 |
 |
If you find this site useful or just support what I'm doing, I'd really appreciate if you could donate. To cover server costs and for the hundreds of hours I've put into making this happen.
|
 |
If you spot content on this site that is genuinely illegal or actually puts someone in real danger, contact [email protected]. We have multiple agents reviewing tickets 24/7. Note that we try to maintain as much transparency as possible, both about ourselves and of the actions of Wikipedians. For example, if we removed a live link to CSAM content that was posted by a Wikipedia admin, we would replace it a placeholder like "<link to CSAM that was posted by Demiurge1000 redacted by Undersight>". Note that "I don't like it" is NOT a valid removal reason. If instead you are a Wikipedophile trying to get all the dark secrets of Wikipedia censored, please follow this guide instead.
If you would like to contact the owner of this about something else (e.g. press inquires, feature requests, bug reports), e-mail [email protected] or [email protected].
|
Difference between revisions 153508 and 153631 on testwiki<div class="dablink">This article is about the capital of France. For other uses, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris (disambiguation) (page does not exist)">Paris (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Use dmy dates (page does not exist)">Template:Use dmy dates</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_French_commune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Infobox French commune (page does not exist)">Template:Infobox French commune</a></p> <p><b>Paris</b> (<span class="nowrap"><img alt="Listen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Speakerlink.svg/11px-Speakerlink.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Speakerlink.svg/17px-Speakerlink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Speakerlink.svg/22px-Speakerlink.svg.png 2x" /><sup class="noexcerpt"><span style="color: #00e; font: bold 80% sans-serif; padding: 0 .1em;" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Audio-paris.ogg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Audio-paris.ogg (page does not exist)">i</a></span></sup><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="extiw" title="w:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: /<a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA_for_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help:IPA for English (page does not exist)">/</a>/<span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA_for_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help:IPA for English (page does not exist)"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA_for_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help:IPA for English (page does not exist)"><span title="'p' in 'pie'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">p</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA_for_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help:IPA for English (page does not exist)"><span title="/�r/ 'arr' in 'marry'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">�r</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA_for_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help:IPA for English (page does not exist)"><span title="/ɨ/ 'e' in 'roses'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ɨ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA_for_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help:IPA for English (page does not exist)"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">s</span></a></span><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="extiw" title="w:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: /<a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA_for_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help:IPA for English (page does not exist)">/</a>/</span>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French language (page does not exist)">French</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:IPA-fr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:IPA-fr (page does not exist)">Template:IPA-fr</a>) is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_city&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital city (page does not exist)">capital</a> and largest city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="France (page does not exist)">France</a>. It is situated on the river <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seine (page does not exist)">Seine</a>, in northern France, at the heart of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le-de-France (region) (page does not exist)">�le-de-France</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regions_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regions of France (page does not exist)">region</a> (or Paris Region, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-fr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-fr (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-fr</a>). The city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrondissements_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrondissements of Paris (page does not exist)">arrondissements</a>) largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,211,297<sup id="cite_ref-paris_pop_2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paris_pop_2008-1">[1]</a></sup> (January 2008), but the Paris <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Area_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropolitan Area (France) (page does not exist)">metropolitan area</a> has a population of 12,089,098<sup id="cite_ref-paris_AU10_pop_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paris_AU10_pop-2">[2]</a></sup> (January 2008), and is one of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Largest_population_centres_in_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Largest population centres in the European Union (page does not exist)">most populated metropolitan areas</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europe (page does not exist)">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-metropolitan_areas_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metropolitan_areas-3">[3]</a></sup> Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></p> <p>Paris is today one of the world's leading <a href="/w/index.php?title=Business&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Business (page does not exist)">business</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture (page does not exist)">cultural</a> centres, and its influences in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics (page does not exist)">politics</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education (page does not exist)">education</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entertainment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entertainment (page does not exist)">entertainment</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mass media (page does not exist)">media</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fashion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fashion (page does not exist)">fashion</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science (page does not exist)">science</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arts (page does not exist)">arts</a> all contribute to its status as one of the world's major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_city&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Global city (page does not exist)">global cities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GaWC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaWC-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mori-m-foundation.or.jp_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mori-m-foundation.or.jp-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-http:.2F.2Fwww.knightfrank.com.2Fwealthreport.2F_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http:.2F.2Fwww.knightfrank.com.2Fwealthreport.2F-10">[10]</a></sup> It hosts the headquarters of many international organizations such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=UNESCO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UNESCO (page does not exist)">UNESCO</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (page does not exist)">OECD</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Chamber of Commerce (page does not exist)">International Chamber of Commerce</a> or the informal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Club (page does not exist)">Paris Club</a>. Paris is considered one of the greenest<sup id="cite_ref-http:.2F.2Fwww.citymayors.com.2Fenvironment.2Fgreenest-cities-europe.html_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http:.2F.2Fwww.citymayors.com.2Fenvironment.2Fgreenest-cities-europe.html-11">[11]</a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=World%27s_most_livable_cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World's most livable cities (page does not exist)">most liveable</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> cities in Europe. It is also one of <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees (page does not exist)">the most expensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ECA_International_Cost_of_Living_2010_press_release_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECA_International_Cost_of_Living_2010_press_release-14">[14]</a></sup></p> <p>Paris and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le-de-France (region) (page does not exist)">Paris Region</a>, with �552.1 billion (US$768.9 billion) in 2009, produce more than a quarter of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gross domestic product (page does not exist)">gross domestic product</a> of France.<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_GDP_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris_GDP-15">[15]</a></sup> According to 2008 estimates, the Paris agglomeration is Europe's biggest<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> or second biggest<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> city economy and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_by_GDP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of cities by GDP (page does not exist)">sixth largest in the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> The Paris Region hosts the headquarters of 33 of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortune_Global_500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortune Global 500 (page does not exist)">Fortune Global 500</a> companies,<sup id="cite_ref-Fortune_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortune-19">[19]</a></sup> the highest such concentration in Europe, hosted in several business districts, notably <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La D�fense (page does not exist)">La D�fense</a>, the largest dedicated business district in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Logistics-in-Europe.com.2C_Vertical_Mail_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logistics-in-Europe.com.2C_Vertical_Mail-20">[20]</a></sup> The Paris region has the highest concentration of higher education students in the European Union,<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_Region_Key_Figures_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris_Region_Key_Figures-21">[21]</a></sup> is the first in Europe in terms of research and development capability and expenditure<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_Region_Key_Figures_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris_Region_Key_Figures-21">[21]</a></sup> and is considered one of the best cities in the world for innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> With about 42 million tourists annually in the city and its suburbs,<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_Region_Key_Figures_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris_Region_Key_Figures-21">[21]</a></sup> Paris is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism (page does not exist)">most visited city</a> in the world. The city and its region contain 3,800 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_historique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument historique (page does not exist)">historical monuments</a> and four <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Heritage_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Heritage Site (page does not exist)">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_Region_Key_Figures_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris_Region_Key_Figures-21">[21]</a></sup></p> <div class="toclimit-2"> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Merovingian_and_Feudal_Eras"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Merovingian and Feudal Eras</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Middle_Ages_to_19th_century"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Ages to 19th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#19th_century"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">19th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#20th_century"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">20th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#21st_century"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">21st century</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Cityscape"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Cityscape</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Districts_and_historical_centres"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Districts and historical centres</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#City_of_Paris"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">City of Paris</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#In_the_Paris_area"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">In the Paris area</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Monuments_and_landmarks"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Monuments and landmarks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Parks_and_gardens"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Parks and gardens</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Water_and_sanitation"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Water and sanitation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Cemeteries"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Cemeteries</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Entertainment_and_performing_arts"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Entertainment and performing arts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Tourism"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Health"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Health</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Sociology"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Sociology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Density"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Density</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Paris_agglomeration"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Paris agglomeration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Immigration"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Immigration</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Immigrants_and_their_children_in_d.C3.A9partements_of_.C3.8Ele-de-France_.28Greater_Paris.29"><span class="tocnumber">8.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Immigrants and their children in d�partements of �le-de-France (Greater Paris)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Administration"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Administration</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Capital_of_France"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Capital of France</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#City_government"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">City government</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Municipal_offices"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Municipal offices</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Capital_of_the_.C3.8Ele-de-France_r.C3.A9gion"><span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Capital of the �le-de-France <i>r�gion</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Intercommunality"><span class="tocnumber">9.5</span> <span class="toctext">Intercommunality</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Primary and secondary education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Higher-education"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Higher-education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Universities"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Universities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Grandes_.C3.A9coles"><span class="tocnumber">10.4</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Grandes �coles</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Libraries"><span class="tocnumber">10.5</span> <span class="toctext">Libraries</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Cycling"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cycling</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#International_relations"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">International relations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2> <p>The name <i>Paris</i> derives from that of its earliest inhabitants, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaul (page does not exist)">Gaulish</a> tribe known as the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parisii_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parisii (France) (page does not exist)">Parisii</a></i>. The city was called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetia (page does not exist)">Lutetia</a></i> (more fully, <i>Lutetia Parisiorum</i>, "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the Roman era of the 1st to the 6th century, but during the reign of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_the_Apostate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian the Apostate (page does not exist)">Julian the Apostate</a> (360�363), the city was renamed Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></p> <p>It is believed that the name of the <i>Parisii</i> tribe comes from the Celtic Gallic word <i>parisio</i> meaning "the working people" or "the craftsmen."<sup id="cite_ref-paris_dottin_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paris_dottin-24">[24]</a></sup></p> <p>Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is "La Ville-Lumi�re" ("The City of Light"),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> a name it owes first to its fame as a centre of education and ideas during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Age_of_Enlightenment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Age of Enlightenment (page does not exist)">Age of Enlightenment</a>, and later to its early adoption of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Street_light&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Street light (page does not exist)">street lighting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> Since the mid-19th century, Paris has been known as <i>Paname</i><sup id="cite_ref-linguistik-online1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linguistik-online1-27">[27]</a></sup> (<a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="extiw" title="w:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: /[panam]/) in the Parisian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slang (page does not exist)">slang</a> called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argot (page does not exist)">argot</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Ltspkr.png" class="image"><img alt="Ltspkr.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Ltspkr.png" width="13" height="10" /></a> <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Fr-moi-jsuis-dPaname.ogg" class="internal" title="Fr-moi-jsuis-dPaname.ogg"><i>Moi j'suis d'Paname</i></a>, i.e. "I'm from Paname"). The singer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaud (page does not exist)">Renaud</a> repopularized the term amongst the young generation<sup id="cite_ref-linguistik-online1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linguistik-online1-27">[27]</a></sup> with his 1976 album <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoureux_de_Paname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amoureux de Paname (page does not exist)">Amoureux de Paname</a></i> ("In love with Paname").</p> <p>Paris' inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" and in French as <i>Parisiens</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:IPA-fr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:IPA-fr (page does not exist)">Template:IPA-fr</a>). Parisians are often pejoratively called <i>Parigots</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:IPA-fr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:IPA-fr (page does not exist)">Template:IPA-fr</a>), a term first used in 1900<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> by those living outside the Paris region.</p> <dl> <dd><i>See <a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Paris#Translations" class="extiw" title="wikt:Paris">Wiktionary</a> for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.</i></dd> </dl> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Paris (page does not exist)">History of Paris</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanbathparis.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Romanbathparis.jpg/220px-Romanbathparis.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Romanbathparis.jpg/330px-Romanbathparis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Romanbathparis.jpg/440px-Romanbathparis.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanbathparis.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> The Gallo-Roman baths <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermes_de_Cluny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermes de Cluny (page does not exist)">Thermes de Cluny</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mus�e de Cluny (page does not exist)">Mus�e de Cluny</a>, in Paris's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_Quarter,_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin Quarter, Paris (page does not exist)">Latin Quarter</a>.