= 106 | issue= 24 | pages= 9576–9579 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.0809436106 | pmid= 19487662 | pmc= 2701016 | bibcode= 2009PNAS..106.9576L 
| doi-access= free }}</ref><ref name=guinan_ribas>{{cite journal | last1= Guinan | first1= E. F. | last2= Ribas | first2= I. | title= Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate | journal= ASP Conference Proceedings | volume= 269 | pages= 85–106 | editor1-last= Montesinos | editor1-first= Benjamin | editor2-last= Gimenez | editor2-first= Alvaro | editor3-last= Guinan | editor3-first= Edward F. | date= 2002 | bibcode= 2002ASPC..269...85G }}</(contracted; show full)b/20070517021426/http://www.universetoday.com/2007/05/10/when-our-galaxy-smashes-into-andromeda-what-happens-to-the-sun/| archivedate= 17 May 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=Cox2008>{{cite journal|title=The Collision Between The Milky Way And Andromeda | author=Cox, T. J. | author2=Loeb, Abraham | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | arxiv=0705.1170 | date=2008 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13048.x|volume=386|issue=1 | pages=461–474 | bibcode=2008MNRAS.386..461C
| s2cid=14964036 }}</ref> The planets of the Solar System will almost certainly not be disturbed by these events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/milky-way-collide.html |author=NASA|title=NASA's Hubble Shows Milky Way is Destined for Head-On Collision |website=NASA |date=31 May 2012 |accessdate=13 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dowd|first=Maureen|title=Andromeda Is Coming!|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/30/opinion/dowd-andromeda-is-coming.html|(contracted; show full)
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 10<sup>11</sup>–10<sup>12</sup> (100&nbsp;billion – 1&nbsp;trillion)
| Estimated time until the Universe ends via the [[Big Crunch]], assuming a "closed" model.<ref name="Adams 1997 337–72">{{Cite journal
| last
1         = Adams
| first1        = Fred C.
| author-link  = Fred Adams
| last2        = Laughlin
| first2       = Gregory
| author-link2 = Gregory P. Laughlin
| year         = 1997
| title        = A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects
| journal      = [[Reviews of Modern Physics]]
| volume       = 69
| issue        = 2
| pages        = 337–72
|arxiv         = astro-ph/9701131
|bibcode       = 1997RvMP...69..337A
|doi           = 10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337
| s2cid = 12173790⏎
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv = astro-ph/0409264|doi = 10.1088/1475-7516/2004/12/006|bibcode = 2004JCAP...12..006W|title = Current observational constraints on cosmic doomsday|year = 2004|last1 = Wang|first1 = Yun|last2 = Kratochvil|first2 = Jan Michael|last3 = Linde|first3 = Andrei|last4 = Shmakova|first4 = Marina|journal = Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics|volume = 2004|issue = 12|pages = 006|s2cid = 56436935}}</ref> Depending on how long the expansion phase is, the events in the contraction phase will happen in the reverse order.<ref name="Davies1994">{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Paul |title=The Last Three Minutes: Conjectures About The Ultimate Fate of the Universe |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-465-03851-0}}</ref> Galaxy [[supercluster]]s would first merge, followed by [[galaxy cluster]]s and then later [[galaxy|galaxies]]. Eventually, [[star]]s will be so cl(contracted; show full)s of unbound intergalactic matter will all be separate from each other, and collisions between them will no longer affect the future evolution of the Universe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Busha|first1=Michael T.|last2=Adams|first2=Fred C.|last3=Wechsler|first3=Risa H.|last4=Evrard|first4=August E.|date=2003-10-20|title=Future Evolution of Structure in an Accelerating Universe|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=596|issue=2|pages=713–724|doi=10.1086/378043|arxiv=astro-ph/0305211|
s2cid=15764445|issn=0004-637X}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 2×10<sup>12</sup> (2&nbsp;trillion)
| Estimated time by which all objects beyond our Local Group are [[redshift]]ed by a factor of more than 10<sup>53</sup>. Even the highest energy [[gamma ray]]s are stretched so that their wavelength is greater than the physical diameter of the horizon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Krauss|first1=Lawrence M.|last2=Starkman|first2=Glenn D.|date=March 2000|title=Life, The Universe, and Nothing: Life and Death in an Ever-Expanding Universe|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=531|issue=1|pages=22–30|doi=10.1086/308434|arxiv=astro-ph/9902189|bibcode=2000ApJ...531...22K|s2cid=18442980|issn=0004-637X}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 4×10<sup>12</sup> (4&nbsp;trillion)
(contracted; show full)
| 1.2×10<sup>13</sup> (12 trillion)
| Estimated time until the red dwarf [[VB 10]] runs out of hydrogen in its core and becomes a white dwarf.  As of 2016 VB 10 was the least massive [[main sequence]] star. It had an estimated mass of 0.075 {{Solar mass}}.<ref name="S&T 22">{{cite journal| title=Why the Smallest Stars Stay Small| journal=Sky & Telescope|date=November 1997| issue=22
| ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| journal=Astronomische Nachrichten| volume= 326| issue=10| pages= 913–919| date= 2005| title=M dwarfs: planet formation and long term evolution| first=F. C.|last= Adams| author2= P. Bodenheimer| author3=G. Laughlin|bibcode=2005AN....326..913A|doi=10.1002/asna.200510440| ref=harv}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 3×10<sup>13</sup> (30&nbsp;trillion)
(contracted; show full)a false vacuum]]; 95% confidence interval is 10<sup>58</sup> to 10<sup>241</sup> years due in part to uncertainty about the top quark mass.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Andreassen|first1=Anders|last2=Frost|first2=William|last3=Schwartz|first3=Matthew D.|date=12 March 2018|title=Scale-invariant instantons and the complete lifetime of the standard model|journal=Physical Review D|volume=97|issue=5|page=056006|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.97.056006|arxiv=1707.08124|bibcode=2018PhRvD..97e6006A
|s2cid=118843387}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 10<sup>200</sup>
| Estimated latest time for all nucleons in the observable universe to decay, if they do not already decay for one of the reasons named above, through higher-order [[Baryon number|baryon non-conservation]] processes, [[virtual black hole]]s, [[sphaleron]]s, or other cauess, on time scales of 10<sup>46</sup> to 10<sup>200</sup> years.<ref name="five ages"/>
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 10<sup>1100-32000</sup>
| Estimated time for black dwarfs larger than 1.2 times the mass of the Sun to become supernovae because of slow [[silicon]]-[[nickel]]-[[iron]] fusion. The decreasing electron fraction lowers their [[Chandrasekhar limit]], assuming protons do not decay.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Black Dwarf Supernova in the Far Future|author=M. E. Caplan|journal=[[MNRAS]]|volume=000|number=1-–6|url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.02296.pdf|date=7 August 2020|volume=497|pages=4357–4362|doi=10.1093/mnras/staa2262|arxiv=2008.02296}}</ref>  
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 10<sup>1500</sup>
| Assuming protons do not decay, the estimated time until all [[baryonic matter]] in stellar-mass objects will have either fused together via [[muon-catalyzed fusion]] to form [[iron-56]] or they will decay from a higher mass element into iron-56 to form an [[iron star]].<ref name="dyson"/>
|-
(contracted; show full)e it would take for quantum-tunnelled and [[quantum fluctuation]]-generated Big Bang to produce a new universe identical to our own. This would only happen if every new universe contained at least the same number of subatomic particles and obeyed laws of physics within [[String theory landscape|the landscape]] predicted by [[string theory]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=[[Michael R. Douglas|M. Douglas]]|title=The statistics of string / M theory vacua|journal=JHEP|volume=0305|issue=46|date=21 March 2003|
page=046|doi=10.1088/1126-6708/2003/05/046|arxiv=hep-th/0303194|s2cid=650509}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=S. Ashok|author2=M. Douglas|title=Counting flux vacua|journal=JHEP|volume=0401|issue=060|date=2004}}</ref>
|}

