Revision 1205277 of "Cessna 210" on sqwiki

<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
  |name = Model 210 Centurion
  |image = Image:cessna.210.centurion.d-ebws.arp.jpg
  |caption = A Cessna 210 Centurion
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
  |type = light aircraft
  |national origin=[[United States]]
  |manufacturer = [[Cessna]]
  |designer =
  |first flight = January 1957<ref name="Janes 82 p345-6"/>
  |introduced = 1957
  |retired =
  |status =
  |primary user =
  |more users =
  |produced =1957-1986
  |number built =9,240
  |unit cost =
  |developed from =
  |variants with their own articles = [[Cessna 206]]
}}
|}

'''Cessna 210 Centurion''' eshte nje [[avion]] me gjashte vende, me performane te larte, me karrel uljeje ne piste me nje motorr ne [[aviacionin e pergjitshem]] qe fluturoi per here te pare  ne janar te 1957 dhe eshte prodhuar te  [[Cessna]] qe nga 1985.

==Dizajni dhe zhvillimi==
[[File:Cessna210C-GXCT.JPG|thumb|1960 model Cessna 210, showing the strut-braced wing used on the early model 210.]]
[[File:CessnaT210LCenturion02.jpg|thumb|A Cessna T210L shows the later models' strutless cantilever wing]]
[[File:CessnaT210LCenturion01.jpg|thumb|Cessna T210L]]
[[File:CessnaP210NCenturionC-FFWD05.jpg|thumb|A Cessna P210N Pressurized Centurion with its distinctive small windows]]
[[File:Typical Cessna 210 Panel .jpg|thumb|right|An updated Cessna T210 instrument panel.]]
[[File:C-210 N5891F 001.jpg|thumb|right|A 1967 Cessna 210G modified with a [[leading edge cuff]] and [[flaperons]] for improved low speed performance characteristics]]

Cessna 210 e hershme (210 dhe 210A) ka patur  4 vende me [[Continental O-470|Continental IO-470]] engine of {{convert|260|hp|abbr=on}}.  It was essentially a Cessna 182B to which was added a retractable landing gear, swept tail, and a new wing.<ref name="Simpson" />  In 1961 the fuselage and wing were completely redesigned - the fuselage was made wider and deeper, and a third side window was added.  The wing planform remained the same (constant 64" chord from centerline to {{convert|100|in|mm}} out, then straight taper to 44" chord at 208&nbsp;inches from centerline), but the semi-Fowler flaps (slotted, rear-moving) were extended outboard, from Wing Station 100 to Wing Station 122, which allowed a lower landing speed (FAA certification regulations state that a single-engine aircraft must have a flaps-down, power-off stall speed no greater than 70 miles/hour).  To compensate for the reduced aileron span, the aileron profile was changed and its chord enlarged.  The 1964 model 210D introduced a {{convert|285|hp|abbr=on}} engine and 2 small child seats, set into the cavity which contained the mainwheels aft of the passengers.

In 1967 the model 210G introduced a [[cantilever#In aircraft|cantilever]] wing replacing the strut-braced wing.  Its planform changed to a constant taper from root chord to tip chord.  In 1970 the 210K became the first full 6-seat model. This was achieved by replacing the flat leaf-springs used for the retractable main landing gear struts (undercarriage) with tapered tubular steel struts of greater length. This allowed the tires to be nested farther to the rear of the fuselage, making room for the full size rear seats.  In 1979 the 210N model eliminated the folding doors which previously covered the two retracted main wheels. The tubular spring struts retract into shallow channels along the bottom of the fuselage and the wheels fit snugly in closed depressions on the underside of the fuselage.  Some models featured de-icing boots as an option.

The aircraft was offered in a normally aspirated version, designated the model  '''210''', as well as the [[turbocharged]] '''T210''' and the [[cabin pressurization|pressurized]] '''P210''' versions. The '''Centurion II''' was an option introduced in 1970 with improved avionics, and was available in both noramlly aspirated and turbocharged versions ('''Turbo Centurion II''')<ref name="Janes 82 p345-6"/>

On 21 May 2012 the airworthiness authority responsible for the design, the US [[Federal Aviation Administration]], issued an emergency [[Airworthiness Directive]] requiring 3,665 of the cantilever wing Cessna 210s to be inspected for cracks in the spar cap, wing spar and wing. Aircraft with more than 10,000 hours of airframe time were grounded immediately pending a visual inspection.<ref name="Grady21May12">{{cite news|url = http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/FAAIssuesEmergencyADForCessna210s_206721-1.html|title = FAA Issues Emergency AD For Cessna 210s|accessdate = 24 May 2012|last = Grady|first = Mary|date = 21 May 2012| work = AVweb}}</ref>