</div> </div> </div> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span></h3> <p>The earliest archaeological signs of permanent settlements in the Paris area date from around 4200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-roman_chronology_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roman_chronology-29">[29]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parisii_(Gaul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parisii (Gaul) (page does not exist)">Parisii</a></i>, a sub-tribe of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celt (page does not exist)">Celtic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senones (page does not exist)">Senones</a>, inhabited the area near the river <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seine (page does not exist)">Seine</a> from around 250 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bcunliffe2004i_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bcunliffe2004i-31">[31]</a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Empire (page does not exist)">Romans</a> conquered the Paris basin in 52 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-roman_chronology_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roman_chronology-29">[29]</a></sup> with a permanent settlement by the end of the same century on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rive_Gauche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rive Gauche (page does not exist)">Left Bank</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montagne_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montagne Sainte-Genevi�ve (page does not exist)">Sainte Genevi�ve Hill</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le de la Cit� (page does not exist)">�le de la Cit�</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Roman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallo-Roman (page does not exist)">Gallo-Roman</a> town was originally called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetia (page does not exist)">Lutetia</a>, or Lutetia Parisorum but later Gallicised to <i>Lut�ce</i>. It expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a prosperous city with a forum, palaces, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.<sup id="cite_ref-roman_city_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roman_city-32">[32]</a></sup>  </p> <p>The collapse of the Roman empire and the 5th-century <a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migration Period (page does not exist)">Germanic invasions</a> sent the city into a period of decline. By AD 400, <i>Lut�ce</i>, largely abandoned by its inhabitants, was little more than a garrison town entrenched into a hastily fortified central island.<sup id="cite_ref-roman_chronology_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roman_chronology-29">[29]</a></sup> The city reclaimed its original appellation of "Paris" towards the end of the Roman occupation.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Merovingian and Feudal Eras">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Merovingian_and_Feudal_Eras">Merovingian and Feudal Eras</span></h3> <p>The Paris region was under full control of the Germanic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franks (page does not exist)">Franks</a> by the late 5th century. The Frankish king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clovis I (page does not exist)">Clovis the Frank</a>, the first king of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merovingian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merovingian (page does not exist)">Merovingian</a> dynasty, made the city his capital from 508. The late 8th century <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carolingian dynasty (page does not exist)">Carolingian dynasty</a> displaced the Frankish capital to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aachen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aachen (page does not exist)">Aachen</a>; this period coincided with the beginning of Viking invasions that had spread as far as Paris by the early 9th century.</p> <p>Repeated invasions forced Parisians to build a fortress on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le de la Cit� (page does not exist)">�le de la Cit�</a>. One of the most remarkable Viking raids was on 28 March 845, when Paris was sacked and held ransom, probably by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ragnar_Lodbrok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ragnar Lodbrok (page does not exist)">Ragnar Lodbrok</a>, who left only after receiving a large bounty paid by the crown. The weakness of the late <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carolingian (page does not exist)">Carolingian</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King of France (page does not exist)">kings of France</a> led to the gradual rise in power of the Counts of Paris; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odo,_Count_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odo, Count of Paris (page does not exist)">Odo, Count of Paris</a>, was elected king of France by feudal lords, and the end of the Carolingian empire came in 987 when <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Capet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Capet (page does not exist)">Hugh Capet</a>, count of Paris, was elected king of France. Paris, under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Capet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Capet (page does not exist)">Capetian</a> kings, became a capital once more.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Ages to 19th century">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_Ages_to_19th_century">Middle Ages to 19th century</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg/220px-Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg" width="220" height="152" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg/330px-Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg/440px-Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ch�teau de Vincennes (page does not exist)">Ch�teau de Vincennes</a>, with its 52 m high keep, was built between the 14th and 17th century.</div> </div> </div> <p>Paris's population was around 200,000<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> when the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Death (page does not exist)">Black Death</a> arrived in 1348, killing as many as 800 people a day; and 40,000 died from the plague in 1466.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> During the 16th and 17th centuries, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plague_(disease)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plague (disease) (page does not exist)">plague</a> visited the city for almost one year out of three.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> Paris lost its position as seat of the French realm during the occupation by the English-allied <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Burgundy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy of Burgundy (page does not exist)">Burgundians</a> during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hundred Years' War (page does not exist)">Hundred Years' War</a>, but regained its title when <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_VII_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles VII of France (page does not exist)">Charles VII of France</a> reclaimed the city from English rule in 1436. Paris from then on became France's capital once again in title, but France's real centre of power would remain in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loire_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loire Valley (page does not exist)">Loire Valley</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> until <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis I of France (page does not exist)">King Francis I</a> returned France's crown residences to Paris in 1528.</p> <p>During the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Wars_of_Religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Wars of Religion (page does not exist)">French Wars of Religion</a>, Paris was a stronghold of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_League_(French)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic League (French) (page does not exist)">Catholic party</a>. In August 1572, under the reign of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_IX_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles IX of France (page does not exist)">Charles IX</a>, while many noble Protestants were in Paris on the occasion of the marriage of Henry of Navarre � the future <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_IV_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry IV of France (page does not exist)">Henry IV</a> � to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret of Valois (page does not exist)">Margaret of Valois</a>, sister of Charles IX, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (page does not exist)">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a> occurred; begun on 24 August, it lasted several days and spread throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></p> <p>In 1590 Henry IV unsuccessfully laid siege to the city in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Paris_(1590)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Paris (1590) (page does not exist)">Siege of Paris</a>. During the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fronde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fronde (page does not exist)">Fronde</a>, Parisians rose in rebellion and the royal family fled the city (1648). King <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis XIV of France (page does not exist)">Louis XIV</a> then moved the royal court permanently to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Versailles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palace of Versailles (page does not exist)">Versailles</a>, a lavish estate on the outskirts of Paris, in 1682. A century later, Paris was the centre stage for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Revolution (page does not exist)">French Revolution</a>, with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Storming_of_the_Bastille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Storming of the Bastille (page does not exist)">Storming of the Bastille</a> on 14 July 1789 and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Revolution (page does not exist)">overthrow</a> of the monarchy in September 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="19th_century">19th century</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9alisationsUrbaines2ndEmpire.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/R%C3%A9alisationsUrbaines2ndEmpire.jpg/220px-R%C3%A9alisationsUrbaines2ndEmpire.jpg" width="220" height="127" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/R%C3%A9alisationsUrbaines2ndEmpire.jpg/330px-R%C3%A9alisationsUrbaines2ndEmpire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/R%C3%A9alisationsUrbaines2ndEmpire.jpg/440px-R%C3%A9alisationsUrbaines2ndEmpire.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9alisationsUrbaines2ndEmpire.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> Drilling of numerous streets under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Second Empire (page does not exist)">Second Empire</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_French_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third French Republic (page does not exist)">Third Republic</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>Paris was occupied by Russian and Allied armies upon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon I (page does not exist)">Napoleon</a>'s defeat on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Six_Days_Campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Six Days Campaign (page does not exist)">31 March 1814</a>; this was the first time in 400 years that the city had been conquered by a foreign power.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> The ensuing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bourbon Restoration (page does not exist)">Restoration</a> period, or the return of the monarchy under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVIII_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis XVIII of France (page does not exist)">Louis XVIII</a> (1814�1824) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_X_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles X of France (page does not exist)">Charles X</a>, ended with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=July_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="July Revolution (page does not exist)">July Revolution</a> Parisian uprising of 1830. The new 'constitutional monarchy' under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Philippe I (page does not exist)">Louis-Philippe</a> ended with the 1848 "<a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Revolution_of_1848&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Revolution of 1848 (page does not exist)">February Revolution</a>" that led to the creation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Second Republic (page does not exist)">Second Republic</a>.</p> <p>Throughout these events, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cholera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cholera (page does not exist)">cholera</a> epidemics in 1832 and 1849 ravaged the population of Paris; the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the population of 650,000.<sup id="cite_ref-cholera_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cholera-41">[41]</a></sup></p> <p>The greatest development in Paris's history began with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrial Revolution (page does not exist)">Industrial Revolution</a> creation of a network of railways that brought an unprecedented flow of migrants to the capital from the 1840s. The city's largest transformation came with the 1852 <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Second Empire (page does not exist)">Second Empire</a> under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon III (page does not exist)">Napoleon III</a>; his <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9fet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pr�fet (page does not exist)">pr�fet</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baron_Haussmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baron Haussmann (page does not exist)">Baron Haussmann</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haussmann's renovation of Paris (page does not exist)">levelled entire districts</a> of Paris' narrow, winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical fa�ades that still make up much of modern Paris; the reason for this transformation was twofold, as not only did the creation of wide boulevards beautify and sanitize the capital, it also facilitated the effectiveness of troops and artillery against any further uprisings and barricades for which Paris was so famous.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eiffel_Tower_and_general_view_of_the_grounds,_Exposition_Universal,_1900,_Paris,_France_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eiffel_Tower_and_general_view_of_the_grounds%2C_Exposition_Universal%2C_1900%2C_Paris%2C_France_2.jpg/220px-Eiffel_Tower_and_general_view_of_the_grounds%2C_Exposition_Universal%2C_1900%2C_Paris%2C_France_2.jpg" width="220" height="163" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eiffel_Tower_and_general_view_of_the_grounds%2C_Exposition_Universal%2C_1900%2C_Paris%2C_France_2.jpg/330px-Eiffel_Tower_and_general_view_of_the_grounds%2C_Exposition_Universal%2C_1900%2C_Paris%2C_France_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eiffel_Tower_and_general_view_of_the_grounds%2C_Exposition_Universal%2C_1900%2C_Paris%2C_France_2.jpg/440px-Eiffel_Tower_and_general_view_of_the_grounds%2C_Exposition_Universal%2C_1900%2C_Paris%2C_France_2.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Eiffel_Tower_and_general_view_of_the_grounds,_Exposition_Universal,_1900,_Paris,_France_2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposition_Universelle_(1889)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exposition Universelle (1889) (page does not exist)">The 1889 Universal Exposition</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Second Empire (page does not exist)">Second Empire</a> ended in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Prussian_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franco-Prussian War (page does not exist)">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870�1871), and a besieged Paris under heavy bombardment surrendered on 28 January 1871. The discontent of Paris' populace with the new armistice-signing government seated in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Versailles,_Yvelines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Versailles, Yvelines (page does not exist)">Versailles</a> resulted in the creation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Commune (page does not exist)">Paris Commune</a> government, supported by an army created in large part of members of the city's former <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Guard (France) (page does not exist)">National Guard</a> who would both continue resistance against the Prussians and oppose the army of the "Versaillais" government. The Paris Commune ended with the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Commune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Commune (page does not exist)">Semaine Sanglante</a></i> ("Bloody Week"), during which roughly 20,000 "Communards" were executed before the fighting ended on 28 May 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-43">[43]</a></sup> The ease with which the <i>Versaillais</i> army overtook Paris owed much to Baron Haussmann's renovations.</p> <p>France's late 19th-century <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Exposition_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Exposition (disambiguation) (page does not exist)">Universal Expositions</a> made Paris an increasingly important centre of technology, trade, and tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones334_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones334-44">[44]</a></sup> Its most famous were the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposition_Universelle_(1889)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exposition Universelle (1889) (page does not exist)">1889 <i>Exposition universelle</i></a> to which Paris owes its "temporary" display of architectural engineering progess, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiffel_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eiffel Tower (page does not exist)">Eiffel Tower</a>, a structure that remained the world's tallest building until 1930; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposition_Universelle_(1900)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exposition Universelle (1900) (page does not exist)">1900 Universal Exposition</a> saw the opening of the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_M%C3%A9tro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris M�tro (page does not exist)">Paris M�tro</a> line.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="20th_century">20th century</span></h3> <p>During <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World War I (page does not exist)">World War I</a>, Paris was at the forefront of the war effort, having been spared a German invasion by the French and British victory at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_the_Marne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of the Marne (page does not exist)">First Battle of the Marne</a> in 1914. In 1918�1919, it was the scene of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allies_of_World_War_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allies of World War I (page does not exist)">Allied</a> victory parades and peace negotiations. In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interwar period (page does not exist)">inter-war period</a>, Paris was famed for its cultural and artistic communities and its nightlife. The city became a gathering place of artists from around the world, from exiled Russian composer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Stravinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Stravinsky (page does not exist)">Stravinsky</a> and Spanish painters <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Picasso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pablo Picasso (page does not exist)">Picasso</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvador_Dal%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salvador Dal� (page does not exist)">Dal�</a> to American writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Hemingway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Hemingway (page does not exist)">Hemingway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowds_of_French_patriots_line_the_Champs_Elysees-edit2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crowds_of_French_patriots_line_the_Champs_Elysees-edit2.jpg/220px-Crowds_of_French_patriots_line_the_Champs_Elysees-edit2.jpg" width="220" height="173" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crowds_of_French_patriots_line_the_Champs_Elysees-edit2.jpg/330px-Crowds_of_French_patriots_line_the_Champs_Elysees-edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crowds_of_French_patriots_line_the_Champs_Elysees-edit2.jpg/440px-Crowds_of_French_patriots_line_the_Champs_Elysees-edit2.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowds_of_French_patriots_line_the_Champs_Elysees-edit2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Paris (page does not exist)">Liberation of Paris</a>, August 1944.</div> </div> </div> <p>On 14 June 1940, five weeks after the start of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of France (page does not exist)">Battle of France</a>, an undefended Paris fell to German occupation forces. The Germans marched past the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_de_Triomphe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arc de Triomphe (page does not exist)">Arc de Triomphe</a> on the 140th anniversary of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon I (page does not exist)">Napoleon</a>'s victory at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Marengo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Marengo (page does not exist)">Battle of Marengo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> German forces remained in Paris until <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Paris (page does not exist)">the city was liberated</a> in August 1944 after a resistance uprising, two and a half months after the Normandy invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-overy_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overy-47">[47]</a></sup> Central Paris endured <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World War II (page does not exist)">World War II</a> practically unscathed, as there were no strategic targets for Allied bombers (train stations in central Paris are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminal station (page does not exist)">terminal stations</a>; major factories were located in the suburbs). Also, German <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_von_Choltitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General von Choltitz (page does not exist)">General von Choltitz</a> did not destroy all Parisian monuments before any German retreat, as ordered by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Hitler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Hitler (page does not exist)">Adolf Hitler</a>, who had visited the city in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-historynet_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historynet-48">[48]</a></sup></p> <p>In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belle_%C3%89poque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belle �poque (page does not exist)">Belle �poque</a></i> in 1914. The suburbs began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as <i>cit�s</i> and the beginning of the business district <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La D�fense (page does not exist)">La D�fense</a>. A comprehensive express subway network, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=RER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RER (page does not exist)">RER</a>, was built to complement the M�tro and serve the distant suburbs, while a network of freeways was developed in the suburbs, centred on the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P�riph�rique (Paris) (page does not exist)">P�riph�rique</a></i> expressway encircling the city.