Revision 5685685 of "Minimum total potential energy principle" on simplewiki

[[File:Irrotational vortex.gif|thumb|The self-gravitational involution of a mass can be visualized as a series of concentric shells. The higher a shell, the lower its rotational frequency. If we sufficiently extend the series of concentric shells, then the outermost shell's rotational frequency will be zero, so that the shell will have the lowest (''i.e.'', zero) actual energy (''E''&nbsp;=&nbsp;[[w:Planck constant|''h'']][[w:frequency|''f'']], which is nonzero&#8209;frequency [[angular momentum]]<ref>Biedenharn, L. C.; Louck, J. D. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8HWQwdXqcXAC&q=%22The+Planck+quantum+of+action,+h,+has+precisely+the+dimensions+of+an+angular+momentum%22&dq=%22The+Planck+quantum+of+action,+h,+has+precisely+the+dimensions+of+an+angular+momentum%22&hl=en&ei=5gq1TZWtItL-4wa0r7DMDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 Angular Momentum in Quantum Physics]. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., Advanced Book Program, 1981. "The Planck quantum of action, ''h'', has precisely the dimensions of an angular momentum, and, moreover, the Bohr quantization hypothesis specified the unit of (orbital) angular momentum to be ''ħ&nbsp;=&nbsp;h/2π''. Angular momentum theory and quantum physics are thus clearly linked."</ref>) and the highest (''i.e.'', zero) potential energy (zero&#8209;frequency angular momentum).]]
The '''minimum total potential energy principle''', formulated in 1854 by [[w:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|William Thomson]], dictates that the continuum's potential (''i.e.'', zero&#8209;frequency) energy ([[rest mass]]<ref name="RestMass"/>) tends to become ever more negative by condensing into positive actual (''i.e.'', nonzero&#8209;frequency) energy, a half of which becomes radiated into the ambient vacuum and deactualized ([[Red shift|redhshifted]] back to a zero frequency) by the relative expansion of the latter:
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Thomson had adopted in 1854 the view that "the potential energy of gravitation may be in reality the ultimate created antecedent of all the motion, heat, and light at present in the universe". In other words, it was "the original form of all the energy in the universe".<ref>MPP. 2, 40; William Thomson and P.G. Tate, 'Energy', ''Good Words'', 3 (1862), 601–7, on p. 606</ref> Such a speculation conformed to his theology of nature in which God had created energy ''ex nihilo'' in the beginning by His absolute power and had sustained its quantity by His ordained power.
:—Smith, Crosbie; [[w:M. Norton Wise|Wise, M. Norton]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYWeyAXpHUC&pg=PA533 Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin] CUP, 1989, p.&nbsp;533
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Although mechanical energy is indestructible, there is a universal tendency to its dissipation, which produces throughout the system a gradual augmentation and diffusion of heat, cessation of motion and exhaustion of the potential energy of the material Universe.
:—Thomson, William. [http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_age_of_the_suns_heat.html On the Age of the Sun’s Heat] ''Macmillan's Magazine'', 5&nbsp;March 1862, pp. 388–93
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The self-gravitation of a condensing particle of [[rest mass]] becomes more intense due to the [[inverse-square law]], so that the retained half of the actual energy must have a higher temperature in order to withstand it. At the same time, the relative expansion of the ambient vacuum makes the radiated actual energy colder, so that the hotter particle cannot reabsorb the colder radiated actual energy from the ambient vacuum. This makes the radiational loss of energy irreversible. Morever, the higher temperature of the retained actual energy accelerates the radiational loss of the latter and thus accelerates the particle's further self&#8209;gravitational condensation.