===Succession===
In November, 2007, Cessna acquired the assets of [[Columbia Aircraft|Columbia Aircraft Company]]. The Columbia 350 and 400 models were integrated into the Cessna single engine range and redesignated as the [[Cessna 350]] and [[Cessna 400]]. These aircraft replaced the Cessna 210 at the top end of the Cessna single-engine model line.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://investor.textron.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=110047&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1081833&highlight=|title = Textron's Cessna Aircraft Company to Acquire Assets of Columbia Aircraft|accessdate = 2007-11-28|last = Textron|authorlink = |year = 2007|month = November}}</ref>

===Modifikimet===
There are a wide range of modifications available for the Cessna 210, including:
*[[Aeronautical Engineers Australia]] has developed a life extension package for 210s suffering from wing spar carry-through beam corrosion.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.aeroengaus.com.au/mods.htm|title = Aeronautical Engineers Australia - Modifications|month = March | year = 2009 |author = Aeronautical Engineers AUstralia|accessdate = 2009-03-03 }}</ref>

*[[Aerospace Systems and Technologies]] offers a TKS technology weeping fluid ice protection system for the Cessna 210, models L, M and N.<ref name="Collins05Jan06"> {{Cite news|url = http://www.flyingmag.com/safety/weather/madness-icing|title = The Madness of Icing|accessdate = 21 June 2011|last = Collins|first = Richard L.|authorlink = |year = 2006|month = January| work = [[Flying Magazine]]}}</ref>

*[[Crownair Aviation]] developed a “Centurion Edition” T210, which is a remanufactured aircraft introduced in November 2008 that features a glass cockpit and new engine along with other minor refinements.<ref name="CrownAir">{{cite web|url = http://www.crownairaviation.com/docs/Avidyne_08_Dec_Entegra_Cessna_210_FINAL.pdf|title = AVIDYNE PARTNERS WITH SOUTHERN STAR & CROWNAIR TO GET STC FOR ENTEGRA GLASS COCKPIT RETROFIT IN CESSNA 210 SINGLE- ENGINE PISTON AIRCRAFT |accessdate = 1 October 2010|last = Crownair Aviation|authorlink = |year = undated}}</ref>

*[[O&N Aircraft]] offers a [[Rolls-Royce Model 250]] [[turboprop]] conversion of the Pressurized Cessna P210N known as the "Silver Eagle".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.fibreglast.com/contentpages-aircraft-346.html  |title = January 2004: O&N Aircraft |month = January | year = 2004 |author = FibreGlast Developments Corp |accessdate = 2007-10-19 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070929140444/http://www.fibreglast.com/contentpages-aircraft-346.html |archivedate = 2007-09-29}}</ref>

[[File:VitatoeCenturionTN550.jpg|thumb|A Vitatoe Cessna 210N conversion]]
*[[Vitatoe Aviation]] offers the TN550 conversion which uses a [[Continental IO-550|Continental IO-550P]] engine with an IO-520 turbocharger with dual intercoolers and a larger alternator.<ref>{{cite web|title=Improving On A Good Thing The venerable Cessna P210N enjoys a welcome improvement|author=Bill Cox|url=http://www.planeandpilotmag.com/pilot-talk/x-country-log/improving-on-a-good-thing.html?start=2|accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref>

==Variantet==
The Cessna 210 was manufactured in 26 model variants, The C210, C210A-D, the Centurion C210E-H&J, Turbo Centurion T210F-H&J, the Centurion II C210K-N&R, the Turbo Centurion II T210K-N&R and the P210N&R.  The 210N, T210N (turbocharged), and P210N (pressurized) versions were produced in the greatest quantity.  The rarest and most expensive models were the T210R and P210R, which were produced only in small quantities in 1985-86.

Several modifications and optional fittings are also available including different engine installations, wing tip tanks, speed brakes, STOL kits and gear door modifications.

The early strut-winged Cessna 210B was developed into a fixed-gear aircraft known as the [[Cessna 206|Cessna 205]].  This spawned an entirely new family of Cessna aircraft including the [[Cessna 206|206]] and the eight seat [[Cessna 206|207]].<ref name="3A21">{{cite web|url = http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/1c8849e2325c35988625756e006da735/$FILE/3A21%20Rev%2047.pdf |title = TYPE CERTIFICATE DATA SHEET NO. 3A21 Revision 47|accessdate = 20 March 2010|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|authorlink = |year = 2009|month = February}}</ref>