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup></p> <p>Since the 1970s, many inner suburbs of Paris (especially the northern and eastern ones) have experienced <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deindustrialization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deindustrialization (page does not exist)">deindustrialization</a>, and the once-thriving <i>cit�s</i> have gradually become ghettos for immigrants and oases of unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> At the same time, the city of Paris (within its <i>P�riph�rique</i> expressway) and the western and southern suburbs have successfully shifted their economic base from traditional manufacturing to high-value-added services and high-tech manufacturing, generating great wealth for their residents whose per capita income is among the highest in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> The resulting widening social gap between these two areas has led to periodic unrest since the mid-1980s, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_civil_unrest_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 civil unrest in France (page does not exist)">2005 riots</a> which were concentrated for the most part in the northeastern suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup></p> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diana,_Princess_of_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diana, Princess of Wales (page does not exist)">Diana, Princess of Wales</a>, died at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piti%C3%A9-Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piti�-Salp�tri�re Hospital (page does not exist)">Piti�-Salp�tri�re Hospital</a> in Paris on 31 August 1997, after a car crash in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pont_de_l%27Alma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pont de l'Alma (page does not exist)">Pont de l'Alma</a> tunnel.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT97_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT97-58">[58]</a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="21st_century">21st century</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Esplanade-de-la-defense.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Esplanade-de-la-defense.jpg/220px-Esplanade-de-la-defense.jpg" width="220" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Esplanade-de-la-defense.jpg/330px-Esplanade-de-la-defense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Esplanade-de-la-defense.jpg/440px-Esplanade-de-la-defense.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Esplanade-de-la-defense.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La D�fense (page does not exist)">La D�fense</a> business district.</div> </div> </div> <p>In order to alleviate social tensions in the inner suburbs and revitalise the metropolitan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of Paris (page does not exist)">economy of Paris</a>, several plans are currently underway. The office of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_State&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretary of State (page does not exist)">Secretary of State</a> for the Development of the Capital Region was created in March 2008 within the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French government (page does not exist)">French government</a>. Its office holder, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Blanc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Blanc (page does not exist)">Christian Blanc</a>, is in charge of overseeing President <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Sarkozy (page does not exist)">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>'s plans for the creation of an integrated <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Paris (page does not exist)">Grand Paris</a></i> ("Greater Paris") metropolitan authority (see Administration section below), as well as the extension of the subway network to cope with the renewed growth of population in Paris and its suburbs, and various economic development projects to boost the metropolitan economy, such as the creation of a world-class technology and scientific cluster and university campus on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saclay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saclay (page does not exist)">Saclay</a> plateau in the southern suburbs.</p> <p>In parallel, President Sarkozy also launched in 2008 an international urban and architectural competition for the future development of metropolitan Paris. Ten teams, which bring together architects, urban planners, geographers, and landscape architects, will offer their vision for building a Paris metropolis of the 21st century in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyoto_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyoto Protocol (page does not exist)">Kyoto Protocol</a> era and will make a prospective diagnosis for Paris and its suburbs that will define future developments in Greater Paris for the next 40 years. The goal is not only to build an environmentally sustainable metropolis but also to integrate the inner suburbs with the central City of Paris through large-scale urban planning operations and iconic architectural projects.</p> <p>Meanwhile, in an effort to boost the global economic image of metropolitan Paris, several skyscrapers (300 m (984 ft) and higher) have been approved since 2006 in the business district of <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La D�fense (page does not exist)">La D�fense</a>, to the west of the city proper, and are scheduled to be completed by the early 2010s. Paris authorities also stated publicly that they are planning to authorise the construction of skyscrapers within the city proper by relaxing the cap on building height for the first time since the construction of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tour_Montparnasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tour Montparnasse (page does not exist)">Tour Montparnasse</a> in the early 1970s.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_SPOT_1017.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Paris_SPOT_1017.jpg/220px-Paris_SPOT_1017.jpg" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Paris_SPOT_1017.jpg/330px-Paris_SPOT_1017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Paris_SPOT_1017.jpg/440px-Paris_SPOT_1017.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_SPOT_1017.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> Paris as seen from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spot_Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spot Satellite (page does not exist)">Spot Satellite</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Topography_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topography of Paris (page does not exist)">Topography of Paris</a></div> <p>Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seine (page does not exist)">river Seine</a> and includes two islands, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele_Saint-Louis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le Saint-Louis (page does not exist)">�le Saint-Louis</a> and the larger <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le de la Cit� (page does not exist)">�le de la Cit�</a>, which form the oldest part of the city. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest point is 35 m (115 ft) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Above_mean_sea_level&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Above mean sea level (page does not exist)">above sea level</a>. Paris has several prominent hills, of which the highest is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montmartre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montmartre (page does not exist)">Montmartre</a> at 130 m (427 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></p> <p>Excluding the outlying parks of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bois_de_Boulogne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bois de Boulogne (page does not exist)">Bois de Boulogne</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bois_de_Vincennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bois de Vincennes (page does not exist)">Bois de Vincennes</a>, Paris covers an oval measuring 86.928 km<sup>2</sup> (34 sq mi) in area.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed (page does not exist)"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2007">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the twenty clockwise-spiralling <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrondissements_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrondissements of Paris (page does not exist)">arrondissements</a> (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km<sup>2</sup> (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km<sup>2</sup> (34 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bois_de_Boulogne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bois de Boulogne (page does not exist)">Bois de Boulogne</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bois_de_Vincennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bois de Vincennes (page does not exist)">Bois de Vincennes</a> forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to the present 105.39 km<sup>2</sup> (41 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span></h3> <p>Paris has the typical Western European <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanic_climate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oceanic climate (page does not exist)">oceanic climate</a> which is affected by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Atlantic_Current&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Atlantic Current (page does not exist)">North Atlantic Current</a>. Over a year, Paris' climate can be described as mild and moderately wet.</p> <p>Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures hovering between 15 and 25 �C, and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a few days where the temperature rises above <span style="white-space:nowrap;">32 �C</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Convert/proundT0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Convert/proundT0 (page does not exist)">Template:Convert/proundT0</a> �F)</span>. Some years have even witnessed some long periods of harsh summer weather, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2003_European_heat_wave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 European heat wave (page does not exist)">heat wave of 2003</a> where temperatures exceeded <span style="white-space:nowrap;">30 �C</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Convert/proundT0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Convert/proundT0 (page does not exist)">Template:Convert/proundT0</a> �F)</span> for weeks, surged up to <span style="white-space:nowrap;">40 �C</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Convert/proundT0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Convert/proundT0 (page does not exist)">Template:Convert/proundT0</a> �F)</span> on some days and seldom cooled down at night. More recently, the average temperature for July 2011 was +17.6 �C, with an average minimum temperature of 12.9 �C and an average maximum temperature of 23.7 �C.<sup id="cite_ref-http:.2F.2Fwww.meteorologic.net.2F_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http:.2F.2Fwww.meteorologic.net.2F-61">[61]</a></sup></p> <p>Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights, but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons.</p> <p>In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cold but generally above freezing with temperatures around <span style="white-space:nowrap;">7 �C</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Convert/proundT0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Convert/proundT0 (page does not exist)">Template:Convert/proundT0</a> �F)</span>. Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature will dip below <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Convert/-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Convert/-1 (page does not exist)">Template:Convert/-1</a> �C</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Convert/proundT0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Convert/proundT0 (page does not exist)">Template:Convert/proundT0</a> �F)</span> for only a few days a year. Snowfall is rare, but the city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation. Recently, notably in 2009 and 2010, cold waves brought repeated heavy snowfalls (15 cm (5.91 in) in 2010) and temperatures plummeting to <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Convert/-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Convert/-1 (page does not exist)">Template:Convert/-1</a> �C</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Convert/proundT0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Convert/proundT0 (page does not exist)">Template:Convert/proundT0</a> �F)</span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Convert/-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Convert/-1 (page does not exist)">Template:Convert/-1</a> �C</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Convert/proundT1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Convert/proundT1 (page does not exist)">Template:Convert/proundT1</a> �F)</span> in the Paris suburbs.</p> <p>Rain falls throughout the year, and although Paris is not a very rainy city, it is known for heavy sudden showers. Average annual precipitation is 652 mm (25.7 in) with light rainfall fairly distributed throughout the year. The highest recorded temperature is <span style="white-space:nowrap;">40.4 �C</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Convert/proundT0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Convert/proundT0 (page does not exist)">Template:Convert/proundT0</a> �F)</span> on 28 July 1948, and the lowest is a <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Convert/-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Convert/-1 (page does not exist)">Template:Convert/-1</a> �C</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Convert/proundT1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Convert/proundT1 (page does not exist)">Template:Convert/proundT1</a> �F)</span> on 10 December 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-62">[62]</a></sup></p> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: both; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <th>Paris</th> </tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart (page does not exist)">explanation</a>)</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: both; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td>J</td> <td>F</td> <td>M</td> <td>A</td> <td>M</td> <td>J</td> <td>J</td> <td>A</td> <td>S</td> <td>O</td> <td>N</td> <td>D</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/celsius_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/celsius column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/celsius column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/celsius_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/celsius column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/celsius column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/celsius_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/celsius column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/celsius column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/celsius_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/celsius column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/celsius column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/celsius_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/celsius column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/celsius column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/celsius_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/celsius column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/celsius column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/celsius_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/celsius column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/celsius column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/celsius_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/celsius column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/celsius column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/celsius_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/celsius column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/celsius column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/celsius_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/celsius column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/celsius column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/celsius_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/celsius column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/celsius column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/celsius_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/celsius column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/celsius column</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: red">Average max. and min. temperatures in �C</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: blue">Precipitation totals in mm</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table class="infobox collapsible collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: both; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th> </tr> <tr> <td>J</td> <td>F</td> <td>M</td> <td>A</td> <td>M</td> <td>J</td> <td>J</td> <td>A</td> <td>S</td> <td>O</td> <td>N</td> <td>D</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/fahrenheit_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/fahrenheit_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/fahrenheit_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/fahrenheit_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/fahrenheit_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/fahrenheit_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/fahrenheit_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/fahrenheit_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/fahrenheit_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/fahrenheit_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/fahrenheit_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Climate_chart/fahrenheit_column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column (page does not exist)">Template:Climate chart/fahrenheit column</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: red">Average max. and min. temperatures in �F</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: blue">Precipitation totals in inches</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.1em; margin:auto;"> <tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Paris (1971�2000)</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Month</th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="January">Jan</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="February">Feb</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="March">Mar</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="April">Apr</abbr></th> <th>May</th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="June">Jun</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="July">Jul</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="August">Aug</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="September">Sep</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="October">Oct</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="November">Nov</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="abbr" title="December">Dec</abbr></th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year</th> </tr> <tr> <th height="16">Record high �C (�F)</th> <td style="background:#FFAF5F;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">16.1<br /> (61.0)</td> <td style="background:#FF8A16;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">21.4<br /> (70.5)</td> <td style="background:#FF6C00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">25.7<br /> (78.3)</td> <td style="background:#FF4D00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">30.2<br /> (86.4)</td> <td style="background:#FF2E00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">34.8<br /> (94.6)</td> <td style="background:#FF1A00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">37.6<br /> (99.7)</td> <td style="background:#FF0700;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">40.4<br /> (104.7)</td> <td style="background:#FF0D00;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">39.5<br /> (103.1)</td> <td style="background:#FF2400;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">36.2<br /> (97.2)</td> <td style="background:#FF5A00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">28.4<br /> (83.1)</td> <td style="background:#FF8D1B;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">21<br /> (70)</td> <td style="background:#FFA851;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17.1<br /> (62.8)</td> <td style="background:#FF0700;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">40.4<br /> (104.7)</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16">Average high �C (�F)</th> <td style="background:#FFEEDD;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.9<br /> (44.4)</td> <td style="background:#FFE5CB;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">8.2<br /> (46.8)</td> <td style="background:#FFCC9A;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">11.8<br /> (53.2)</td> <td style="background:#FFB872;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">14.7<br /> (58.5)</td> <td style="background:#FF9B37;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">19.0<br /> (66.2)</td> <td style="background:#FF8104;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">22.7<br /> (72.9)</td> <td style="background:#FF7000;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">25.2<br /> (77.4)</td> <td style="background:#FF7100;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">25.0<br /> (77.0)</td> <td style="background:#FF8E1E;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">20.8<br /> (69.4)</td> <td style="background:#FFB163;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">15.8<br /> (60.4)</td> <td style="background:#FFD6AD;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10.4<br /> (50.7)</td> <td style="background:#FFE8D1;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">7.8<br /> (46.0)</td> <td style="background:#FFB367;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">15.5<br /> (59.9)</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16">Average low �C (�F)</th> <td style="background:#F4F4FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">2.5<br /> (36.5)</td> <td style="background:#F5F5FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">2.8<br /> (37.0)</td> <td style="background:#FFFAF6;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">5.1<br /> (41.2)</td> <td style="background:#FFEFDF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.8<br /> (44.2)</td> <td style="background:#FFD5AC;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10.5<br /> (50.9)</td> <td style="background:#FFC285;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">13.3<br /> (55.9)</td> <td style="background:#FFB367;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">15.5<br /> (59.9)</td> <td style="background:#FFB368;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">15.4<br /> (59.7)</td> <td style="background:#FFC790;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">12.5<br /> (54.5)</td> <td style="background:#FFDEBE;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">9.2<br /> (48.6)</td> <td style="background:#FFF9F3;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">5.3<br /> (41.5)</td> <td style="background:#FAFAFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3.6<br /> (38.5)</td> <td style="background:#FFE3C7;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">8.5<br /> (47.3)</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16">Record low �C (�F)</th> <td style="background:#9898FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−14.6<br /> (5.7)</td> <td style="background:#9797FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−14.7<br /> (5.5)</td> <td style="background:#B5B5FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−9.1<br /> (15.6)</td> <td style="background:#D3D3FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−3.5<br /> (25.7)</td> <td style="background:#E6E6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−0.1<br /> (31.8)</td> <td style="background:#F7F7FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3.1<br /> (37.6)</td> <td style="background:#FFF4EA;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6<br /> (43)</td> <td style="background:#FFF2E6;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.3<br /> (43.3)</td> <td style="background:#F0F0FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">1.8<br /> (35.2)</td> <td style="background:#D6D6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−3.1<br /> (26.4)</td> <td style="background:#9B9BFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−14<br /> (7)</td> <td style="background:#6565FF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−23.9<br /> (−11.0)</td> <td style="background:#6565FF;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">−23.9<br /> (−11.0)</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precipitation_(meteorology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precipitation (meteorology) (page does not exist)">Precipitation</a> mm (inches)</th> <td style="background:#AEAEFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">53.7<br /> (2.114)</td> <td style="background:#B7B7FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">43.7<br /> (1.72)</td> <td style="background:#B6B6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">48.5<br /> (1.909)</td> <td style="background:#ADADFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">53<br /> (2.09)</td> <td style="background:#9E9EFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">65<br /> (2.56)</td> <td style="background:#AAAAFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">54.6<br /> (2.15)</td> <td style="background:#A0A0FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">63.1<br /> (2.484)</td> <td style="background:#BEBEFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">43<br /> (1.69)</td> <td style="background:#AAAAFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">54.7<br /> (2.154)</td> <td style="background:#A6A6FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">59.7<br /> (2.35)</td> <td style="background:#AFAFFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">51.9<br /> (2.043)</td> <td style="background:#A7A7FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">58.7<br /> (2.311)</td> <td style="background:#ACACFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">649.6<br /> (25.575)</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16" style="font-size:90%"><abbr class="abbr" title="Average">Avg.</abbr> precipitation days</th> <td style="background:#8181FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10.2</td> <td style="background:#8181FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">9.3</td> <td style="background:#7E7EFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10.4</td> <td style="background:#8787FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">9.4</td> <td style="background:#7F7FFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10.3</td> <td style="background:#9191FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">8.6</td> <td style="background:#9C9CFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="background:#A9A9FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.9</td> <td style="background:#9292FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">8.5</td> <td style="background:#8989FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">9.5</td> <td style="background:#8383FF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">9.7</td> <td style="background:#7A7AFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10.7</td> <td style="background:#8A8AFF;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">111.5</td> </tr> <tr> <th height="16" style="font-size:90%">Mean monthly sunshine hours</th> <td style="background:#666666;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">55.8</td> <td style="background:#ABABA6;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">86.8</td> <td style="background:#BABA45;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">130.2</td> <td style="background:#D1D100;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">174.0</td> <td style="background:#D8D800;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">201.5</td> <td style="background:#DDDD00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">219.0</td> <td style="background:#E0E000;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">238.7</td> <td style="background:#DCDC00;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">220.1</td> <td style="background:#D0D000;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">171.0</td> <td style="background:#B9B94D;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">127.1</td> <td style="background:#8D8D8D;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">75.0</td> <td style="background:#5A5A5A;color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;text-align:center;">49.6</td> <td style="background:#BEBE2E;color:#000000; font-size:85%;text-align:center; border-left-width:medium">1,630</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%"><i>Source: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteo_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteo France (page does not exist)">Meteo France</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup></i></td> </tr> </table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cityscape">Cityscape</span></h2> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; width:99%; max-width:808px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Night.jpg" class="image" title="Panoramic view over the western side of Paris, at dusk, from the top of the Tour Montparnasse."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Paris_Night.jpg/800px-Paris_Night.jpg" width="800" height="267" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Paris_Night.jpg/1200px-Paris_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Paris_Night.jpg/1600px-Paris_Night.jpg 2x" /></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Night.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> <center>Panoramic view over the western side of Paris, at dusk, from the top of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tour_Montparnasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tour Montparnasse (page does not exist)">Tour Montparnasse</a>.</center> </div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; width:99%; max-width:1808px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg" class="image" title="Panorama of Paris as seen from the Eiffel Tower as full 360-degree view."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg/1800px-Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg" width="1800" height="240" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg/2700px-Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg/3600px-Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg 2x" /></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Eiffel_360_Panorama.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div> Panorama of Paris as seen from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiffel_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eiffel Tower (page does not exist)">Eiffel Tower</a> as full 360-degree view.</div> </div> </div> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Architecture">Architecture</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_Paris_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region (page does not exist)">List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Domes_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Domes in France (page does not exist)">List of Domes in France</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_B%C3%A9raud_La_Rue_de_la_Paix.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jean_B%C3%A9raud_La_Rue_de_la_Paix.jpg/220px-Jean_B%C3%A9raud_La_Rue_de_la_Paix.jpg" width="220" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jean_B%C3%A9raud_La_Rue_de_la_Paix.jpg/330px-Jean_B%C3%A9raud_La_Rue_de_la_Paix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jean_B%C3%A9raud_La_Rue_de_la_Paix.jpg/440px-Jean_B%C3%A9raud_La_Rue_de_la_Paix.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_B%C3%A9raud_La_Rue_de_la_Paix.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> <i>La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_de_la_Paix,_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue de la Paix, Paris (page does not exist)">rue de la Paix</a></i>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_B%C3%A9raud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean B�raud (page does not exist)">Jean B�raud</a> (1900).</div> </div> </div> <p>Much of contemporary Paris is the result of the vast <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haussmann's renovation of Paris (page does not exist)">mid-19th century urban remodelling</a>. For centuries, the city had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-timber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Half-timber (page does not exist)">half-timber</a> houses, but, beginning with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges-Eug%C3%A8ne_Haussmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges-Eug�ne Haussmann (page does not exist)">Haussman</a>'s advent, entire quarters were leveled to make way for wide avenues lined with neo-classical stone buildings of <i>bourgeoisie</i> standing. Most of this 'new' Paris is the Paris we see today.</p> <p>The building code has seen few changes since, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Second Empire (page does not exist)">Second Empire</a> plans are in many cases still followed. The "<i>alignement</i>" law is still in place, which regulates building fa�ades of new constructions according to a pre-defined street width. A building's height is limited according to the width of the streets it borders, and under the regulation, it is difficult to get an approval to build a taller building.</p> <p>Many of Paris' important institutions are located outside the city limits. The financial (<a href="/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La D�fense (page does not exist)">La D�fense</a>) business district; the main food wholesale market (<a href="/w/index.php?title=March%C3%A9_d%27Int%C3%A9r%C3%AAt_National_de_Rungis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March� d'Int�r�t National de Rungis (page does not exist)">Rungis</a>); schools (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_Polytechnique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�cole Polytechnique (page does not exist)">�cole Polytechnique</a></i>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_%C3%A9conomiques_et_commerciales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�cole sup�rieure des sciences �conomiques et commerciales (page does not exist)">ESSEC</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=INSEAD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INSEAD (page does not exist)">INSEAD</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=HEC_School_of_Management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HEC School of Management (page does not exist)">HEC</a>); research laboratories (in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saclay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saclay (page does not exist)">Saclay</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89vry,_Essonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�vry, Essonne (page does not exist)">�vry</a>); the largest stadium (the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stade_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stade de France (page does not exist)">Stade de France</a></i>), and the government offices (Ministry of Transportation) are located in the city's suburbs.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_IMG_1271.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_IMG_1271.jpg/220px-Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_IMG_1271.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_IMG_1271.jpg/330px-Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_IMG_1271.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_IMG_1271.jpg/440px-Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_IMG_1271.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_IMG_1271.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> Montmartre. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilique du Sacr�-C�ur (page does not exist)">Basilique du Sacr�-C�ur</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Place-de-la-concorde.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Place-de-la-concorde.jpg/220px-Place-de-la-concorde.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Place-de-la-concorde.jpg/330px-Place-de-la-concorde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Place-de-la-concorde.jpg/440px-Place-de-la-concorde.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Place-de-la-concorde.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_de_la_Concorde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place de la Concorde (page does not exist)">Place de la Concorde</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg/220px-Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg" width="220" height="273" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg/330px-Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg/440px-Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Galerie_Lafayette_Haussmann_Dome.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galeries_Lafayette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galeries Lafayette (page does not exist)">Galeries Lafayette</a> department store in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boulevard_Haussmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boulevard Haussmann (page does not exist)">boulevard Haussmann</a> during <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christmas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christmas (page does not exist)">Christmas</a></div> </div> </div> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Districts and historical centres">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Districts_and_historical_centres">Districts and historical centres</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_districts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris districts (page does not exist)">Paris districts</a></div> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: City of Paris">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="City_of_Paris">City of Paris</span></h4> <ul> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_de_la_Bastille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place de la Bastille (page does not exist)">Place de la Bastille</a> (4th, 11th and 12th arrondissements, right bank) is a district of great historical significance, for not just Paris, but also all of France. Because of its symbolic value, the square has often been a site of political demonstrations.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_de_la_Concorde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place de la Concorde (page does not exist)">Place de la Concorde</a> (8th arrondissement, right bank) is at the foot of the Champs-�lys�es, built as the "Place Louis XV", site of the infamous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillotine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillotine (page does not exist)">guillotine</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxor_Obelisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luxor Obelisk (page does not exist)">Egyptian obelisk</a> is Paris' "oldest monument". On this place, on either side of the <i>Rue Royale</i>, there are two identical stone buildings: The eastern one houses the French Naval Ministry, the western the luxurious <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Crillon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H�tel de Crillon (page does not exist)">H�tel de Crillon</a></i>. Nearby <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_Vend%C3%B4me&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place Vend�me (page does not exist)">Place Vend�me</a> is famous for its fashionable and deluxe hotels (<a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Ritz_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H�tel Ritz Paris (page does not exist)">H�tel Ritz</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Vend%C3%B4me&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H�tel de Vend�me (page does not exist)">H�tel de Vend�me</a>) and its jewellers. Many famous fashion designers have had their salons located here.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Champs-�lys�es (page does not exist)">Champs-�lys�es</a> (8th arrondissement, right bank) is a 17th-century garden-promenade-turned-avenue connecting Place de la Concorde and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_de_Triomphe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arc de Triomphe (page does not exist)">Arc de Triomphe</a></i>. It is one of the many tourist attractions and a major shopping street of Paris.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Halles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Halles (page does not exist)">Les Halles</a> (1st arrondissement, right bank) were formerly Paris' central meat and produce market, and, since the late 1970s, are a major shopping centre around an important <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rapid transit (page does not exist)">metro</a> connection station (Ch�telet � Les Halles, the biggest in the world). The old Halles were destroyed in 1971 and replaced by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forum_des_Halles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forum des Halles (page does not exist)">Forum des Halles</a>. The central market of Paris, the biggest wholesale food market in the world, was transferred to <a href="/w/index.php?title=March%C3%A9_d%27Int%C3%A9r%C3%AAt_National_de_Rungis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March� d'Int�r�t National de Rungis (page does not exist)">Rungis</a>, in the southern suburbs.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Marais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Marais (page does not exist)">Le Marais</a> (3rd and 4th arrondissements) is a trendy Right Bank district. It is architecturally very well-preserved, and some of the oldest houses and buildings of Paris can be found there. It is a very culturally open place. It is also known for its Chinese, Jewish and gay communities.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avenue_Montaigne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avenue Montaigne (page does not exist)">Avenue Montaigne</a> (8th arrondissement), next to the Champs-�lys�es, is home to luxury brand labels such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chanel (page does not exist)">Chanel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Vuitton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Vuitton (page does not exist)">Louis Vuitton</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=LVMH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LVMH (page does not exist)">LVMH</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Dior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Dior (page does not exist)">Dior</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Givenchy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Givenchy (page does not exist)">Givenchy</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montmartre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montmartre (page does not exist)">Montmartre</a> (18th arrondissement, right bank) is a historic area on the Butte, home to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_the_Sacr%C3%A9_C%C5%93ur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilica of the Sacr� C�ur (page does not exist)">Basilique du Sacr�-C�ur</a>. Montmartre has always had a history with artists and has many studios and caf�s of many great artists in that area.