All potential energy is gravitational; other types of potential energy are temporary masks of gravity.<ref>[[w:Frank Shu|Shu, Frank H.]] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA157 The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy]. University Science Books, 1982, p. 157. "'''Concluding Philosophical Comment.'''<br>Zeldovich and Novikov have made the following intriguing philosophical point about the picture of the formation of a neutron star sketched here. They note that stars begin their lives as a mixture mostly of hydrogen nuclei and their stripped electrons. During a massive star's luminous phase, the protons are combined by a variety of complicated reactions into heavier and heavier elements. The nuclear binding energy released this way ultimately provides entertainment and employment for astronomers. In the end, however, the supernova process serves to undo most of this nuclear evolution. In the end, the core forms a mass of neutrons. Now, the final state, neutrons, contains less nuclear binding energy than the initial state, protons, and electrons. So where did all the energy come from when the star was shining all those millions of years? Where did the energy come from to produce the sound and the fury which is a supernova explosion? Energy is conserved; who paid the debts at the end? Answer: gravity! The gravitational potential energy of the final neutron star is much greater (negatively; that's the '''debt''') than the gravitational potential energy of the corresponding main-sequence star (Problem 8.7). So, despite all the intervening interesting nuclear physics, ultimately Kelvin and Helmholtz were right after all! The ultimate energy source in the stars which produce the greatest amount of energy is gravity power. This is an important moral worth remembering and savoring. If we regard the neutron star as one gigantic atomic nucleus, we may also say that nuclear processes plus gravity have succeeded in converting many atomic nuclei into one nucleus. Problem 8.7 then shows that '''the ultimate energy source for the entire output of the star is the relativistic binding energy of the final end state'''."</ref> The potential energy is negative.<ref name = "PotEnIsNeg">[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/phase.html#c4 Why is the Potential Energy Negative?] ''HyperPhysics''</ref> Because of the [[mass-energy equivalence]], the negative potential energy has a negative [[Mass#Inertial mass|inertial mass]] (''i.e.'', a negative resistance to acceleration), so that it self-accelerates to an infinite speed,<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3fAWAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Unfortunately+a+negative+mass,++with+negative+total+energy,+has+a+negative+inertia+so+that+it+accelerates+itself+and+the+kinetic+energy+would+tend+to+minus+infinity%22&dq=%22Unfortunately+a+negative+mass,++with+negative+total+energy,+has+a+negative+inertia+so+that+it+accelerates+itself+and+the+kinetic+energy+would+tend+to+minus+infinity%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij59KogeTOAhXxa5oKHZceDzUQ6AEIFDAA ''Hadronic Journal Supplement'']. Vol. 14, Hadronic Press, 1999, p. 359. "Unfortunately a negative mass, with negative total energy, has a negative inertia so that it accelerates itself and the kinetic energy would tend to minus infinity."</ref> and, in accordance with relativity theory, exerts its attraction from the future.

Thus, the universe is a centripetal flux that is solving its '''angular momentum problem''' by condensing its zero&#8209;frequency angular momentum (potential energy) into nonzero&#8209;frequency angular momentum (actual energy), and radiating the latter away into the relatively expanding ambient vacuum:
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Since a circular orbit has the lowest energy for a given angular momentum, the gas can only sink further into the gravitational potential and accrete onto the primary, if it can lose some angular momentum. Finding the process by which this is done in real systems is called the '''angular momentum problem'''. We have illustrated it here with the example of mass transfer in a binary, but the same problem arises for the formation of stars from interstellar clouds or the accretion of gas onto the massive black holes in AGN. In these cases, the initial angular momentum due to random motion of the gas clouds is many orders of magnitude larger than can be accommodated by the accreting object. Rather than accreting directly, the gas forms a disk, acting like a temporary "parking orbit".
:—Murdin, P. (ed.) ♦ Encyclopaedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics ♦ Nature Publishing Group and Institute of Physics Publishing, 2001
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Almost all of the universe's potential energy ([[rest mass]]<ref name="RestMass">Heighway, Jack. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=13vIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 Einstein, the Aether and Variable Rest Mass]. HeighwayPubs, 2011, p. 36. "Understanding why rest masses are reduced in a gravitational field only requires a simple insight: '''''when an object is raised in a gravitational field, the gravitational potential energy increase is real, and exists as an increase, usually tiny, in the rest mass of the object.'''''"</ref>) exists in the form of protons (a neutron is a proton that has captured an electron; outside the nucleus, a free neutron is unstable and has a mean lifetime of 881.5±1.5 s, after which it releases the captured electron, and again becomes a proton). The minimum total potential energy principle applies both to a single proton and to multiple protons: every proton is being accelerated towards its own centre and towards the continuum's central proton.