;210
:Four-seat production variant with a [[Continental O-470|Continental IO-470-E]] engine, 40 degrees hydraulic flap, gear doors, introduced in 1960.,<ref name="Bruckert-Roud">Danielle Bruckert and Oleg Roud (2008). ''Cessna 210 Training Manual''. ISBN 978-0-557-01418-7.</ref> first flown in 1957, 575 built.<ref name="Simpson">{{Harvnb |Simpson|1991 | pp=103–104}}</ref>
;210A
:A 210 with a third cabin window on each side, introduced in 1961, 265 built.<ref name="Simpson" />
;210B
:A 210A with a cut-down rear fuselage, a rear vision window and a [[Continental O-470|Continental IO-470-S]] engine, introduced in 1962, 245 built.<ref name="Simpson" />
;210C
:A 210B with some minor changes, introduced in 1963, 135 built.<ref name="Simpson" />
;210D Centurion
:A 210C fitted with a {{convert|285|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Continental O-520|Continental IO-520-A]] engine and increased take-off weight to {{convert|3100|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="Bruckert-Roud" /> introduced in 1964, 290 built.<ref name="Simpson" />
;210E Centurion
:A 210D with some minor changes, introduced in 1965, 205 built.<ref name="Simpson" />
;210F Centurion / Turbo Centurion
:A 210E with some minor changes and optional {{convert|285|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} turbocharged [[Continental O-520|Continental TSIO-520-C]] engine, introduced in 1966, 300 built.<ref name="Simpson" />
;210G Centurion / Turbo Centurion
:A 210F with a strutless cantilever wing and modified rear window, increased take-off weight to {{convert|3300|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="Bruckert-Roud" /> introduced in 1967, 228 built.<ref name="Simpson" />
;210H Centurion / Turbo Centurion
:A 210G with a new flap system and instrument panel, 210 built.<ref name="Simpson" /> Flap range decreased to 30 degrees, fuel capacity increased from {{convert|65|to|90|USgal|l|0|abbr=on}}. Introduced in 1968.<ref name="Bruckert-Roud" />
;210J Centurion / Turbo Centurion
:A 210H with reduced wing dihederal, different nose profile and a [[Continental O-520|Continental IO-520-J]] (or TSIO-520H) engine, introduced in 1969, 200 built.<ref name="Simpson" />
;210K Centurion / Turbo Centurion
:A 210J with rear changed to full seat to provide six seats, a IO-520-L engine with {{convert|300|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} limited to 5 minutes, landing gear changed, enlarged cabin with a single rear side window, weight increased to {{convert|3800|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, produced 1970-71, 303 built.<ref name="Simpson" /><ref name="Bruckert-Roud" />
;210L Centurion / Turbo Centurion
:A 210K with nose-mounted landing lights, the electrical system changed to 24 volt, the engine driven hydraulic pump replaced with an electrical pump and a three bladed prop fitted. Improved aerodynamics led to an increase in approximately {{convert|8|kn|km/h|0|abbr=on}} in cruise speed.<ref name="Bruckert-Roud" /> Produced 1972-76, 2070 built.<ref name="Simpson" />
;210M Centurion / Turbo Centurion
:A 210L with an optional {{convert|310|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} TSIO-520-R engine and minor changes, produced 1977-80, 1381 built.<ref name="Simpson" />
;210N Centurion / Turbo Centurion
:A 210M with open wheel wells for main landing gear and minor changes.<ref name="Simpson" /> Although this change appeared only on the C210N, most early models have had gear doors removed due to extensive maintenance and handling problems, leaving them similar to the "N".<ref name="Bruckert-Roud" /> Produced  1981-84, 1943 built.
;{{visible anchor|210R Centurion / Turbo Centurion}}
:A 210N with longer span stabiliser and minor changes, produced 1985-86, 112 built.<ref name="Simpson" />
;P210N Pressurized Centurion
:A Turbo 210N with pressurized cabin, four windows each side, with a {{convert|310|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Continental O-520|Continental TSIO-520-AF]] engine, produced 1978-83, 834 built.<ref name="Simpson" />
;P210R Pressurized Centurion
:A P210N with longer span stabilizer increased take-off weight and a {{convert|325|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Continental O-520|Continental TSIO-520-CE]] engine, produced 1985-86, 40 built.<ref name="Simpson" /><ref name="3A21" />
;Riley Turbine P-210
:Conversion of pressurized Cessna 210P Centurion aircraft, fitted with a [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6]]A-112, flat rated at {{convert|500|shp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="JAWA82 p453">{{harvnb|Taylor|1982|p=453}}</ref>

==Operatoret==
===Civil===
The Cessna 210 is widely used by flight training schools, private operators, air taxi and commercial charter, and companies.