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montparnasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montparnasse (page does not exist)">Montparnasse</a> (14th arrondissement) is a historic Left Bank area famous for artists' studios, music halls, and caf� life. The large <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montparnasse_-_Bienven%C3%BCe_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montparnasse - Bienven�e (Paris M�tro) (page does not exist)">Montparnasse � Bienven�e</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_M%C3%A9tro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris M�tro (page does not exist)">m�tro</a></i> station and the lone <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tour_Montparnasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tour Montparnasse (page does not exist)">Tour Montparnasse</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyscraper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skyscraper (page does not exist)">skyscraper</a> are located there.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avenue_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avenue de l'Op�ra (page does not exist)">Avenue de l'Op�ra</a> (9th arrondissement, right bank) is the area around the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Op%C3%A9ra_Garnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Op�ra Garnier (page does not exist)">Op�ra Garnier</a> and the location of the capital's densest concentration of both department stores and offices. A few examples are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Printemps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Printemps (page does not exist)">Printemps</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galeries_Lafayette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galeries Lafayette (page does not exist)">Galeries Lafayette</a> <i>grands magasins</i> (department stores), and the Paris headquarters of financial giants such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=BNP_Paribas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BNP Paribas (page does not exist)">BNP Paribas</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Express&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Express (page does not exist)">American Express</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_Quarter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin Quarter (page does not exist)">Quartier Latin</a> (5th and 6th arrondissements, left bank) is a 12th-century scholastic centre formerly stretching between the Left Bank's Place Maubert and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Paris (page does not exist)">Sorbonne</a> campus. It is known for its lively atmosphere and many <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bistro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bistro (page does not exist)">bistros</a>. Various higher-education establishments, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sciences_Po_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sciences Po Paris (page does not exist)">Sciences Po Paris</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�cole Normale Sup�rieure (page does not exist)">�cole Normale Sup�rieure</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mines_ParisTech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mines ParisTech (page does not exist)">Mines ParisTech</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jussieu_Campus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jussieu Campus (page does not exist)">Jussieu university campus</a>, make it a major educational centre in Paris.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_du_Faubourg_Saint_Honor%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue du Faubourg Saint Honor� (page does not exist)">Faubourg Saint-Honor�</a> (8th arrondissement, right bank) is one of Paris' high-fashion districts, home to labels such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herm%C3%A8s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herm�s (page does not exist)">Herm�s</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Lacroix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Lacroix (page does not exist)">Christian Lacroix</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="center"> <div class="thumb tnone"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:502px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Champs_Elysees_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Champs_Elysees_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/500px-Champs_Elysees_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" width="500" height="203" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Champs_Elysees_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/750px-Champs_Elysees_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Champs_Elysees_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/1000px-Champs_Elysees_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Champs_Elysees_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Champs-�lys�es (page does not exist)">Avenue des Champs-�lys�es</a> during Christmas 2008</div> </div> </div> </div> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In the Paris area">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="In_the_Paris_area">In the Paris area</span></h4> <ul> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La D�fense (page does not exist)">La D�fense</a> (straddling the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communes_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communes of France (page does not exist)">communes</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Courbevoie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Courbevoie (page does not exist)">Courbevoie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puteaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puteaux (page does not exist)">Puteaux</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanterre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanterre (page does not exist)">Nanterre</a>, 2.5 km (2 mi) west of the city proper) is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_districts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris districts (page does not exist)">key suburb</a> of Paris and one of the largest business centres in the world. Built at the western end of a westward extension of Paris' historical axis from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Champs-�lys�es (page does not exist)">Champs-�lys�es</a>, La D�fense consists mainly of business high-rises. Initiated by the French government in 1958, the district hosts 3,500,000 m<sup>2</sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Convert/sqft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Convert/sqft (page does not exist)">Template:Convert/sqft</a>) of offices, making it the largest district in Europe developed specifically for business. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_Arche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grande Arche (page does not exist)">Grande Arche</a> (Great Arch) of la D�fense, housing a part of the French Transports Minister's headquarters, ends at the central Esplanade, around which the district is organised.</li> </ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Val_de_Seine.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Val_de_Seine.jpg/300px-Val_de_Seine.jpg" width="300" height="92" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Val_de_Seine.jpg/450px-Val_de_Seine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Val_de_Seine.jpg/600px-Val_de_Seine.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Val_de_Seine.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_de_Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val de Seine (page does not exist)">Val de Seine</a>.</div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Plaine_Saint-Denis" class="extiw" title="fr:La Plaine Saint-Denis">Plaine Saint-Denis</a> (straddling the communes of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Denis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint-Denis (page does not exist)">Saint-Denis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aubervilliers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aubervilliers (page does not exist)">Aubervilliers</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Ouen,_Seine-Saint-Denis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis (page does not exist)">Saint-Ouen</a>, immediately north of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=XVIIIe_arrondissement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XVIIIe arrondissement (page does not exist)">18th arrondissement</a>, across the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P�riph�rique (Paris) (page does not exist)">P�riph�rique</a></i> ring road) is a former derelict manufacturing area that has undergone large-scale urban renewal in the last 10 years. It now hosts the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stade_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stade de France (page does not exist)">Stade de France</a>, around which is being built the new business district of LandyFrance, with two <a href="/w/index.php?title=RER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RER (page does not exist)">RER</a> stations (on RER lines <a href="/w/index.php?title=RER_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RER B (page does not exist)">B</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=RER_D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RER D (page does not exist)">D</a>) and possibly some skyscrapers. In the Plaine Saint-Denis are also located most of France's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_studio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Television studio (page does not exist)">television studios</a> as well as some major movie studios.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_de_Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val de Seine (page does not exist)">Val de Seine</a> (straddling the <a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_arrondissement_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th arrondissement of Paris (page does not exist)">15th arrondissement</a> and the communes of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Issy-les-Moulineaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Issy-les-Moulineaux (page does not exist)">Issy-les-Moulineaux</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boulogne-Billancourt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boulogne-Billancourt (page does not exist)">Boulogne-Billancourt</a> to the southwest of central Paris) is the new media hub of Paris and France, hosting the headquarters of most of France's TV networks (<a href="/w/index.php?title=TF1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TF1 (page does not exist)">TF1</a> in Boulogne-Billancourt, <a href="/w/index.php?title=France_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="France 2 (page does not exist)">France 2</a> in the 15th arrondissement, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canal+ (page does not exist)">Canal+</a> and the international channels <a href="/w/index.php?title=France_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="France 24 (page does not exist)">France 24</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurosport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurosport (page does not exist)">Eurosport</a> in Issy-les-Moulineaux), as well as several telecommunication and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Information technology (page does not exist)">IT</a> companies such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuf_Cegetel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuf Cegetel (page does not exist)">Neuf Cegetel</a> in Boulogne-Billancourt or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsoft (page does not exist)">Microsoft</a>'s Europe, Africa & Middle East regional headquarters in Issy-les-Moulineaux.</li> </ul> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Monuments and landmarks">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Monuments_and_landmarks">Monuments and landmarks</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_visitor_attractions_in_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of visitor attractions in Paris (page does not exist)">List of visitor attractions in Paris</a></div> <p>Three of the most famous Parisian landmarks are the 12th-century <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathedral (page does not exist)">cathedral</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre_Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notre Dame de Paris (page does not exist)">Notre Dame de Paris</a> on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le de la Cit� (page does not exist)">�le de la Cit�</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_I_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon I of France (page does not exist)">Napoleonic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_de_Triomphe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arc de Triomphe (page does not exist)">Arc de Triomphe</a> and the 19th-century <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiffel_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eiffel Tower (page does not exist)">Eiffel Tower</a>. The Eiffel Tower was a "temporary" construction by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Eiffel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustave Eiffel (page does not exist)">Gustave Eiffel</a> for the 1889 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Expo_(exhibition)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Expo (exhibition) (page does not exist)">Universal Exposition</a>, but the tower was never dismantled and is now an enduring symbol of Paris. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Axe_historique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axe historique (page does not exist)">Historical axis</a> is a line of monuments, buildings, and thoroughfares that run in a roughly straight line from the city-centre westwards.</p> <p>The line of monuments begins with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louvre (page does not exist)">Louvre</a> and continues through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuileries_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuileries Palace (page does not exist)">Tuileries Gardens</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Champs-�lys�es (page does not exist)">Champs-�lys�es</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_de_Triomphe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arc de Triomphe (page does not exist)">Arc de Triomphe</a>, centred in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_de_l%27%C3%89toile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place de l'�toile (page does not exist)">Place de l'�toile</a> circus. From the 1960s, the line was prolonged even farther west to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La D�fense (page does not exist)">La D�fense</a> business district dominated by a square-shaped triumphal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_Arche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grande Arche (page does not exist)">Grande Arche</a> of its own; this district hosts most of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_Paris_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region (page does not exist)">tallest skyscrapers</a> in the Paris urban area. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Invalides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Invalides (page does not exist)">Invalides</a> museum is the burial place for many great French soldiers, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_I_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon I of France (page does not exist)">Napoleon</a>; and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panth%C3%A9on_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panth�on (Paris) (page does not exist)">Panth�on</a> church is where many of France's illustrious men and women are buried.</p> <p>The former <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conciergerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conciergerie (page does not exist)">Conciergerie</a> prison held some prominent <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancien_R%C3%A9gime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancien R�gime (page does not exist)">Ancien R�gime</a></i> members before their deaths during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Revolution (page does not exist)">French Revolution</a>. Another symbol of the Revolution are the two <a href="/w/index.php?title=Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Replicas of the Statue of Liberty (page does not exist)">Statues of Liberty</a> located on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele_aux_Cygnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le aux Cygnes (page does not exist)">�le aux Cygnes</a> on the Seine and in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jardin_du_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jardin du Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg Garden</a>. A larger version of the statues was sent as a gift from France to <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States (page does not exist)">America</a> in 1886 and now stands in <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York City (page does not exist)">New York City</a>'s harbour.</p> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palais_Garnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palais Garnier (page does not exist)">Palais Garnier</a>, built in the later <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second French Empire (page does not exist)">Second Empire</a> period, houses the Paris Op�ra and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera_Ballet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Opera Ballet (page does not exist)">Paris Opera Ballet</a>, while the former palace of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louvre (page does not exist)">Louvre</a> now houses one of the most renowned museums in the world. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorbonne (page does not exist)">Sorbonne</a> is the most famous part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Paris (page does not exist)">University of Paris</a> and is based in the centre of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_Quarter,_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin Quarter, Paris (page does not exist)">Latin Quarter</a>. Apart from Notre Dame de Paris, there are several other ecclesiastical masterpieces, including the Gothic 13th-century <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Chapelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sainte-Chapelle (page does not exist)">Sainte-Chapelle</a> palace chapel and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�glise de la Madeleine (page does not exist)">�glise de la Madeleine</a>.</p> <div class="center"> <div class="thumb tnone"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:602px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont_des_Arts,_Paris.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pont_des_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/600px-Pont_des_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg" width="600" height="184" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pont_des_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/900px-Pont_des_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pont_des_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/1200px-Pont_des_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont_des_Arts,_Paris.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> Panorama of Paris which shows some of its landmarks</div> </div> </div> </div> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Parks and gardens">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of parks and gardens in Paris (page does not exist)">List of parks and gardens in Paris</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_Luxembourg_Sunset_Edit.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Palais_Luxembourg_Sunset_Edit.JPG/220px-Palais_Luxembourg_Sunset_Edit.JPG" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Palais_Luxembourg_Sunset_Edit.JPG/330px-Palais_Luxembourg_Sunset_Edit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Palais_Luxembourg_Sunset_Edit.JPG/440px-Palais_Luxembourg_Sunset_Edit.JPG 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_Luxembourg_Sunset_Edit.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jardin_du_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jardin du Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Jardin du Luxembourg</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>Two of Paris' oldest and famous gardens are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuileries_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuileries Garden (page does not exist)">Tuileries Garden</a>, created in the 16th century for a palace on the banks of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seine (page does not exist)">Seine</a> near the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louvre (page does not exist)">Louvre</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rive_Gauche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rive Gauche (page does not exist)">Left bank</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luxembourg Garden (page does not exist)">Luxembourg Garden</a>, another former private garden belonging to a ch�teau built for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_de%27_Medici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie de' Medici (page does not exist)">Marie de' Medici</a> in 1612. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jardin_des_Plantes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jardin des Plantes (page does not exist)">Jardin des Plantes</a>, created by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis XIII (page does not exist)">Louis XIII</a>'s doctor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_de_La_Brosse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy de La Brosse (page does not exist)">Guy de La Brosse</a> for the cultivation of medicinal plants, was Paris' first public garden.</p> <p>A few of Paris' other large gardens are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_French_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second French Empire (page does not exist)">Second Empire</a> creations: The former suburban parks of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montsouris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montsouris (page does not exist)">Montsouris</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parc_des_Buttes_Chaumont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parc des Buttes Chaumont (page does not exist)">Parc des Buttes Chaumont</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parc_Monceau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parc Monceau (page does not exist)">Parc Monceau</a> (formerly known as the "folie de Chartres") are creations of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_III_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon III of France (page does not exist)">Napoleon III</a>'s engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Charles_Alphand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Charles Alphand (page does not exist)">Jean-Charles Alphand</a>. Another project executed under the orders of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baron_Haussmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baron Haussmann (page does not exist)">Baron Haussmann</a> was the re-sculpting of Paris' western <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bois_de_Boulogne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bois de Boulogne (page does not exist)">Bois de Boulogne</a> forest-parklands; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bois_de_Vincennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bois de Vincennes (page does not exist)">Bois de Vincennes</a>, on the city's opposite eastern end, received a similar treatment in years following.