Difference between revisions 8540897 and 8540898 on simplewiki

[[File:Krishna as Envoy.jpg|thumb|Ahir<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voLXAAAAMAAJ&q=abhira+krishna|title=Jainism: Art, Architecture, Literature & Philosophy|last1=Rangarajan|first1=Haripriya|last2=Kamalakar|first2=G.|last3=Reddy|first3=A. K. V. S.|date=2001|publisher=Sharada Publishing House|isbn=978-81-85616-77-3|language=en}}</ref> god Krishna as envoy to the Kaurava court before Kurukshetra war. Yadava Satyaki takes out his sword when the Kauravas, raise their (contracted; show full)ef> as was claimed by the mother of Bhaumagupta. Regmi has traced the history of Abhiras on the basis of Indian history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaidya |first=Tulasī Rāma |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TF5NAQAAIAAJ&dq=bhaumagupta&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Abhiras |title=Dr. D.R. Regmi as a Historian: An Assessment |date=2007 |publisher=Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies (CNAS) for Dr. Dilli Raman Regmi Foundation [Kathmandu] |isbn=978-99933-52-85-3 |language=en}}</ref>


==Origin and History==
The rulers of the Abhira-Gupta dynasty belonged to the [[Abhira tribe]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malla |first=Kamal Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tL0cAAAAMAAJ&q=abhiras |title=Nepal: A Conspectus |date=1977 |publisher=Preparatory Committee, 26th Colombo Plan Consultative Committee Meeting |language=en |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613192932/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tL0cAAAAMAAJ&dq=abhira+rule+nepal&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=abhiras |url-status=live }}</ref> as was claimed by the mother of Bhaumagupta. Regmi has traced the history of Abhiras on the basis of Indian history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaidya |first=Tulasī Rāma |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TF5NAQAAIAAJ&dq=bhaumagupta&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Abhiras |title=Dr. D.R. Regmi as a Historian: An Assessment |date=2007 |publisher=Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies (CNAS) for Dr. Dilli Raman Regmi Foundation [Kathmandu] |isbn=978-99933-52-85-3 |language=en}}</ref>

===Early History===
During the early [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Lichhavi]] period, the [[Abhira tribe|Abhiras]], who had migrated from the [[Mathura]] region of Northern [[India]] before the fifth century A.D., occupied the position of ever increasing rank in the administration.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Amātya |first1=Sāphalya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8QCAAAAMAAJ&q=abhiras+manadeva |title=Some Aspects of Cultural Policy in Nepal |last2=S錫phalya·Am錫tya |last3=Unesco |date=1983 |publisher=Unesco |isbn=978-92-3-102069-8 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613193001/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=V8QCAAAAMAAJ&q=abhiras+manadeva&dq=abhiras+manadeva&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpt7CYyKr4AhXCRmwGHTxvBpc4FBDoAXoECAQQAw |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVggY5lbXu0C&q=Abhira+Mathura |title=Ancient Nepal |date=2009 |publisher=The Department |language=ne}}</ref>

The Abhira-Guptas were high official at [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Lichchhavi]] court until they usurped royal position.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Béguin |first=Gilles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRcVAQAAIAAJ&q=abhira+gupta+dynasty |title=Nepal: Valley of Gods |date=1997 |publisher=India Book Distributors |isbn=978-81-7310-115-1 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613193017/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bRcVAQAAIAAJ&q=abhira+gupta+dynasty&dq=abhira+gupta+dynasty&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-4ueOkKr4AhVaTGwGHfd4Dps4FBDoAXoECAQQAw |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Ravigupta===
Ravigupta, the descent of Abhira-Gupta family<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rai |first=Lal Deosa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHrXAAAAMAAJ&q=ravigupta+abhira |title=Human Rights in the Hindu-Buddhist Tradition |date=1995 |publisher=Nirala |isbn=978-81-85693-46-0 |language=en}}</ref> was the first [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]] ruler (Abhinayaka) of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GZDAAAAYAAJ&q=ravigupta+abhira |title=Regmi Research Series |date=1970 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaidya |first=Tulasī Rāma |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ofU6AAAAMAAJ&dq=bhaumagupta&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Ravi+Gupta |title=Crime and Punishment in Nepal: A Historical Perspective |date=1985 |publisher=Bini Vaidya and Purna Devi Manandhar |language=en}}</ref> However, the Lichhavi King Basantdeva was still respected by all. The Abhira ruler gradually usurped the powers of the Lichhavi king.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malla |first=Kamal Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tL0cAAAAMAAJ&q=ravigupta+abhira |title=Nepal: A Conspectus |date=1977 |publisher=Preparatory Committee, 26th Colombo Plan Consultative Committee Meeting |language=en}}</ref>