==Humanity==

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | [[File:Key.svg|12px]]
(contracted; show full)
| 100,000+
| Time required to [[terraforming of Mars|make Mars into a place where people can live]] with an [[oxygen]]-rich breathable atmosphere, using only plants with solar efficiency comparable to those living on Earth.<ref>{{cite journal|last=McKay|first=Christopher P.|author2=Toon, Owen B. |author3=Kasting, James F. |title=Making Mars habitable|journal=Nature|date=8 August 1991|volume=352|issue=6335|pages=489–496|doi=10.1038/352489a0|pmid=11538095|bibcode = 1991Natur.352..489M 
|s2cid=2815367|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233115}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=Technology and culture|Technology and culture]]
|1 million
| Estimated shortest time by which humanity could colonize our Milky Way galaxy and become capable of [[Kardashev scale|harnessing all the energy of the galaxy]], assuming a velocity of 10% the [[speed of light]].<ref name="typeiii"/>
|-
(contracted; show full) | title = Implications of the Copernican principle for our future prospects
 | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
 | volume = 363
 | pages = 315–319
 | year = 1993
 | doi = 10.1038/363315a0
 | issue = 6427
|bibcode = 1993Natur.363..315G
 | s2cid = 4252750⏎
 }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=technology and culture|Technology and culture]]
| 100 million
| This is the longest technological civilization could last, according to [[Frank Drake]]'s original formulation of the [[Drake equation]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bignami|first1=Giovanni F.|last2=Sommariva|first2=Andrea|title=A Scenario for Interstellar Exploration and Its Financing|url=https://archive.org/details/scenarioforinter00bign|url-access=limited|date=2013|publisher=Spr(contracted; show full)
title=Astronomical engineering: a strategy for modifying planetary orbits | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysics-and-space-science_2001-03_275_4/page/349 | doi=10.1023/A:1002790227314 | journal=Astrophysics and Space Science | id=Astrophys.Space Sci.275:349-366,2001 | volume=275 | issue=4 | pages=349–366 | hdl=2027.42/41972 | bibcode=2001Ap&SS.275..349K | arxiv=astro-ph/0102126 
| s2cid=5550304 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Korycansky|first=D. G.|title=Astroengineering, or how to save the Earth in only one billion years|journal=Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica|date=2004|volume=22|pages=117–120|url=http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/rmaa/RMxAC..22/PDF/RMxAC..22_korycansky.pdf|bibcode=2004RMxAC..22..117K}}</ref>