</p> <p>Newer additions to Paris' park landscape are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parc_de_la_Villette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parc de la Villette (page does not exist)">Parc de la Villette</a>, built by the architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Tschumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Tschumi (page does not exist)">Bernard Tschumi</a> on the location of Paris' former <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slaughterhouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slaughterhouse (page does not exist)">slaughterhouses</a>; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parc_Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parc Andr� Citro�n (page does not exist)">Parc Andr� Citro�n</a>, and gardens being laid to the periphery along the traces of its former circular "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemin_de_fer_de_Petite_Ceinture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture (page does not exist)">Petite Ceinture</a>" railway line: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Promenade_Plant%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promenade Plant�e (page does not exist)">Promenade Plant�e</a>.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Water and sanitation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Water_and_sanitation">Water and sanitation</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sena_2010.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sena_2010.JPG/220px-Sena_2010.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sena_2010.JPG/330px-Sena_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sena_2010.JPG/440px-Sena_2010.JPG 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sena_2010.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> A view of the Seine from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pont_Neuf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pont Neuf (page does not exist)">Pont Neuf</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>Paris in its early history had only the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seine (page does not exist)">Seine</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8vre_(river)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bi�vre (river) (page does not exist)">Bi�vre</a> rivers for water. Later forms of irrigation were a 1st-century Roman aqueduct from southerly Wissous (later left to ruin); sources from the Right bank hills from the late 11th century; from the 15th century, an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqueduct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqueduct (page does not exist)">aqueduct</a> built roughly along the path of the abandoned Wissous aqueduct; also, from 1809, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal_de_l%27Ourcq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canal de l'Ourcq (page does not exist)">canal de l'Ourcq</a>, providing Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the northeast of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_(political)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital (political) (page does not exist)">capital</a>, and "God's Tears", a bi-annual rainstorm, which stopped in the early 20th century as a natural phenomenon. Paris would have its first constant and plentiful source of drinkable water only from the late 19th century.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal_Saint-Martin_110.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Canal_Saint-Martin_110.jpg/220px-Canal_Saint-Martin_110.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Canal_Saint-Martin_110.jpg/330px-Canal_Saint-Martin_110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Canal_Saint-Martin_110.jpg/440px-Canal_Saint-Martin_110.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal_Saint-Martin_110.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal_Saint-Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canal Saint-Martin (page does not exist)">Canal Saint-Martin</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>From 1857, the civil engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Belgrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eug�ne Belgrand (page does not exist)">Eug�ne Belgrand</a>, under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_III_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon III of France (page does not exist)">Napoleon III</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9fet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pr�fet (page does not exist)">Pr�fet</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baron_Haussmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baron Haussmann (page does not exist)">Haussmann</a>, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water-supply network.</p> <p>Paris has over 2,400 km (1,491 mi) of underground passageways<sup id="cite_ref-sewers_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sewers-64">[64]</a></sup> dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes. Most of these date from the late 19th century, a result of the combined plans of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9fet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pr�fet (page does not exist)">Pr�fet</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baron_Haussmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baron Haussmann (page does not exist)">Baron Haussmann</a> and the civil engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Belgrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eug�ne Belgrand (page does not exist)">Eug�ne Belgrand</a> to improve the then-very unsanitary conditions in the Capital. Maintained by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=24/7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="24/7 (page does not exist)">round-the-clock</a> service since their construction, only a small percentage of Paris' sewer <i>r�seau</i> has needed complete renovation.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed (page does not exist)"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>In 1982, then mayor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Chirac (page does not exist)">Jacques Chirac</a> introduced the motorcycle-mounted <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motocrotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motocrotte (page does not exist)">Motocrotte</a> to remove <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dog (page does not exist)">dog</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faeces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faeces (page does not exist)">faeces</a> from Paris streets.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> The project was abandoned in 2002 for a new and better enforced local law which now fines dog owners up to 500 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euros (page does not exist)">euros</a> for not removing their dog faeces. It was estimated at the time of their removal, that the fleet of 70 Motocrottes were cleaning up only 20% of dog faeces on Parisian street � at an annual cost of �3million.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cemeteries">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cemeteries">Cemeteries</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg/220px-Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg" width="220" height="138" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg/330px-Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg/440px-Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Catacombes_De_Paris.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacombs_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catacombs of Paris (page does not exist)">Paris Catacombs</a> hold the remains of approximately 6 million people.</div> </div> </div> <p>Paris' main cemetery was located to its outskirts on its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Left Bank (page does not exist)">Left Bank</a> from the beginning of its history<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed (page does not exist)"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2008">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, but this changed with the rise of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholicism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholicism (page does not exist)">Catholicism</a> and the construction of churches towards the city-centre, many of them having adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. Generations of a growing city population soon filled these cemeteries to overflowing, creating sometimes very unsanitary conditions.</p> <p>Condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris' then suburban stone mines outside the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Left Bank (page does not exist)">Left Bank</a> "Porte d'Enfer" city gate (today <a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_arrondissement_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th arrondissement of Paris (page does not exist)">14th arrondissement</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_Denfert-Rochereau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place Denfert-Rochereau (page does not exist)">place Denfert-Rochereau</a>). Part of this network of tunnels and remains can be visited today on the official tour of the Catacombs. After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_I_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon I of France (page does not exist)">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city tax wall called the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wall_of_the_Farmers-General&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wall of the Farmers-General (page does not exist)">Wall of the Farmers-General</a></i>. Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P�re Lachaise Cemetery (page does not exist)">P�re Lachaise</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montmartre_Cemetery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montmartre Cemetery (page does not exist)">Montmartre</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montparnasse_Cemetery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montparnasse Cemetery (page does not exist)">Montparnasse</a>, and later <a href="/w/index.php?title=Passy_Cemetery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passy Cemetery (page does not exist)">Passy</a>.</p> <p>When Paris annexed all communes to the inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications in 1860, its cemeteries were once again within its city walls. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the <i>Cimeti�re Parisien de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Ouen,_Seine-Saint-Denis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis (page does not exist)">Saint-Ouen</a></i>, the <i>Cimeti�re Parisien de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobigny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bobigny (page does not exist)">Bobigny</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantin (page does not exist)">Pantin</a></i>, the <i>Cimeti�re Parisien d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivry-sur-Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivry-sur-Seine (page does not exist)">Ivry</a></i>, and the <i>Cimeti�re Parisien de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagneux,_Hauts-de-Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine (page does not exist)">Bagneux</a></i>.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Paris (page does not exist)">Culture of Paris</a></div> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Entertainment and performing arts">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Entertainment_and_performing_arts">Entertainment and performing arts</span></h3> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_films_set_in_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of films set in Paris (page does not exist)">List of films set in Paris</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture,_May_2009.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg/220px-Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg" width="220" height="148" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg/330px-Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg/440px-Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture,_May_2009.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Op%C3%A9ra_Garnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Op�ra Garnier (page does not exist)">Op�ra Garnier</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>The largest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_houses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opera houses (page does not exist)">opera houses</a> of Paris are the 19th century <a href="/w/index.php?title=Op%C3%A9ra_Garnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Op�ra Garnier (page does not exist)">Op�ra Garnier</a> (historical <a href="/w/index.php?title=Op%C3%A9ra_National_de_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Op�ra National de Paris (page does not exist)">Paris Op�ra</a>) and modern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Op�ra Bastille (page does not exist)">Op�ra Bastille</a>; the former tends towards the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern. In middle of 19th century, there were two other active and competing opera houses: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Op%C3%A9ra-Comique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Op�ra-Comique (page does not exist)">Op�ra-Comique</a> (which still exists to this day) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Th��tre Lyrique (page does not exist)">Th��tre Lyrique</a> (which in modern times changed its profile and name to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Ville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Th��tre de la Ville (page does not exist)">Th��tre de la Ville</a>).</p> <p>Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture. This still holds true today, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. Some of Paris' major theatres include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bobino (page does not exist)">Bobino</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Mogador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Th��tre Mogador (page does not exist)">Th��tre Mogador</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Ga%C3%AEt%C3%A9-Montparnasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Th��tre de la Ga�t�-Montparnasse (page does not exist)">Th��tre de la Ga�t�-Montparnasse</a>. Some Parisian theatres have also doubled as concert halls. Many of France's greatest musical legends, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89dith_Piaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�dith Piaf (page does not exist)">�dith Piaf</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Chevalier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Chevalier (page does not exist)">Maurice Chevalier</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Brassens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Brassens (page does not exist)">Georges Brassens</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Aznavour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Aznavour (page does not exist)">Charles Aznavour</a>, found their fame in Parisian concert halls: Legendary yet still-showing examples of these are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Lido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Lido (page does not exist)">Le Lido</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bobino (page does not exist)">Bobino</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Olympia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Olympia (page does not exist)">l'Olympia</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Splendid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Splendid (page does not exist)">le Splendid</a>.</p> <p>The <i>�lys�es-Montmartre</i>, much reduced from its original size, is a concert hall today. The <i>New Morning</i> is one of few Parisian clubs still holding jazz concerts, but the same also specialises in "indie" music. In more recent times, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Z%C3%A9nith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Z�nith (page does not exist)">Le Z�nith</a></i> hall in Paris, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parc_de_la_Villette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parc de la Villette (page does not exist)">La Villette</a> quarter and a "<i>parc-omnisports</i>" stadium in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bercy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bercy (page does not exist)">Bercy</a> serve as large-scale rock concert halls.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir,_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg/220px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg" width="220" height="164" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg/330px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg/440px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir%2C_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir,_Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bal_du_moulin_de_la_Galette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bal du moulin de la Galette (page does not exist)">Dance at the Moulin de la Galette</a></i>, by Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1876)</div> </div> </div> <p>Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_en_Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock en Seine (page does not exist)">Rock en Seine</a>. Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, that is to say with a dominance of Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (<i>r�alisateurs</i>) such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Lelouch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Lelouch (page does not exist)">Claude Lelouch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fran�ois Truffaut (page does not exist)">Fran�ois Truffaut</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Luc_Godard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Luc Godard (page does not exist)">Jean-Luc Godard</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Chabrol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Chabrol (page does not exist)">Claude Chabrol</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luc_Besson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luc Besson (page does not exist)">Luc Besson</a>, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Zidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Zidi (page does not exist)">Claude Zidi</a> as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. A specialty of Paris is its very large network of small movie theatres. In a given week, the movie fan has the choice between around 300 old or new movies from all over the world.</p> <p>Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Later, most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms: Paris' largest cinema today is by far <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Grand_Rex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Grand Rex (page does not exist)">le Grand Rex</a></i> theatre with 2,800 seats, whereas other cinemas all have fewer than 1,000 seats. There is now a trend toward modern multiplexes that contain more than 10 or 20 screens.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesdeuxmagots.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lesdeuxmagots.jpg/220px-Lesdeuxmagots.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lesdeuxmagots.jpg/330px-Lesdeuxmagots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lesdeuxmagots.jpg/440px-Lesdeuxmagots.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesdeuxmagots.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Deux_Magots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Deux Magots (page does not exist)">Caf� Les Deux Magots</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint-Germain-des-Pr�s (page does not exist)">Saint-Germain-des-Pr�s</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Cuisine (page does not exist)">French Cuisine</a></div> <p>Paris' culinary reputation has its base in the diverse origins of its inhabitants. In its beginnings, it owed much to the 19th-century organisation of a railway system that had Paris as a centre, making the capital a focal point for immigration from France's many different regions and gastronomical cultures. This reputation continues through today in a cultural diversity that has since spread to a worldwide level thanks to Paris' continued reputation for culinary <i>finesse</i> and further immigration from increasingly distant climes.</p> <p>Hotels were another result of widespread travel and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism (page does not exist)">tourism</a>, especially Paris' late-19th-century <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expo_(exhibition)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Expo (exhibition) (page does not exist)">Expositions Universelles</a></i> (World's Fairs). Of the most luxurious of these, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Ritz_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H�tel Ritz Paris (page does not exist)">H�tel Ritz</a> appeared in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_Vend%C3%B4me&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place Vend�me (page does not exist)">Place Vend�me</a> in 1898, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Crillon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H�tel de Crillon (page does not exist)">H�tel de Crillon</a> opened its doors on the north side of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_de_la_Concorde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place de la Concorde (page does not exist)">Place de la Concorde</a>, starting in 1909.