===Ushtarake===
; {{BOL}}
; {{DOM}}
; {{ESA}}
;{{HND}}
*[[Honduran Air Force]]
; {{JAM}}
* [[Jamaica Defence Force]]
; {{MEX}}
; {{PHL}}
; {{PAN}}
; {{PAR}}
* [[Paraguayan Air Force]] - 2 210N
* [[Paraguayan Naval Aviation]] - 2 210N

==Aksidente dhe incidente==
*While flying N6579X, an early model 210A, famed [[test pilot]] [[Albert Scott Crossfield|Scott Crossfield]] crashed and died in the woods of [[Ludville, Georgia]] on April 19, 2006. The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] established the probable cause as "The pilot's failure to obtain updated en route weather information, which resulted in his continued instrument flight into a widespread area of severe convective activity, and the air traffic controller's failure to provide adverse weather avoidance assistance, as required by Federal Aviation Administration directives, both of which led to the airplane's encounter with a severe thunderstorm and subsequent loss of control."<ref name="NTSB1">{{cite web|url = http://www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/brief.asp?ev_id=20060501X00494&key=1|title = NTSB Probable Cause, Report CHI06MA115[2007]|accessdate = 2008-06-02|last = [[National Transportation Safety Board|NTSB]]|authorlink = |year = 2007|month = September}}</ref>

==Specifikime (T210N Turbo Centurion II)==
{{aircraft specifications
<!-- if you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]] -->
|plane or copter?=<!-- options: plane/copter --> plane
|jet or prop?=<!-- options: jet/prop/both/neither --> prop
<!-- Now, fill out the specs. Please include units where appropriate (main comes first, alt in parentheses). If an item doesn't apply leave it blank. For instructions on using |more general=, |more performance=, |power original=, and |thrust original= see [[Template talk:Aircraft specifications]]. -->
|ref=Janes' All The World's Aircraft 1982-83<ref name="Janes 82 p345-6">{{harvnb|Taylor|1982|pp=345–346}}</ref>
|crew= One
|capacity=Five passengers
|length main= 28 ft 2 in
|length alt= 8.59 m
|span main= 36 ft 9 in
|span alt= 11.20 m
|height main= 9 ft 8 in
|height alt= 2.95 m
|area main= 175 ft²
|area alt= 16.23 m²
|airfoil=
|empty weight main= 2,303 lb
|empty weight alt= 1,045 kg
|loaded weight main=
|loaded weight alt=
|useful load main= <!--lb-->
|useful load alt= <!--kg-->
|max takeoff weight main= 4,000 lb
|max takeoff weight alt= 1,814 kg
|more general=

|engine (prop)=[[Continental O-520|Continental Motors TSIO-520-R]]
|type of prop=air-cooled turbocharged [[flat-six]]
|number of props=1
|power main= 310 hp
|power alt= 231 kW
|power original=

|max speed main= 204 knots
|max speed alt= 235 mph, 378&nbsp;km/h
|max speed more=at 17,000 ft (5,200 m)
|cruise speed main= 193 knots
|cruise speed alt= 222 mph, 358&nbsp;km/h
|cruise speed more=at 20,000 ft (6,100 m)
|never exceed speed main= <!--knots-->
|never exceed speed alt= <!--mph,km/h-->
|stall speed main= 58 knots
|stall speed alt= 67 mph, 108&nbsp;km/h
|stall speed more= [[Calibrated airspeed|CAS]], flaps down, power off
|range main= 900 [[nautical mile|nmi]]
|range alt= 1,036 mi, 1,668&nbsp;km
|range more=econ cruise at 10,000 ft (3,050 m)
|ceiling main= 27,000 ft
|ceiling alt= 8,230 m
|climb rate main= 930 ft/min
|climb rate alt= 4.7 m/s
|loading main= 22.9 lb/ft²
|loading alt= 111.8 kg/m²
|thrust/weight= <!--a unitless ratio-->
|power/mass main= 0.078 hp/lb
|power/mass alt=0.13 kW/kg
|more performance=
|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent|
|related=
* [[Cessna 182]]
* [[Cessna 206]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Beechcraft Bonanza]]
* [[Cessna 206]]
* [[Piper Saratoga]]
* [[Piper Malibu]]
|lists=
|see also=

}}

==Referenca==
===Shenime===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Taylor|first= John W. R.|authorlink=John W. R. Taylor |coauthors= |title= Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982-83|year=1982 |publisher= Jane's Yearbooks|location=London |isbn=0-7106-0748-2|pages=|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Simpson |first= R.W.|authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Airlife's General Aviation|year=1991 |publisher= Airlife Publishing|location= England |isbn=1-85310-194-X|pages=|ref=harv}}

{{refend}}

==Lidhje te jashtme==
{{commons category}}
* [http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/8d6fe1c9ed78bbdd862572430063b139/$FILE/3A21.pdf FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet 3A21] Type Certificate Data Sheet for Cessna 210 models.

{{Cessna}}
{{aviation lists}}

[[Kategoria:Cessna avionë|210]]
[[Category:High wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Propeller aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engine aircraft]]
[[Category:United States civil utility aircraft 1950–1959]]

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