|}

== Spacecraft and space exploration ==
(contracted; show full)
| 16,900
| ''[[Voyager 1]]'' will pass within 3.5 [[light-year]]s of [[Proxima Centauri]].<ref name=lavender>{{Cite journal|title = Future stellar flybys of the Voyager and Pioneer spacecraft|journal = Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society|volume= 3|pages = 59|number=59|doi=10.3847/2515-5172/ab158e|date = 3 April 2019|author = Coryn A.L. Bailer-Jones, Davide Farnocchia|arxiv = 1912.03503|bibcode = 2019RNAAS...3...59B
|s2cid = 134524048}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 18,500
| ''[[Pioneer 11]]'' will pass within 3.4 light-years of [[Alpha Centauri]].<ref name=lavender/>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 20,300
(contracted; show full)
! scope="col" | Date or years from now
! scope="col" | Event
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=technology and culture|Technology and culture]]
|3015 CE
|In 2015, [[Jonathon Keats]] put a camera in the [[ASU Art Museum]] and set it to finish its [[exposure time]] in 3015.  Keats was trying to make history's slowest photograph.<ref>{{cite web |title=This Camera Will Capture a 1,000-Year Exposure That Ends in 3015 for History
’'s Slowest Photo |url=http://petapixel.com/2015/03/05/this-camera-will-capture-a-1000-year-exposure-that-ends-in-3015-for-historys-slowest-photo/ |publisher=PetaPixel |accessdate=2015-12-14}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=technology and culture|Technology and culture]]
| 10,000
(contracted; show full)s is when fuel for [[fusion power]] reactors will run out, assuming people use as much power as they did in 1995.<ref name="Ongena 3–14">{{cite journal |last=Ongena |first=J |author2=G. Van Oost |title=Energy for future centuries – Will fusion be an inexhaustible, safe and clean energy source? |journal=Fusion Science and Technology |volume=45 |series=2004 |issue=2T |pages=3–14 |url=http://www.euro-fusionscipub.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/EFDR00001.pdf |doi=10.13182/FST04-A464 |year=2004 
|s2cid=15368449 |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-date=2016-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819140008/http://www.euro-fusionscipub.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/EFDR00001.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 5 billion
(contracted; show full)
</ref>

<ref name="dying">
{{cite journal | title = A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects | last = Adams | first = Fred C.|author2=Laughlin, Gregory | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 69 | issue = 2 | year = 1997 | pages = 337–372 | bibcode = 1997RvMP...69..337A | doi = 10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337 | arxiv = astro-ph/9701131

