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{{පරිවර්ථනය}}
[[Image:Sshot fever.png|right|thumb|Electronic patient chart of a health information system]]

'''වෛද්‍ය ‍තොරතුරුවේදය''' (Health informatics or medical informatics) is the intersection of [[information science]], [[computer science]], and [[health care]]. It deals with the resources, devices, and methods required to optimize the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information in health and biomedicine. Health informatics tools include not only computers but also clinical guidelines, formal medical terminologies, and information and communication systems.

Subdomains of [[biomedical informatics|(bio)medical]] or [[health care informatics]] include: [[clinical informatics]], [[nursing informatics]], [[imaging informatics]], [[consumer health informatics]], [[public health informatics]], [[dental informatics]], [[clinical research informatics]], [[translational research informatics]]. [[bioinformatics]], [[veterinary informatics]], [[pharmacy informatics]] and [[healthcare management informatics]].

==Aspects of the field==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:immune auto.jpg|thumb|right|A health information system's automatic immunization data entry in the patient's admission module.]] -->
* architectures for [[electronic medical records]] and other health information systems used for billing, scheduling, and research 
* [[decision support system]]s in healthcare, including [[clinical decision support system]]s
* standards (e.g. [[DICOM]], [[HL7]]) and [[data integration|integration]] profiles (e.g. [[Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise]]) to facilitate the exchange of information between [[healthcare information system]]s - these specifically define the ''means'' to exchange data, not the content
* [[controlled vocabulary|controlled]] medical vocabularies (CMVs) such as the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine, Clinical Terms ([[SNOMED CT]]), [[MEDCIN]], Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes ([[LOINC]]), [[OpenGALEN]] Common Reference Model or the highly complex [[UMLS]] - used to allow a standard, accurate [[data exchange|exchange]] of data content between systems and providers  
* use of [[Handheld device|hand-held]] or portable devices to assist providers with data entry/[[data retrieval|retrieval]] or medical [[Clinical decision support system|decision-making]], sometimes called [[mHealth]].
* The international standards on the subject are covered by ICS 35.240.80<ref name=itah>{{cite web| title = 35.240.80: IT applications in health care technology| publisher = [[ISO]]| url = http://www.iso.org/iso/products/standards/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=35&ICS2=240&ICS3=80&| accessdate = 2008-06-15}}</ref> in which [[ISO 27799]]:2008 is one of the core components.<ref name=isosm>{{cite web| last = Fraser| first = Ross| title = ISO 27799: Security management in health using ISO/IEC 17799| url = http://sl.infoway-inforoute.ca/downloads/Ross_Fraser_-_ISO_27799.pdf| accessdate = 2008-06-15 }}</ref>

===Development===
There is a patent pending for a Medical Informatics Public Utility which would serve as the "common platform" of communication for all existing [[provincial]] software products as well as the safe repository for the public's medical records. The potential for the reduction of medical errors, fraud, and duplication is staggering. The number of lives saved could exceed 100,000 per year according to the [[Institute of Medicine]]'s current medical error mortality statistics.
       
Medical informatics began to take off in the US in the 1950s with the rise of the microchip and computers.

Early names for medical informatics included medical computing, medical computer science, computer medicine, medical electronic data processing, medical automatic data processing, medical information processing, medical information science, medical software engineering, and medical computer technology.

Since the 1970s the coordinating body has been the [[International Medical Informatics Association]] (IMIA)

===Medical informatics in the United States===
The earliest use of computation for medicine was for [[dentistry|dental]] projects in the 1950s at the United States [[National Bureau of Standards]] by [[Robert Ledley]].<ref>{{Citation|id = [[PMID]]:16799115|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16799115
|last=Sittig|first=Dean F|last2=Ash|first2=Joan S|last3=Ledley|first3=Robert S|publication-date=|year=2006|title=The story behind the development of the first whole-body computerized tomography scanner as told by Robert S. Ledley.|volume=13|issue=5|periodical=Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA|pages=465-9|doi = 10.1197/jamia.M2127}}</ref>