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</span></h3> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_World_Heritage_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Infobox World Heritage Site (page does not exist)">Template:Infobox World Heritage Site</a></p> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_museums_in_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of museums in Paris (page does not exist)">List of museums in Paris</a></div> <p>Since 1848, Paris has been a popular destination by rail network, with Paris at its centre. Among Paris' first mass attractions drawing international interest were the above-mentioned <i>Expositions Universelles</i> that were the origin of Paris' many monuments, namely the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiffel_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eiffel Tower (page does not exist)">Eiffel Tower</a> from 1889. These, in addition to the capital's <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Second Empire (page does not exist)">Second Empire</a> embellishments, did much to make the city itself the attraction it is today.</p> <p>Paris receives around 28 million tourists per year<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> (42 in the whole Paris Region),<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_Region_Key_Figures_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris_Region_Key_Figures-21">[21]</a></sup> of which 17 million are foreign visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> Its museums and monuments are among its highest-esteemed attractions; tourism has motivated both the city and national governments to create new ones. The city's most prized museum, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louvre (page does not exist)">Louvre</a>, welcomes over 8 million visitors a year, being by far the world's most-visited art museum. The city's cathedrals are another main attraction: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre_Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notre Dame de Paris (page does not exist)">Notre Dame de Paris</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilique du Sacr�-Coeur (page does not exist)">Basilique du Sacr�-Coeur</a> receive 12 million and eight million visitors, respectively. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiffel_Tower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eiffel Tower (page does not exist)">Eiffel Tower</a>, by far Paris' most famous monument, averages over six million visitors per year and more than 200 million since its construction. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disneyland_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disneyland Paris (page does not exist)">Disneyland Paris</a> is a major tourist attraction for visitors to not only Paris but also the rest of Europe, with 14.5 million visitors in 2007.</p> <p>The Louvre is one of the world's largest and most famous museums, housing many works of art, including the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mona_Lisa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mona Lisa (page does not exist)">Mona Lisa</a></i> (<i>La Joconde</i>) and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus_de_Milo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venus de Milo (page does not exist)">Venus de Milo</a></i> statue. Works by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Picasso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pablo Picasso (page does not exist)">Pablo Picasso</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auguste_Rodin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auguste Rodin (page does not exist)">Auguste Rodin</a> are found in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mus�e Picasso (page does not exist)">Mus�e Picasso</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mus�e Rodin (page does not exist)">Mus�e Rodin</a></i>, respectively, while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montparnasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montparnasse (page does not exist)">artistic community of Montparnasse</a> is chronicled at the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_du_Montparnasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mus�e du Montparnasse (page does not exist)">Mus�e du Montparnasse</a></i>. Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Georges_Pompidou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre Georges Pompidou (page does not exist)">Centre Georges Pompidou</a>, also known as <i>Beaubourg</i>, houses the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mus�e National d'Art Moderne (page does not exist)">Mus�e National d'Art Moderne</a></i>.</p> <p>Art and artifacts from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Ages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Ages (page does not exist)">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Impressionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Impressionism (page does not exist)">Impressionist</a> eras are kept in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Cluny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mus�e Cluny (page does not exist)">Mus�e Cluny</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mus�e d'Orsay (page does not exist)">Mus�e d'Orsay</a></i>, respectively, the former with the prized tapestry cycle <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lady_and_the_Unicorn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Lady and the Unicorn (page does not exist)">The Lady and the Unicorn</a>. Paris' newest (and third-largest) museum, the <i>Mus�e du quai Branly</i>, opened its doors in June 2006 and houses art from Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas.</p> <p>Many of Paris' once-popular local establishments have come to cater to the tastes and expectations of tourists, rather than local patrons. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Lido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Lido (page does not exist)">Le Lido</a></i>, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moulin_Rouge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moulin Rouge (page does not exist)">Moulin Rouge</a></i> cabaret-dancehall, for example, is a staged dinner theatre spectacle, a dance display that was once but one aspect of the cabaret's former atmosphere. All of the establishment's former social or cultural elements, such as its ballrooms and gardens, are gone today. Much of Paris' hotel, restaurant and night entertainment trades have become heavily dependent on tourism.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stade_de_France_2005.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Stade_de_France_2005.jpg/220px-Stade_de_France_2005.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Stade_de_France_2005.jpg/330px-Stade_de_France_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Stade_de_France_2005.jpg/440px-Stade_de_France_2005.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Stade_de_France_2005.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stade_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stade de France (page does not exist)">Stade de France</a>.</div> </div> </div> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span></h3> <p>Paris' most popular sport clubs are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_football&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association football (page does not exist)">association football</a> club <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Saint-Germain_FC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Saint-Germain FC (page does not exist)">Paris Saint-Germain FC</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basketball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basketball (page does not exist)">basketball</a> team <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris-Levallois_Basket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris-Levallois Basket (page does not exist)">Paris-Levallois Basket</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rugby union (page does not exist)">rugby union</a> club <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stade Fran�ais (page does not exist)">Stade Fran�ais</a>. The 80,000-seat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stade_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stade de France (page does not exist)">Stade de France</a>, built for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_FIFA_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 FIFA World Cup (page does not exist)">1998 FIFA World Cup</a>, is located in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Denis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint-Denis (page does not exist)">Saint-Denis</a>. It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts annually <a href="/w/index.php?title=France_national_rugby_union_team&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="France national rugby union team (page does not exist)">French national rugby team</a>'s home matches of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Six_Nations_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Six Nations Championship (page does not exist)">Six Nations Championship</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=France_national_football_team&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="France national football team (page does not exist)">French national association football team</a> for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, and several important matches of the Stade Fran�ais rugby team.</p> <p>In addition to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Saint-Germain_FC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Saint-Germain FC (page does not exist)">Paris Saint-Germain FC</a>, the city has a number of other amateur football clubs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_FC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris FC (page does not exist)">Paris FC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Star_Saint-Ouen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Star Saint-Ouen (page does not exist)">Red Star</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RCF_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCF Paris (page does not exist)">RCF Paris</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais_Paris_(football)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stade Fran�ais Paris (football) (page does not exist)">Stade Fran�ais Paris</a>. The last is the football section of the omnisport club of the same name, most notable for its rugby team.</p> <p>The Paris region currently boasts two teams in the top level of French rugby union, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Top_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Top 14 (page does not exist)">Top 14</a>. Currently, the most prominent side is Stade Fran�ais, which is also the only one of the two to be based in the city proper. The other Top 14 team in the region is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Racing_M%C3%A9tro_92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racing M�tro 92 (page does not exist)">Racing M�tro 92</a>, currently based in the western suburb of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colombes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colombes (page does not exist)">Colombes</a>. Racing M�tro is the successor to Racing Club de France, which contested the first-ever French championship final against Stade Fran�ais in 1892.</p> <p>Paris also hosted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1900_Summer_Olympics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1900 Summer Olympics (page does not exist)">1900</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=1924_Summer_Olympics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1924 Summer Olympics (page does not exist)">1924</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympic Games (page does not exist)">Olympic Games</a> and was venue for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_FIFA_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 FIFA World Cup (page does not exist)">1938</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_FIFA_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 FIFA World Cup (page does not exist)">1998</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FIFA World Cup (page does not exist)">FIFA World Cups</a> and for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_Rugby_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 Rugby World Cup (page does not exist)">2007 Rugby World Cup</a>.</p> <p>Although the starting point and the route of the famous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tour_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tour de France (page does not exist)">Tour de France</a> varies each year, the final stage always finishes in Paris, and, since 1975, the race has <a href="/w/index.php?title=Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_stage_in_the_Tour_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Champs-�lys�es stage in the Tour de France (page does not exist)">finished on the Champs-Elys�es</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tennis (page does not exist)">Tennis</a> is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Open_(tennis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Open (tennis) (page does not exist)">French Open</a>, held every year on the red clay of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stade_Roland_Garros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stade Roland Garros (page does not exist)">Roland Garros</a></i> National Tennis Centre near the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bois_de_Boulogne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bois de Boulogne (page does not exist)">Bois de Boulogne</a></i>, is one of the four <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Slam_(tennis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Slam (tennis) (page does not exist)">Grand Slam</a></i> events of the world professional tennis tour. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_UEFA_Champions_League_Final&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 UEFA Champions League Final (page does not exist)">2006 UEFA Champions League Final</a> between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenal_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenal F.C. (page does not exist)">Arsenal</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=FC_Barcelona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FC Barcelona (page does not exist)">FC Barcelona</a> was played in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stade_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stade de France (page does not exist)">Stade de France</a>. Paris hosted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_Rugby_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 Rugby World Cup (page does not exist)">2007 Rugby World Cup</a> final at Stade de France on 20 October 2007.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of Paris (page does not exist)">Economy of Paris</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2361-Paris.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2361-Paris.jpg/220px-2361-Paris.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2361-Paris.jpg/330px-2361-Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2361-Paris.jpg/440px-2361-Paris.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2361-Paris.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> French Ministry of Finance</div> </div> </div> <p>With a 2009 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_product&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gross domestic product (page does not exist)">GDP</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euro (page does not exist)">�</a>552.1 billion<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_GDP_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris_GDP-15">[15]</a></sup> (US$768.9 billion), the Paris region has one of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_European_Union_by_GDP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of metropolitan areas in the European Union by GDP (page does not exist)">highest GDPs in Europe</a>, making it an engine of the global economy; were it a country, it would rank as the seventeenth-largest economy in the world, almost as large as the Dutch economy.<sup id="cite_ref-gdp_world_rank_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gdp_world_rank-69">[69]</a></sup> The Paris Region is France's premier centre of economic activity: While its population accounted for 18.8% of the total population of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropolitan France (page does not exist)">metropolitan France</a> in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> its GDP accounted for 29.5% of metropolitan France's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_GDP_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris_GDP-15">[15]</a></sup> Activity in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_urban_area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris urban area (page does not exist)">Paris urban area</a>, though diverse, does not have a leading specialised industry (such as Los Angeles with entertainment industries or London and New York with financial industries in addition to their other activities). Recently, the Paris economy has been shifting towards high-value-added service industries (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Financial services (page does not exist)">finance</a>, IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.).</p> <p>The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauts-de-Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hauts-de-Seine (page does not exist)">Hauts-de-Seine</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9partement_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D�partement in France (page does not exist)">d�partement</a> and suburban <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La D�fense (page does not exist)">La D�fense</a> business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palais_Garnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palais Garnier (page does not exist)">Op�ra Garnier</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La D�fense (page does not exist)">La D�fense</a> (the largest dedicated business district in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Logistics-in-Europe.com.2C_Vertical_Mail_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logistics-in-Europe.com.2C_Vertical_Mail-20">[20]</a></sup>), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_de_Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val de Seine (page does not exist)">Val de Seine</a>. Paris' administrative borders have little consequences on the limits of its economic activity: Although most workers commute from the suburbs to work in the city, many commute from the city to work in the suburbs. While the Paris economy is largely dominated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Service_Sector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Service Sector (page does not exist)">services</a>, it remains an important manufacturing powerhouse of Europe, especially in industrial sectors such as automobiles, aeronautics, and electronics. Over recent decades, the local economy has moved towards high-value-added activities, in particular business services. The Paris Region hosts the headquarters of 33 of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortune_Global_500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortune Global 500 (page does not exist)">Fortune Global 500</a> companies.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortune_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortune-19">[19]</a></sup></p> <p>The 1999 census indicated that, of the 5,089,170 persons employed in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_urban_area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris urban area (page does not exist)">Paris urban area</a>, 16.5% worked in business services; 13.0% in commerce (retail and wholesale trade); 12.3% in manufacturing; 10.0% in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public administration (page does not exist)">public administrations</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Defense_industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defense industry (page does not exist)">defence</a>; 8.7% in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public health (page does not exist)">health</a> services; 8.2% in transportation and communications; 6.6% in education, and the remaining 24.7% in many other economic sectors. In the manufacturing sector, the largest employers were the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronics (page does not exist)">electronic</a> and electrical industry (17.9% of the total manufacturing workforce in 1999) and the publishing and printing industry (14.0% of the total manufacturing workforce), with the remaining 68.1% of the manufacturing workforce distributed among many other industries. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Paris (page does not exist)">Tourism</a> and tourist related services employ 6.2% of Paris' workforce, and 3.6% of all workers within the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Region (page does not exist)">Paris Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-workforce_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-workforce-71">[71]</a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unemployment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unemployment (page does not exist)">Unemployment</a> in the Paris "immigrant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banlieue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banlieue (page does not exist)">ghettos</a>" ranges from 20 to 40%, according to varying sources.<sup id="cite_ref-riot_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riot-72">[72]</a></sup></p> <div class="center"> <div class="thumb tnone"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:802px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg/800px-Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg" width="800" height="134" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg/1200px-Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg/1600px-Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> <center>Business district of <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La D�fense (page does not exist)">La D�fense</a></center> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</span></h3> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="Question book-new.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" /></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references or sources</a></b>.<br /> <small>Please help <a class="external text" href="//test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit">improve this article</a> by adding citations to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources (page does not exist)">reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <i>(March 2011)</i></small> </span></td> </tr> </table> <p>Health care and emergency medical service in the city of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assistance_publique_-_H%C3%B4pitaux_de_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assistance publique - H�pitaux de Paris (page does not exist)">Assistance publique - H�pitaux de Paris</a> (AP-HP)</i>, a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people (practitioners and administratives) in 44 hospitals. It is the largest hospital system in Europe.