Pasupati inscription of Abhiri Gomini confirms that Anuprama was the pen-name of Ravigupta Gomi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Thakur Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8VJmAAAAMAAJ&dq=bhaumagupta&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Ravigupta+name |title=A Corpus of the Lichchhavi Inscriptions of Nepal |last2=Singh |first2=Arvind Kumar |date=1994 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan |isbn=978-81-85205-64-9 |language=hi}}</ref> Abhirigomini was mother of Bhaumagupta, she had established Anuparmeshware Shivalinga and donated land, money and ornaments to the guthi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kandel |first=Devi Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nLCbAAAAMAAJ&q=bhaumagupta&dq=bhaumagupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjc_YfZwcP4AhViS2wGHVk3Cj04KBDoAXoECAUQAw |title=Property Rights of Women in Nepal |date=2001 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandar |isbn=978-99933-0-213-1 |language=en}}</ref>

===Bhaumagupta===
Bhaumagupta's name first appears in A.D 540 inscribed on a Shivalinga conserected by his mother Abhiri Gomini<ref>{{Cite book |last=Regmi |first=D. R. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4cEBAAAAMAAJ&q=bhaumagupta&dq=bhaumagupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5-6uupcP4AhWC4DgGHYZJDSE4ChDoAXoECAMQAw |title=Ancient Nepal |last2=Studies |first2=Nepal Institute of Asian |date=1969 |publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay |language=en}}</ref> in the memory of her deceased husband, Anuprama. Few years later in A.D 557, we find Bhaumagupta simultaneously enjoying the two of the highest governmental offices, Aide-de-camp (Mahapratihara) and Inspector General of Police (Sarvadandanayaka).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Slusser |first=Mary Shepherd |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0iBuAAAAMAAJ&q=bhaumagupta&dq=bhaumagupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjoxvvqmcP4AhVITWwGHYjzDy4Q6AF6BAgFEAM |title=Art and Culture of Nepal: Selected Papers |last2=Vajrācārya |first2=Gautamavajra |last3=Fuller |first3=Manuela |date=2005 |publisher=Mandala Publications |isbn=978-99946-55-02-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FgO2AAAAIAAJ&q=bhaumagupta&dq=bhaumagupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjoxvvqmcP4AhVITWwGHYjzDy4Q6AF6BAgIEAM |title=Indian studies: past & present |date=1964 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Shankar Lal |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TCJwAAAAMAAJ&q=bhaumagupta&dq=bhaumagupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5-6uupcP4AhWC4DgGHYZJDSE4ChDoAXoECAcQAw |title=Nepal Under Amsuvarma, Golden Period |date=1993 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-713-2 |language=en}}</ref>