| s2cid = 12173790 }}
</ref>

<ref name="linde">
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(contracted; show full)
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(contracted; show full)
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{{cite journal
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{{cite journal | author = Rybicki, K. R. | author2 = Denis, C. | title = On the Final Destiny of the Earth and the Solar System | journal = Icarus | volume = 151 | issue = 1 | pages = 130–137 | date = 2001 | doi = 10.1006/icar.2001.6591 | bibcode = 2001Icar..151..130R
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(contracted; show full) | display-authors=1 | last1 = Kalirai | first1 = Jasonjot S. | last2 = Hansen | first2 = Brad M. S. | last3 = Kelson | first3 = Daniel D. | last4 = Reitzel | first4 = David B. | last5 = Rich | first5 = R. Michael | last6 = Richer | first6 = Harvey B. | title = The Initial-Final Mass Relation: Direct Constraints at the Low-Mass End | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 676 | issue = 1 | pages = 594–609 | date = March 2008 | doi = 10.1086/527028 | bibcode = 2008ApJ...676..594K
|arxiv = 0706.3894 
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<ref name="galaxy">
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<ref name="temp">
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<ref name="messier">
(contracted; show full) M. | last18 = Suzuki | first18 = Y. | last19 = Takeda | first19 = A. | last20 = Takenaga | first20 = Y. | last21 = Takeuchi | first21 = Y. | last22 = Ueno | first22 = K. | last23 = Ueshima | first23 = K. | last24 = Watanabe | first24 = H. | last25 = Yamada | first25 = S. | last26 = Hazama | first26 = S. | last27 = Higuchi | first27 = I. | last28 = Ishihara | first28 = C. | last29 = Kajita | first29 = T. | last30 = Kaneyuki | first30 = K. | authorlink2 = Super-Kamiokande | pmid=19392425
|arxiv = 0903.0676 
| s2cid = 32385768 }}
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<ref name="half-life">
{{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/oneuniverse00neil | title = One Universe: At Home in the Cosmos | first1 = Neil de Grasse | last1 = Tyson | last2 = Tsun-Chu Liu | first2 = Charles | last3 = Irion | first3 = Robert | publisher = Joseph Henry Press | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0309064880 | url-access = registration }}
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<ref name="Page 1976">
{{cite journal | title = Particle Emission Rates from a Black Hole: Massless Particles from an Uncharged, Nonrotating Hole | last = Page | first = Don N. | date = 1976 | journal = Physical Review D | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 198–206 | bibcode = 1976PhRvD..13..198P | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.13.198
}} See in particular equation (27).
</ref>

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{{cite journal | author = Hayes, Wayne B. | title = Is the Outer Solar System Chaotic? | journal = Nature Physics | arxiv = astro-ph/0702179 | date = 2007 | volume = 3 | issue = 10 | pages = 689–691 | doi = 10.1038/nphys728 | bibcode = 2007NatPh...3..689H
| citeseerx = 10.1.1.337.7948 | s2cid = 18705038 }}
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<ref name="time">{{cite magazinews | title = Hurtling Through the Void | workmagazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926062,00.html | accessdate = 5 September 2011 | date = 20 June 1983 | archive-date = 17 October 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111017095230/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926062,00.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

<ref name="glob">
(contracted; show full)| date = 1983
| title = The anthropic principle and its implications for biological evolution
| journal = [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society|Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]]
| volume = A310
| issue = 1512
| pages = 347–363
| doi = 10.1098/rsta.1983.0096
|bibcode = 1983RSPTA.310..347C 
| s2cid = 92330878⏎
}}
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<ref name="typeiii">
{{cite web
| authorlink = Michio Kaku
| last = Kaku
| first = Michio
(contracted; show full)
{{cite journal | author = Li King-Fai | author2 = Pahlevan, Kaveh | author3 = Kirschvink, Joseph L. | author4 = Yung, Luk L. | date = 2009 | title = Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 106 | issue = 24 | pages = 9576–9579 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0809436106
|bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.9576L | pmid=19487662 | pmc=2701016
| doi-access = free }}
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<ref name="natgeo">{{cite web|title=Gamma-Ray Burst Caused Mass Extinction?|author= Minard, Anne|publisher= National Geographic News|date=2009|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/04/090403-gamma-ray-extinction.html|accessdate=27 August 2012
}}</ref>

<ref name="Cohen">
{{cite journal | last = Cohen | first = Bernard L. | title = Breeder Reactors: A Renewable Energy Source | journal = American Journal of Physics | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | page = 75 | date= January 1983 | bibcode = 1983AmJPh..51...75C | url = http://large.stanford.edu/publications/coal/references/docs/pad11983cohen.pdf | doi = 10.1119/1.13440
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<ref name=hess5_4_569>{{cite journal |last1=Bounama |first1=Christine |year=2001 |last2=Franck |first2=S. |last3=Von Bloh |first3=David |title=The fate of Earth's ocean |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=569–575 |doi=10.5194/hess-5-569-2001 |bibcode=2001HESS....5..569B|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=loeb_2016>{{cite journal |last1=Loeb |first1=Abraham |year=2016 |last2=Batista |first2=Rafael |last3=Sloan |first3=W. |title=Relative Likelihood for Life as a Function of Cosmic Time |journal=Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics |volume=2016 |issue=8 |pages=040 | arxiv = 1606.08448 |doi=10.1088/1475-7516/2016/08/040|bibcode=2016JCAP...08..040L |s2cid=118489638 }}</ref>
}}

{{Millennia}}

[[Category:Time]]
[[Category:Science]]