The next step in the mid 1950s were the development of expert systems such as [[MYCIN]] and   [[INTERNIST-I]]. In 1965, the [[National Library of Medicine]] started to use [[MEDLINE]] and [[MEDLARS]]. At this time, [[Neil Pappalardo]], Curtis Marble, and Robert Greenes developed [[MUMPS]] (Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System) in [[Octo Barnett]]'s Laboratory of Computer Science at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] in [[Boston]].<ref>{{citebook|pages=161|title=Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology|author=Edwin D. Reilly|year=2003|isbn=978-1573565219|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]}}</ref> In the 1970s and 1980s it was the most commonly used programming language for clinical applications. The [[MUMPS]] operating system was used to support MUMPS language specifications. {{As of|2004}}, a descendent of this system is being used in the [[United States]] [[Veterans Affairs]] hospital system. The VA has the largest enterprise-wide health information system that includes an electronic medical record, known as the [[Veterans Health Information Systems and Technology Architecture]] or VistA. A [[graphical user interface]] known as the Computerized Patient Record System (CPRS) allows health care providers to review and update a patient’s electronic medical record at any of the VA's over 1,000 health care facilities.

In the 1970s a growing number of commercial vendors began to market practice management and electronic medical records systems. Although many products exists only a small number of health practitioners use fully featured electronic health care records systems.

[[Homer R. Warner]], one of the fathers of medical informatics,<ref>{{cite journal| author = Gregory A. Patton| coauthors = Reed M. Gardner| title = Medical Informatics Education - The University of Utah Experience| journal = Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association| volume = 6| pages = 457–465| date = Nov–Dec 1999| url = http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=61389#id343467}}</ref> founded the Department of Medical Informatics at the University of Utah in 1968, and the [[American Medical Informatics Association]] (AMIA) has an award named after him on application of informatics to medicine.

The US [[Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act|HIPAA]] of 1996, regulating [[privacy]] and medical record transmission, created the impetus for large numbers of [[physicians]] to move towards using [[electronic medical record|EMR]] software, primarily for the purpose of secure medical billing.

The US is making progress towards a standardized health information infrastructure. In 2004 the US [[Department of Health and Human Services]] (HHS) formed the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONCHIT). The mission of this office is widespread adoption of interoperable electronic health records (EHRs) in the US within 10 years. See [[quality improvement organizations]] for more information on federal initiatives in this area. 

The [[Certification Commission for Healthcare Information Technology]] (CCHIT), a private nonprofit group, was funded in 2005 by the U.S. [[Department of Health and Human Services]] to develop a set of standards for [[electronic health record]]s (EHR) and supporting networks, and certify vendors who meet them. In July, 2006 CCHIT released its first list of 22 certified ambulatory EHR products, in two different announcements.<ref>Certification Commission for Healthcare Information Technology (July 18, 2006): [http://www.cchit.org/media/press+releases/CCHIT+Announces+First+Certified+Electronic+Health+Record+Products.htm CCHIT Announces First Certified Electronic Health Record Products] Retrieved July 26, 2006</ref>

===European health informatics===
{{more|European Federation for Medical Informatics}}

The European Union's Member States are committed to sharing their best practices and experiences to create a European eHealth Area, thereby improving access to and quality health care at the same time as stimulating growth in a promising new industrial sector. The European eHealth Action Plan plays a fundamental role in the European Union's strategy. Work on this initiative involves a collaborative approach among several parts of the Commission services.<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/health/policy_action_plan/index_en.htm European eHealth Action Plan]</ref><ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeurope/i2010/index_en.htm European eHealth Action Plan i2010]</ref> The [[European Institute for Health Records]] is involved in the promotion of high quality [[electronic health record]] systems in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{citeweb|title=Electronic Health Records for Europe|year=2005|url=http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Telemedicine_Alliance/SEMWC7SMD6E_0.html|publisher=''[[European Space Agency]]''|accessdate=2009-01-13}}</ref>

The NHS in England has also contracted out to several vendors for a National Medical Informatics system '[[National Programme for IT|NPFIT]]' that divides the country into five regions and is to be united by a central electronic medical record system nicknamed "the spine".<ref>[http://www.connectingforhealth.nhs.uk/ National Programme for IT in the NHS]</ref> The project, in 2006, is well behind schedule and its scope and design are being revised in real time.