He was prime minister during the reign period of three [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Lichhavi]] kings, i.e Ganadeva, Gangadeva and Sivadeva.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Thakur Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8VJmAAAAMAAJ&dq=bhaumagupta&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=bhaumagupta+prime |title=A Corpus of the Lichchhavi Inscriptions of Nepal |last2=Singh |first2=Arvind Kumar |date=1994 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan |isbn=978-81-85205-64-9 |language=hi}}</ref> His influence started during the reign of King Ganadeva and remain unchanged during the reign of King Gangdeva as well.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_2NDAAAAYAAJ&dq=bhaumagupta&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Bhaumagupta's |title=Regmi Research Series |date=1987 |publisher=Regmi Research |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cc0LAAAAIAAJ&q=bhaumagupta&dq=bhaumagupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5-6uupcP4AhWC4DgGHYZJDSE4ChDoAXoECAIQAw |title=Nepal Antiquary |date=1978 |publisher=Office of the Nepal Antiquary. |language=en}}</ref> The assuming of high title of Paramadaivataśri by Sarvadandanāyak Bhaumagupta reveals that the Licchavi rulers were being treated by him as no more than puppets.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Hit Narayan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DhUuAAAAMAAJ&dq=bhaumagupta&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=bhaumagupta+licchavi |title=The Licchavis of Vaiśālī |date=1970 |publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Sudarshan Raj |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wTduAAAAMAAJ&q=bhaumagupta&dq=bhaumagupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjp-Pvzr8P4AhWvg2MGHYoGBDw4FBDoAXoECAMQAw |title=The Brick and the Bull: An Account of Handigaun, the Ancient Capital of Nepal |date=2002 |publisher=Himal Books |isbn=978-99933-43-52-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malla |first=Kamal Prakash |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=XBNuAAAAMAAJ&q=bhaumagupta&dq=bhaumagupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjp-Pvzr8P4AhWvg2MGHYoGBDw4FBDoAXoECAgQAw |title=Nepal: Perspectives on Continuity and Change |date=1989 |publisher=Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University |language=en}}</ref>

Bhaumagupta was a de-facto ruler<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sutherland |first=Sally J. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aF8iAQAAMAAJ&q=bhaumagupta&dq=bhaumagupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5-6uupcP4AhWC4DgGHYZJDSE4ChDoAXoECAkQAw |title=Bridging Worlds: Studies on Women in South Asia |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563139-5 |language=en}}</ref> untill A.D 590, when King Sivadeva, the reigning [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Licchavi]] had, in fact, begun to assert his royal authority probably with the support of the Varman family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rai |first=Lal Deosa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aHrXAAAAMAAJ&q=bhaumagupta&dq=bhaumagupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjoxvvqmcP4AhVITWwGHYjzDy4Q6AF6BAgHEAM |title=Human Rights in the Hindu-Buddhist Tradition |date=1995 |publisher=Nirala |isbn=978-81-85693-46-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oRrjAAAAMAAJ&q=bhaumagupta&dq=bhaumagupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjp-Pvzr8P4AhWvg2MGHYoGBDw4FBDoAXoECAoQAw |title=Prācī-jyoti: Digest of Indological Studies |date=1966 |publisher=Kurukshetra University. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harischandra Lal |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Pk4wAAAAYAAJ&q=bhaumagupta&dq=bhaumagupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia0Y6iv8P4AhWf4TgGHZ6TC344HhDoAXoECAUQAw |title=A Brief Encyclopaedia of Buddhism in Nepal |date=2006 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandar |isbn=978-99933-0-516-3 |language=en}}</ref>

The story of Abhira-Guptas family did not end with the illustrious Bhaumagupta, but continued with his descendants Jisnugupta and Vishnugupta. For after the hiatus during [[Amshuverma|Amshuvarman's]] rule, circa A.D 605-621, when no Gupta or Gomin name is recorded, suddenly Bhaumagupta's grandson Jisnugupta, emerges as a forceful personality.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Slusser |first=Mary Shepherd |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0iBuAAAAMAAJ&q=jisnugupta&dq=jisnugupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_yM3LzcP4AhXt8zgGHR1fBgkQ6AF6BAgGEAM |title=Art and Culture of Nepal: Selected Papers |last2=Vajrācārya |first2=Gautamavajra |last3=Fuller |first3=Manuela |date=2005 |publisher=Mandala Publications |isbn=978-99946-55-02-1 |language=en}}</ref>

