Difference between revisions 8222453 and 8245758 on simplewiki

{{complex|date=March 2022}}
[[File:Red Giant Earth warm.jpg|thumb|274x274px|alt= A dark gray and red sphere representing the Earth lies against a black background to the right of an orange circular object representing the Sun| Artist's idea of the [[Earth]] several billion years from now, when the [[Sun]] is a [[red giant]].]]

The ultimate fate of our universe may be the [[heat death of the universe]] or the [[big rip]]. Before that happens, it is possible to predict that the following will happen.

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| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt= Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 17,000<ref name=prob group=note/>
| Best-guess recurrence rate for a "civilization-threatening" [[supervolcanic]] eruption large enough to throw up 1,000 gigatons of pyroclastic material.<ref>{{cite 
newsjournal |title='Super-eruption' timing gets an update — and not in humanity's favour |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-07777-6 |accessdate=28 August 2020 |workjournal=Nature |date=30 November 2017 |volume=552 |issue=7683 |pages=8 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-017-07777-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists predict a volcanic eruption that would destroy humanity could happen sooner than previously thought |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/volcano-super-eruption-apocalypse-wipe-out-life-human-kind-timeline-how-long-a8082006.html |accessdate=28 August 2020 |work=www.independent.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt= Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 25,000
| The northern [[Martian polar ice caps|Martian polar ice cap]] could recede as [[Mars]] becomes warmer during its c. 50,000-year [[Apsidal precession|perihelion precession]] aspect of its [[Milankovitch cycles|Milankovitch cycle]].<ref>{{cite journal|last= Schorghofer |first= Norbert |title= Temperature response of Mars to Milankovitch cycles |journal= Geophysical Research Letters |date= 23 September 2008 |volume= 35 |issue= 18 |page= L18201 |doi= 10.1029/2008GL034954 |url= http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~norb1/Papers/2008-milank.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090919133851/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~norb1/Papers/2008-milank.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 19 September 2009 |bibcode= 2008GeoRL..3518201S |s2cid= 16598911 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Beech|first= Martin|title= Terraforming: The Creating of Habitable Worlds|date= 2009|publisher= Springer|pages= 138–142|bibcode= 2009tchw.book.....B}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt= Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 36,000
(contracted; show full)biosphere life span as a consequence of geodynamics |journal= Tellus B |volume= 52 |issue= 1 |pages= 94–107 |author= Franck, S.|date= 2000 |bibcode= 2000TellB..52...94F|doi= 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.00898.x}}</ref><ref name=grl28_9>{{cite journal |title= Biotic feedback extends the life span of the biosphere |journal= Geophysical Research Letters |volume= 28 |issue= 9 |pages= 1715–18 |author= Timothy M, von Bloh |author2= Werner|date= 2001 |bibcode= 2001GeoRL..28.1715L|doi= 10.1029/2000GL012198
|s2cid= 16152753 }}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #CEFF00;" | [[File:Butterfly icon (Noun Project).svg|16px|alt= Biology|Biology]]
| 1.3 billion
| [[Eukaryotic]] life dies out on Earth due to carbon dioxide starvation. Only [[prokaryote]]s, such as [[bacteria]], are still there.<ref name="bd2_6_1665"/>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt= Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1.5–1.6 billion
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 |archivedate=12 March 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="bd2_6_1665">
{{cite journal | last1 = Franck | first1 = S. | last2 = Bounama | first2 = C. | last3 = Von Bloh | first3 = W. | title = Causes and timing of future biosphere extinction | journal = Biogeosciences Discussions | volume = 2 | issue = 6 | pages = 1665–1679 | date= November 2005 | bibcode = 2005BGD.....2.1665F | doi = 10.5194/bgd-2-1665-2005
|
 s2cid = 3619702 | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00297823/file/bgd-2-1665-2005.pdf }}
</ref>

<ref name="mnras386_1">
{{cite journal | last1 = Schröder | first1 = K.-P. | last2 = Connon Smith | first2 = Robert | title = Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited | journal = [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | volume = 386 | issue = 1 | date = 1 May 2008 | pages = 155–163 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x | bibcode = 2008MNRAS.386..155S
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{{cite journal | title = Titan under a red giant sun: A new kind of "habitable" moon | author = Lorenz, Ralph D. | author2 = Lunine, Jonathan I. | author3 = McKay, Christopher P. | journal = Geophysical Research Letters | date = 1997 | volume = 24 | pages = 2905–2908 | url = http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~rlorenz/redgiant.pdf | accessdate =21 March 2008| doi = 10.1029/97GL52843|pmid=11542268 | issue = 22 | bibcode = 1997GeoRL..24.2905L
| citeseerx = 10.1.1.683.8827 
| s2cid = 14172341 }}
</ref>

<ref name="nebula">
{{cite web | author = Balick, Bruce | title = Planetary Nebulae and the Future of the Solar System | publisher = University of Washington | url = http://www.astro.washington.edu/balick/WFPC2/ | accessdate = 23 June 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081219010229/http://www.astro.washington.edu/balick/WFPC2/ | archive-date = 19 December 2008 | url-status = dead }}
</ref>

<ref name="apj676_1_594">
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<ref name=loeb_2016>{{cite journal |last1=Loeb |first1=Abraham |year=2016 |last2=Batista |first2=Rafael |last3=Sloan |first3=W. |title=Relative Likelihood for Life as a Function of Cosmic Time |journal=Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics |volume=2016 |issue=8 |pages=040 | arxiv = 1606.08448 |doi=10.1088/1475-7516/2016/08/040|bibcode=2016JCAP...08..040L |s2cid=118489638 }}</ref>
}}

{{Millennia}}

[[Category:Time]]
[[Category:Science]]