In 2006, 60% of residents in England and Wales have more or less extensive clinical records and their prescriptions generated on 4000 installations of one system (EMIS) written in 'M' (MUMPS as was). The other 40% predominantly have records stored on assorted SQL or file-based systems.

Scotland has a similar approach to central connection under way which is more advanced than the English one in some ways.

Scotland has the [[GPASS]] system whose source code is owned by the State, and controlled and developed by NHS Scotland. It has been provided free to all GPs in Scotland but has developed poorly.{{fact|date=January 2009}} Discussion of open sourcing it as a remedy is occurring.

The European Commission's preference, as exemplified in the 5th Framework, is for Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) for healthcare.

===Clinical Informatics in Asia===
In Asia and Australia-New Zealand, the regional group called the [[Asia Pacific Association for Medical Informatics]] (APAMI) was established in 1994 and now consists of more than 15 member regions in the Asia Pacific Region.


====ශ්‍රී ලංකා====

====China====
{{මූලික|Health informatics in China}}

====Hong Kong====
In [[Hong Kong]] a computerized patient record system called the [[Clinical Management System]] (CMS) has been developed by the [[Hospital Authority]] since 1994. This system has been deployed at all the sites of the Authority (40 hospitals and 120 clinics), and is used by all 30,000 clinical staff on a daily basis, with a daily transaction of up to 2 millions. The comprehensive records of 7 million patients are available on-line in the [[Electronic Patient Record]] (ePR), with data integrated from all sites. Since 2004 radiology image viewing has been added to the ePR, with radiography images from any HA site being available as part of the ePR.

The [[Hong Kong Hospital Authority]] placed particular attention to the [[governance]] of clinical systems development, with input from hundreds of clinicians being incorporated through a structured process. The [[Health Informatics Section]] in Hong Kong Hospital Authority<ref>[http://www.ha.org.hk/hi/Welcome.html Health Informatics Section in Hong Kong Hospital Authority]</ref> has close relationship with Information Technology Department and clinicians to develop healthcare systems for the organization to support the service to all public hospitals and clinics in the region.

The [[Hong Kong Society of Medical Informatics]] (HKSMI) was established in 1987 to promote the use of information technology in healthcare. The eHealth Consortium has been formed to bring together clinicians from both the private and public sectors, medical informatics professionals and the IT industry to further promote IT in healthcare in Hong Kong.<ref>[http://www.iproa.org/ProjectDetail.action?id=270 eHealth Consortium]</ref>

===Health informatics in Australasia & Oceania===
In 2002 the Australian College of Health Informatics (ACHI) was formed as a professional association and peak health informatics professional body. It represents the interests of a broad range of clinical and non-clinical professionals working within the Health Informatics sphere through a commitment to quality, standards and ethical practice. 

Although there are a number of health informatics organisations in Australia, the Health Informatics Society of Australia Ltd (HISA) is regarded as the major umbrella group and is a member of the [[International Medical Informatics Association]] (IMIA). Nursing informaticians were the driving force behind the formation of HISA, which is now a company limited by guarantee of the members. The membership comes from across the informatics spectrum that is from students to corporate affiliates. HISA has a number of branches (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia) as well as special interest groups such as nursing (NIA), pathology, aged and community care, industry and medical imaging (Conrick, 2006). Health Informatics is taught at four New Zealand universities. The most mature and established is the Otago programme which has been offered for over a decade.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://homepages.mcs.vuw.ac.nz/~peterk/healthinformatics/tec-hi-report-06.pdf|title=Health Informatics Capability Development In New Zealand - A Report to the Tertiary Education Commission|author=Karolyn Kerr|coauthors=Rowena Cullen, Jan Duke, Alec Holt, Ray Kirk, Peter Komisarczuk, Jim Warren and Shona Wilson|year=2006|accessdate=2009-01-08}}</ref>