===Jishnugupta===
Udayadeva was overthrown by his younger brother Dhruvadeva with the help of Jishnugupta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DHARLO |first=Nyanang Bhusepa Rinchen |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=33r3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA69&dq=jishnugupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmqZ3GjcT4AhVcVPUHHSlVBmY4KBDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q=jishnugupta&f=false |title=The Buddhist Holy Sites of Nepal: The Songs of Marvelous Conversation |date=2020-01-01 |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |isbn=978-93-87023-96-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oyvpxtr0GQQC&q=jisnugupta&dq=jisnugupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj379io3sP4AhXA7TgGHVKVClo4KBDoAXoECAcQAw |title=Ancient Nepal |date=2009 |publisher=The Department |language=ne}}</ref> This event must have taken place sometime around 624 A.D, since Udaydeva's inscription declaring him king is dated in the A.D 621. Three years later in year 624 A.D, Jishnugupta's first inscription appears and his usurption of throne is proven.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vitali |first=Roberto |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GmDYAAAAMAAJ&q=jisnugupta&dq=jisnugupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_yM3LzcP4AhXt8zgGHR1fBgkQ6AF6BAgFEAM |title=Early Temples of Central Tibet |date=1990 |publisher=Weatherhill |isbn=978-0-906026-25-0 |language=en}}</ref> Jishnugupta first appears as joint ruler with Dhruvadeva in A.D 624-25 and then with Bhimarjundeva from 633-635 A.D. He probably ruled alone for some period of time. Two inscription name him sole ruler and coins were struck in his name.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gellner |first=David N. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4NYXkfbFQbcC&q=jishnugupta&dq=jishnugupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjT8-PmiMT4AhWbat4KHWPbAfU4FBDoAXoECAIQAw |title=Nepal: A Guide to the Art and Architecture of the Kathmandu Valley |date=1995 |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-1-57062-061-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Gurcharn Singh |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0yXcAAAAMAAJ&q=jishnugupta&dq=jishnugupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFzYeUlcT4AhWFAd4KHbQDDrQ4PBDoAXoECAsQAw |title=A Military History of Ancient India |date=2000 |publisher=Vision Books |isbn=978-81-7094-375-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rai |first=L. B. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Coy7qP3IJ6IC&dq=kailashkut+bhawan&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Jisnu |title=Human Rights in the Hindu Buddhist Tradition |date=December 1995 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandar |isbn=978-0-7855-0413-9 |language=en}}</ref>

According to Kevalpur and Thankot inscription, Jishnugupta was grandson of Bhaumagupta and great-grandson of a person known as Managupta Gomi.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cc0LAAAAIAAJ&q=jisnugupta&dq=jisnugupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_yM3LzcP4AhXt8zgGHR1fBgkQ6AF6BAgEEAM |title=Nepal Antiquary |date=1978 |publisher=Office of the Nepal Antiquary. |language=en}}</ref> He wielded power between A.D 624 and 637, was a de-facto ruler, though he continued the fiction of Licchavi sovereignty by placing on the throne Dhruvadeva and Bhimarjundeva. Jishnugupta issued coins in his own name. He not only inherited the dominions but also continued the policy and tradition of previous de-facto rulers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA301&dq=jishnugupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN5t2z5MP4AhVO-DgGHcQSCrcQ6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=jishnugupta&f=false |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ&q=jishnugupta&dq=jishnugupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN5t2z5MP4AhVO-DgGHcQSCrcQ6AF6BAgGEAM |title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1. A.D. 300-985 |date=1981 |publisher=People's Publishing House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Harirāma |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=d4FuAAAAMAAJ&q=jishnugupta&dq=jishnugupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN5t2z5MP4AhVO-DgGHcQSCrcQ6AF6BAgHEAM |title=Pages of the Forgotten Past |date=1998 |publisher=Joshi Research Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sakya |first=Minabahadura |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=JoHjAAAAMAAJ&q=jishnugupta&dq=jishnugupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTmrrdhMT4AhXIzIsBHeQnCRA4ChDoAXoECAoQAw |title=The Life and Contribution of the Nepalese Princess Bhrikuti Devi to Tibetan History: From Tibetan Sources |last2=Śākya |first2=Mīnabahādura |date=1997 |publisher=Book Faith India |isbn=978-81-7303-065-9 |language=en}}</ref>