[[File:Dendritic drainage system.jpg|thumb|center|350px|<p>As the [[Gravitational constant|hierarchicity factor (''G'')]] increases,<ref name="HierarchFactor"/> so does the gravitoelectrical<ref>Grøn, Øyvind; Hervik, Sigbjørn. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IyJhCHAryuUC&pg=PA201&dq=%22%CF%86+is+the+Newtonian+or+gravitoelectric+potential%22&hl=en&ei=jzzmTaS-HYPTsgaZ4rmfCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 Einstein's General Theory of Relativity with Modern Applications in Cosmology]. Springer, 2007, pp. 201, 203. "''φ'' is the Newtonian or 'gravitoelectric' potential: ''φ'' = −''Gm''/''r''. ... In the Newtonian theory there will not be any gravitomagnetic effects; the Newtonian potential is the same irrespective of whether or not the body is rotating. Hence the gravitomagnetic field is a purely relativistic effect. The gravitoelectric field is the Newtonian part of the gravitational field, while the gravitomagnetic field is the non-Newtonian part."</ref> suction exerted by the central proton. Consequently, a [[w:Electrical treeing|gravitoelectrical tree]] grows from the central proton and spreads outwards like a [[w:Mycelium|mycelium]], attaching its wormhole [[w:Hypha|hyphae]] to ever wider circles of peripheral protons.</p>
The [[w:Gravitational potential|gravitational potential]] is analogous to the electric potential, with mass (in the form of protons) playing the role of charge. Therefore, the continuum's protons undergo a 13.8&#8209;billion&#8209;year&#8209;long exponentially accelerating [[w:Electrical treeing|gravitoelectrical treeing]] (''i.e.'', [[w:Spaghettification#A simple example|spaghettification]] towards the continuum's central proton), resulting in their [[w:Electrical breakdown|gravitoelectrical breakdown]]—instantaneous tunnelling into the continuum's central proton, which is an identical smaller&#8209;scale continuum, where a smaller&#8209;scale replica of yourself is currently reading this line of text. Our continuum, in its turn, is the central proton of an identical larger&#8209;scale continuum, and so ''ad infinitum''. All the 13.8&#8209;billion&#8209;year cycles are identical—at the end of every 13.8&#8209;billion&#8209;year cycle, you are reading this line of text. Such a spatiotemporal [[w:Self-similarity|self-similarity]] follows from the instantaneous propagation of negative potential energy, which is thus ''the same everywhere in space and everywhen in time''.]]

==Single proton==
The [[potential energy]] of a single proton is proportional to its radius. Therefore, the minimum total potential energy principle dictates that the radius of the proton shrinks with time. At that, the shrinking proton retains a half of the borrowed heat,<ref>Böhm-Vitense, Erika. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=msZMEvEpxG8C&pg=PA29 Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics]. Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 29. "After each infinitesimal step of collapse the star has to wait until it has radiated away half of the released gravitational energy before it can continue to contract."</ref> so that the proton's temperature increases. The rate at which the self-gravitationally shrinking proton radiates away its heat is directly proportional to the proton's surface area and to the fourth power of the proton's temperature (the [[Stefan–Boltzmann law]]). When the proton's radius decreases tenfold, the proton's surface area decreases one-hundred-fold, while the proton's absolute temperature increases tenfold, so that the rate of energy loss and consequently the rate of the proton's self-gravitational shrinkage increases by a factor of one hundred.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fpM5AQAAMAAJ&q=%22Therefore+when+a+gaseous+sphere+shrinks+to+half+its+radius+its+absolute+temperature+is+doubled%22&dq=%22Therefore+when+a+gaseous+sphere+shrinks+to+half+its+radius+its+absolute+temperature+is+doubled%22&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y ''The Nation and Athenaeum'']. Vol. 29, 1921, p. 335. "Now, imagine the sphere to contract until its radius is halved. The gravitational pull on the surface becomes four times as great, since it is the  inverse square of the radius that is involved, and the total mass remains the same. But '''a sphere whose radius is halved has its surface diminished to one-fourth, since the surface varies with the square of the radius'''. Hence we have four times  the pressure exerted on a quarter the area. The pressure per unit of surface, therefore, is sixteen times what it was before. What has happened to the elastic force which is to counterbalance this pressure? It is the product of two things, the density of the gas and the absolute temperature. Now, since the radius of the sphere is halved the density has increased eight times, for the volume varies as the cube of the radius. From this cause alone, then, the elastic force is eight times what it was; but for equilibrium it must be sixteen times what it was. This can only happen by doubling the other factor, viz., the absolute temperature. Therefore '''when a gaseous sphere shrinks to half its radius its absolute temperature is doubled'''."</ref> The ultimate fate of the universe is described by [[w:Arthur Eddington|Arthur Eddington]]:
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<p>All change is relative. The universe is expanding relatively to our common material standards; our material standards are shrinking relatively to the size of the universe. The theory of the "expanding universe" might also be called the theory of the "shrinking atom". <...></p>