===Healthcare Management Informatics===
''Healthcare Management Informatics'' (HMI) can be defined as that subset of health informatics dedicated to the study, design and implementation of information technology solutions in support of the practice of healthcare management in all its forms — primary care and general practice, sub acute and rehabilitation care, hospital care and others. Furthermore, HMI involves the study of the needs of healthcare management practitioners, including in information presentation and in decision support. The Australasian based Special Interest Group in Healthcare Management Informatics and Computing (SHMIC), hosted as a web based group, has a specific focus on this topic, and has members from multiple disciplines from across the Australian and Asian regions interested in developing further the discipline of HMI.

==Health informatics law==
{{more|Health law}}
''Health informatics law'' deals with evolving and sometimes complex legal principles as they apply to information technology in health-related fields. It addresses the privacy, ethical and operational issues that invariably arise when electronic tools, information and media are used in health care delivery. Health Informatics Law also applies to all matters that involve information technology, health care and the interaction of information. It deals with the circumstances under which data and records are shared with other fields or areas that support and enhance patient care.

== Leading health informatics and medical informatics journals ==
{{මූලික|List of medical and health informatics journals}}
{{Mainlist|List of medical journals}}

==See also==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*[[Arden syntax]]
*[[Bioinformatics]]
*[[Biomedical informatics]]
*[[Brazilian Society of Health Informatics]]
*[[British Computer Society]]
*[[Clinical research informatics]]
*[[Consumer health informatics]]
*[[Center for Biomedical Informatics]]
*[[Continuity of Care Record]] (CCR)
* [[Change control]]
*[[Dental informatics]]
*[[eHealth]]
*[[Electronic medical record]] (EMR)
*[[Gero-Informatics]]
*[[Health information exchange]] (HIE)
{{col-break}}
*[[Health information management]] (HIM)
*[[Indian Association for Medical Informatics]]
*[[Health Metrics Network]]
*[[Hospital information system]]
*[[HL7]]
*[[LOINC]]
*[[mHealth]]
*[[Nursing informatics]]
* [[Personal health record]]
*[[Pharmacy informatics]]
*[[Public health informatics]]
*[[Telehealth]]
*[[Telemedicine]]
*[[Open Healthcare]]
*[[Open source healthcare]]
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
<!--Please do not overload this section; see [[Wikipedia:External links]] for instructions which links may be included-->

* [http://www.hiww.org/ Health Informatics World Wide]
* [http://biocaster.nii.ac.jp/ BioCaster Global Health Monitor]
*[http://www.hsci.canterbury.ac.nz/documents/HI_Curriculum_23-11-06_.pdf Health Informatics Capability Development In New Zealand] ,a Report to the Tertiary Education Commission, November 2006
<!--Please do not overload this section; see [[Wikipedia:External links]] for instructions which links may be included-->

[[Category:තොරතුරුවේදය]]
[[Category:වෛද්‍යවේදය]]

[[ar:معلوماتية طبية]]
[[bs:Medicinska informatika]]
[[cs:Lékařská informatika]]
[[de:Medizinische Informatik]]
[[en:Health informatics]]
[[es:Informática médica]]
[[fa:انفورماتیک پزشکی]]
[[fr:Informatique médicale]]
[[id:Informatika kedokteran]]
[[it:Informatica medica]]
[[ko:의료정보학]]
[[mk:Медицинска информатика]]
[[nl:Medische informatiekunde]]
[[pl:Informatyka medyczna]]
[[pt:Informática médica]]
[[sv:Hälsoinformatik]]
[[th:เวชสารสนเทศ]]
[[zh:医学信息学]]