The Kevalpur inscription of King Jisnugupta clearly mentions that organised towns and village units with self-government existed in Nepal during the rule of the forefathers of Manadeva I.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malla |first=B. C. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wvE9AAAAYAAJ&q=jisnugupta&dq=jisnugupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjX76fv18P4AhW44TgGHWQvDco4ChDoAXoECAgQAw |title=An Evaluation of Development Activities of Nagar Panchayat: A Case Study of Janakpurdham and Tansen Nagar Panchayat |last2=Lohani |first2=Iswor Raj |last3=Acharya |first3=Radheshyam |date=1984 |publisher=Centre for Economic Development and Administration, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur |language=en}}</ref>

Manadeva also lived with inferior position like Dhruvadeva till Jishnugupta was alive.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Ram Niwas |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eWAMAQAAMAAJ&q=jisnugupta&dq=jisnugupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_yM3LzcP4AhXt8zgGHR1fBgkQ6AF6BAgKEAM |title=Nepal, Through the Ages: Approach to Ancient History, Art, Architecture, Culture & Society |date=2008 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-79-8 |language=en}}</ref> Jishnugupta and his son Vishnugupta used the succeeding [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Licchavi]] kings as their puppets and maintained absolute rule for a total period of 22 years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malla |first=Kamal Prakash |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tL0cAAAAMAAJ&q=jishnugupta&dq=jishnugupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFzYeUlcT4AhWFAd4KHbQDDrQ4PBDoAXoECAQQAw |title=Nepal: A Conspectus |date=1977 |publisher=Preparatory Committee, 26th Colombo Plan Consultative Committee Meeting |language=en}}</ref>

===Vishnugupta===
Jishnugupta was succeeded by his son Vishnugupta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aryal |first=I. R. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-nRuAAAAMAAJ&dq=jishnu+gupta&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Vishnu |title=A New History of Nepal |last2=Dhungyal |first2=T. P. |date=1970 |publisher=Voice of Nepal; [distributor: Educational Enterprise |language=en}}</ref> He enjoyed a brief reign and must have been ousted from the throne by Narendradeva, who restored  the [[Lichhavi dynasty|Licchavi dynasty]] in [[Nepal]] in A.D 643 with the help of [[Tibetan Empire|Tibetan]] king.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA301&dq=jishnugupta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN5t2z5MP4AhVO-DgGHcQSCrcQ6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=jishnugupta&f=false |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |language=en}}</ref>⏎
⏎
==List of Rulers==
The rulers of the Abhira-Gupta dynasty include:
*Ravigupta (532 A.D)
*Bhaumagupta (567-590 A.D)
*Jishnugupta (624-637 A.D)
*Vishnugupta (638-643 A.D)

==List of Rulers==
The 8 rulers of the Gopala dynasty<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jZuAAAAMAAJ&q=bhuktaman+gupta |title=Kingdom of Nepal |date=1999 |publisher=Ministry of Information & Communication, Department of Information |language=en}}</ref> include : 

*Bhuktamangupta
*Jayagupta
*Paramagupta
*Harshagupta
*Bhimagupta
*Manigupta
*Vishnugupta
*Yakchhyagupta

==Related pages==
*[[Yadav]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Hinduism]]