<p>Let us then take the whole universe as our standard of constancy, and adopt the view of a cosmic being whose body is composed of intergalactic spaces and swells as they swell. Or rather we must now say it keeps the same size, for he will not admit that it is he who has changed. Watching us for a few thousand million years, he sees us shrinking; atoms, animals, planets, even the galaxies, all shrink alike; only the intergalactic spaces remain the same. The earth spirals round the sun in an ever&#8209;decreasing orbit. It would be absurd to treat its changing revolution as a constant unit of time. The cosmic being will naturally relate his units of length and time so that the velocity of light remains constant. Our years will then decrease in geometrical progression in the cosmic scale of time. On that scale man's life is becoming briefer; his threescore years and ten are an ever&#8209;decreasing allowance. Owing to the property of geometrical progressions an infinite number of our years will add up to a finite cosmic time; so that what we should call the end of eternity is an ordinary finite date in the cosmic calendar. But on that date the universe has expanded to infinity in our reckoning, and we have shrunk to nothing in the reckoning of the cosmic being.</p>
We walk the stage of life, performers of a drama for the benefit of the cosmic spectator. '''As the scenes proceed he notices that the actors are growing smaller and the action quicker. When the last act opens the curtain rises on midget actors rushing through their parts at frantic speed. Smaller and smaller. Faster and faster. One last microscopic blurr of intense agitation. And then nothing.'''
:—Eddington, Arthur. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KHyV4-2EyrUC&pg=PA90 The Expanding Universe] CUP, 1933, pp.&nbsp;90–92
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==Multiple protons==
The negative gravitational potential energies (''i.e.'', gravitational pulls) of uniformly distributed protons cancel each other, so that the potential energy of every proton is maximal (''i.e.'', zero), while the actual energy of every proton is minimal (''i.e.'', zero). Such protons have enormously big radii and fill the entire volume of the continuum without any gaps of negative-energy vacuum between them. The minimum total potential energy principle dictates that the continuum's protons begin their gravitational involution from such a state of maximal potential energy:
<blockquote>
'''Accordingly the primordial state of things which I picture is an even distribution of protons and electrons, extremely diffuse and filling all (spherical) space, remaining nearly balanced for an exceedingly long time until its inherent instability prevails.''' We shall see later that the density of this distribution can be calculated; it was about one proton and electron per litre. There is no hurry for anything to begin to happen. But at last small irregular tendencies accumulate, and evolution gets under way. The first stage is the formation of condensations ultimately to become the galaxies; this, as we have seen, started off an expansion, which then automatically increased in speed until it is now manifested to us in the recession of the spiral nebulae.
As the matter drew closer together in the condensations, the various evolutionary processes followed—evolution of stars, evolution of the more complex elements, evolution of planets and life.
:—Eddington, Arthur. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KHyV4-2EyrUC&pg=PA56 The Expanding Universe] CUP, 1933, pp.&nbsp;56–57
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Conversely, the negative gravitational potential energies (''i.e.'', gravitational pulls) of [[wiktionary:dendritic|dendritically]] (''i.e.'', hierarchically) distributed protons amplify each other in accordance with the [[inverse-square law]]. Therefore, the continuum's gravitational centre is not the most massive object. Instead, the continuum's gravitational centre is the most densely dendritic object—the most intelligent man, who exerts his attraction from the future and thus hierarchizes the continuum's matter into his psychokinetically controlled cosmic body, which is a [[mycelium]] of [[w:Galaxy filament|galaxy filament]]s converging towards the central mushroom (the most intelligent man's cerebrum), so that the [[Gravitational constant|hierarchicity factor (''G'')]] increases.<ref name="HierarchFactor">Moskvitch, Katia. [http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24180-strength-of-gravity-shifts--and-this-time-its-serious.html Strength of gravity shifts—and this time it's serious]. ''New Scientist'', 11 September 2013</ref> Said otherwise, history is the gravitational vortex of the psychokinetically omnipotent man's [[w:Self-assembly|self-assembly]]:
[[File:Funnel to Singularity.png|center|900px]]
[[File:Cerebrum animation small.gif|thumb|center|"The mushroom stands at the end of history. It stands for an object that pulls all history toward itself."
<center>***</center>
"The human neocortex is the most densely ramified and complexified structure in the known universe."
—<span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Terence_McKenna&oldid=2251202 Terence McKenna]]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Basic physics ideas]]
[[Category:Cosmology]]
[[Category:Energy]]