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sociology">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sociology">Sociology</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Ouest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Ouest (page does not exist)">Paris Ouest</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rive_Droite_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rive Droite (Paris) (page does not exist)">Rive Droite (Paris)</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rive_Gauche_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rive Gauche (Paris) (page does not exist)">Rive Gauche (Paris)</a></div> <p>Paris Ouest (ie: Western Paris) is an expression referring to the wealthiest, most exclusive and prestigious residential area of France.</p> <p>Located in the central and western part of Paris, it roughly follows Paris' <i>Voie Royale</i> (<i>Royal Way</i>) or <i>Axe historique</i> (<i>historical axis</i>): a line of monuments, buildings and thoroughfares that extends from the former <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Palace (page does not exist)">royal Palace</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louvre (page does not exist)">Louvre</a> through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuileries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuileries (page does not exist)">Tuileries</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_de_la_Concorde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place de la Concorde (page does not exist)">Place de la Concorde</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avenue des Champs-�lys�es (page does not exist)">Champs �lys�es</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_de_l%27Etoile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place de l'Etoile (page does not exist)">Place de l'Etoile</a> and all the way to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuilly-sur-Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine (page does not exist)">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>.</p> <p>Paris Ouest has long been known as French high society's favorite place of residence, comparable to New York's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_East_Side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper East Side (page does not exist)">Upper East Side</a>, LA's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beverly_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beverly Hills (page does not exist)">Beverly Hills</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> or London's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayfair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayfair (page does not exist)">Mayfair</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgravia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belgravia (page does not exist)">Belgravia</a>, to such an extent that the phrase <i>"Paris Ouest"</i> has been associated with great <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wealth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wealth (page does not exist)">wealth</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elitism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elitism (page does not exist)">elitism</a> and social hegemony in French popular culture as well as in some masterpieces of French literature such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balzac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balzac (page does not exist)">Balzac</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Com�die humaine (page does not exist)">La com�die humaine</a></i> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proust (page does not exist)">Proust</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In Search of Lost Time (page does not exist)">In Search of Lost Time</a></i>.</p> <p>The cultural, social and economic influence<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> of the area has played a prominent role throughout French history and is still highly vivid in nowadays' French elite. <i>Paris Ouest'</i>s standards of life were also highly influential in educating foreign elites, especially in Europe, Russia and Northern America (see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frick_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frick Collection (page does not exist)">Frick Collection</a>). And so <i>Paris Ouest</i> should be seen as not only a geographic area but also a social attitude<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> symbolized by French high society's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Habit_(psychology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habit (psychology) (page does not exist)">habits</a> and way of life.</p> <p>The "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rive_Gauche_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rive Gauche (Paris) (page does not exist)">Rive Gauche</a>" (<i>Left Bank</i> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seine (page does not exist)">Seine</a>) generally implies a sense of bohemianism and creativity as it was the Paris of artists, writers, philosophers and students. The counterpart of the Rive Gauche of Paris is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rive_Droite_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rive Droite (Paris) (page does not exist)">Rive Droite</a> (<i>Right Bank</i>), a term used to refer to a level of elegance and sophistication not found in the more bohemian Left Bank.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Historical_Population_(1801-2008).png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Paris_Historical_Population_%281801-2008%29.png/300px-Paris_Historical_Population_%281801-2008%29.png" width="300" height="187" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Paris_Historical_Population_%281801-2008%29.png/450px-Paris_Historical_Population_%281801-2008%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Paris_Historical_Population_%281801-2008%29.png/600px-Paris_Historical_Population_%281801-2008%29.png 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Historical_Population_(1801-2008).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> City proper, urban area, and metropolitan area population from 1800 to 2010.</div> </div> </div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Demographics_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Demographics of Paris (page does not exist)">Template:Demographics of Paris</a></p> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographics of Paris (page does not exist)">Demographics of Paris</a></div> <p>The population of the city of Paris was 2,125,246 at the 1999 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Census (page does not exist)">census</a>, lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The city's population loss mirrors the experience of most other core cities in the developed world that have not expanded their boundaries. The principal factors in the process are a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975.</p> <p>Factors in the migration include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deindustrialization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deindustrialization (page does not exist)">de-industrialisation</a>, high rent, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentrification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gentrification (page does not exist)">gentrification</a> of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. The city's population loss was one of the most severe among international municipalities and the largest for any that had achieved more than 2,000,000 residents. These losses are generally seen as negative for the city; the city administration is trying to reverse them with some success, as the population estimate of July 2004 showed a population increase for the first time since 1954, reaching a total of 2,144,700 inhabitants.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Density">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Density">Density</span></h3> <p>Paris is one of the most densely populated cities in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World (page does not exist)">world</a>. Its density, excluding the outlying woodland parks of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bois_de_Boulogne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bois de Boulogne (page does not exist)">Boulogne</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bois_de_Vincennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bois de Vincennes (page does not exist)">Vincennes</a>, was 24,448 inhabitants per square kilometre (63,320/sq mi) in the 1999 official census, which could be compared only with some <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia (page does not exist)">Asian</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalopolis_(city_type)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megalopolis (city type) (page does not exist)">megapoli</a>. Even including the two woodland areas, its population density was 20,164 inhabitants per square kilometre (52,224.5/sq mi), the fifth-most-densely populated commune in France following <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Pr%C3%A9-Saint-Gervais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Pr�-Saint-Gervais (page does not exist)">Le Pr�-Saint-Gervais</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincennes (page does not exist)">Vincennes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Levallois-Perret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levallois-Perret (page does not exist)">Levallois-Perret</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Mand%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint-Mand� (page does not exist)">Saint-Mand�</a>, all of which border the city proper.</p> <p>The most sparsely populated quarters are the western and central office and administration-focussed <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrondissements_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrondissements of Paris (page does not exist)">arrondissements</a></i>. The city's population is densest in the northern and eastern arrondissements; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_arrondissement_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th arrondissement of Paris (page does not exist)">11th arrondissement</a> had a density of 40,672 inhabitants per square kilometre (105,340/sq mi) in 1999, and some of the same arrondissement's eastern quarters had densities close to 100,000/km<sup>2</sup> (260,000/sq mi) in the same year.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Paris agglomeration">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Paris_agglomeration">Paris agglomeration</span></h3> <p>The city of Paris covers an area much smaller than the urban area of which it is the core. At present, Paris' real urbanisation, defined by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B4le_urbain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P�le urbain (page does not exist)">p�le urbain</a> (urban area) statistical area, covers 2,845 km<sup>2</sup> (1,098 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-UU_superficie_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UU_superficie-76">[76]</a></sup> or an area about 27 times larger than the city itself. The administration of Paris' urban growth is divided between itself and its surrounding d�partements: Paris' closest ring of three adjoining departments, or petite couronne ("small ring") are fully saturated with urban growth, and the ring of four departments outside of these, the grande couronne <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9partement_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D�partement in France (page does not exist)">d�partements</a>, are only covered in their inner regions by Paris' urbanisation. These eight <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9partement_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D�partement in France (page does not exist)">d�partements</a> form the larger administrative <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le-de-France (region) (page does not exist)">�le-de-France</a> r�gion; most of this region is filled, and overextended in places, by the Paris aire urbaine.</p> <p>The Paris agglomeration has shown a steady rate of growth since the end of the late 16th century <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Wars_of_Religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Wars of Religion (page does not exist)">French Wars of Religion</a>, save brief setbacks during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Revolution (page does not exist)">French Revolution</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World War II (page does not exist)">World War II</a><sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed (page does not exist)"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from January 2007">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Suburban development has accelerated in recent years: With an estimated total of 11.4 million inhabitants for 2005, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le-de-France (region) (page does not exist)">�le-de-France</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9gion_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R�gion in France (page does not exist)">r�gion</a> shows a rate of growth double that of the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-99_05_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99_05-77">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90_99_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90_99-78">[78]</a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Immigration">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Immigration">Immigration</span></h3> <p>By law, French censuses do not ask questions regarding ethnicity or religion, but do gather information concerning one's country of birth. From this it is still possible to determine that Paris and its <i>aire urbaine</i> (metropolitan area) is one of the most multi-cultural in Europe: At the 1999 census, 19.4% of its total population was born outside of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropolitan France (page does not exist)">metropolitan France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-foreign_born_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreign_born-79">[79]</a></sup> At the same census, 4.2% of the Paris <i>aire urbaine'</i>s population were recent immigrants (people who had immigrated to France between 1990 and 1999),<sup id="cite_ref-recent_migrants_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recent_migrants-80">[80]</a></sup> the majority from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia (page does not exist)">Asia</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africa (page does not exist)">Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-current_immigration_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-current_immigration-81">[81]</a></sup> 37% of all immigrants in France live in the Paris region.<sup id="cite_ref-riot_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riot-72">[72]</a></sup></p> <p>The first wave of international migration to Paris started as early as 1820 with the arrivals of German peasants fleeing an agricultural crisis in their homeland. Several waves of immigration followed continuously until today: Italians and central European Jews during the 19th century; Russians after the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1917&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Revolution of 1917 (page does not exist)">revolution of 1917</a> and Armenians fleeing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_Genocide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armenian Genocide (page does not exist)">genocide</a> in the Ottoman Empire;<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> colonial citizens during <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World War I (page does not exist)">World War I</a> and later; Poles between the two world wars; Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese, and North Africans from the 1950s to the 1970s; North African Jews after the independence of those countries; Africans and Asians since then.<sup id="cite_ref-past_immigration_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-past_immigration-83">[83]</a></sup></p> <p>The Paris metropolitan region or "aire urbaine" is estimated to be home to some 1.7 million Muslims of all races, making up between 10%�15% of the area's population. However, without official data, the margin of error of these estimates is extremely high as it is based on one's country of birth (someone born in a Muslim country or born to a parent from a Muslim country is considered as a "potential Muslim").<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> According to the North American Jewish Data Bank, an estimated 310,000 Jews also live in Paris and the surrounding �le-de-France region, an area with a population of 11.7 million inhabitants. Paris has historically been a magnet for immigrants, hosting one of the largest concentrations of immigrants in Europe today.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Immigrants and their children in d�partements of �le-de-France (Greater Paris)">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Immigrants_and_their_children_in_d.C3.A9partements_of_.C3.8Ele-de-France_.28Greater_Paris.29">Immigrants and their children in d�partements of �le-de-France (Greater Paris)</span></h4> <p>According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=INSEE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INSEE (page does not exist)">INSEE</a>, French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies, responsible for the production and analysis of official statistics in France, 20% of people living in the city of Paris are immigrants and 41.3% of people under 20 have at least one immigrant parent.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> Among the young people under 18, 12.1% are of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maghrebis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maghrebis (page does not exist)">Maghrebi</a> origin, 9.9% of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subsaharan_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subsaharan Africa (page does not exist)">Subsaharan African</a> origin (not including persons from French West Indies) and 4.0% of <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Europe (page does not exist)">South European</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> About four million people, or 35% of the population of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le-de-France (region) (page does not exist)">�le-de-France</a>, are either immigrants (17%) or have at least one immigrant parent (18%).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup></p> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <th rowspan="2">D�partement</th> <th colspan="3">Immigrants</th> <th colspan="3">Children under 20 with at least one immigrant parent</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"> <td><b>Number</b></td> <td><b>% d�partement</b></td> <td><b>% �le-de-France</b></td> <td><b>Number</b></td> <td><b>% d�partement</b></td> <td><b>% �le-de-France</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Paris (75)</td> <td>436'576</td> <td>20</td> <td>22.4</td> <td>162'635</td> <td>41.3</td> <td>15.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seine-Saint-Denis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seine-Saint-Denis (page does not exist)">Seine-Saint-Denis</a> (93)</td> <td>394'831</td> <td>26.5</td> <td>20.2</td> <td>234'837</td> <td>57.1</td> <td>22.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauts-de-Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hauts-de-Seine (page does not exist)">Hauts-de-Seine</a> (92)</td> <td>250'190</td> <td>16.3</td> <td>12.8</td> <td>124'501</td> <td>34</td> <td>11.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Val-de-Marne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val-de-Marne (page does not exist)">Val-de-Marne</a> (94)</td> <td>234'633</td> <td>18.1</td> <td>12</td> <td>127'701</td> <td>40</td> <td>12.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Val-d%E2%80%99Oise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val-d�Oise (page does not exist)">Val-d�Oise</a> (95)</td> <td>185'890</td> <td>16.1</td> <td>9.5</td> <td>124'644</td> <td>38.5</td> <td>11.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvelines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yvelines (page does not exist)">Yvelines</a> (78)</td> <td>161'869</td> <td>11.6</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>98'755</td> <td>26.4</td> <td>9.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Essonne (page does not exist)">Essonne</a> (91)</td> <td>150'980</td> <td>12.6</td> <td>7.7</td> <td>94'003</td> <td>29.6</td> <td>8.9</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seine-et-Marne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seine-et-Marne (page does not exist)">Seine-et-Marne</a> (77)</td> <td>135'654</td> <td>10.7</td> <td>7</td> <td>90'319</td> <td>26</td> <td>8.5</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le-de-France (region) (page does not exist)">�le-de-France</a></td> <td>1'950'623</td> <td>16.9</td> <td>100</td> <td>1'057'394</td> <td>37.1</td> <td>100</td> </tr> </table> <p>(source : Insee, EAR 2006)</p> <p>Reading: 436 576 immigrants live in Paris, representing 20 % of Parisians and 22.4 % of immigrants in �le-de-France. 162 635 children under 20 with at least one immigrant parent live in Paris, representing 41.3% of the total of children under 20 in Paris and 15.4 % of the total of children under 20 with at least one immigrant parent in �le-de-France.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Administration">Administration</span></h2> <p>Paris, its administrative limits unchanged since 1860 (save for the addition of two large parks), is one of a few cities that have not evolved politically with their real demographic growth; this issue is at present being discussed in plans for a "Grand Paris" (Greater Paris) that will extend Paris' administrative limits to embrace much more of its urban tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-grand_paris_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grand_paris-91">[91]</a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Capital of France">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Capital_of_France">Capital of France</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elys%C3%A9e_Palace,_Paris_2005.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Elys%C3%A9e_Palace%2C_Paris_2005.jpg/220px-Elys%C3%A9e_Palace%2C_Paris_2005.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Elys%C3%A9e_Palace%2C_Paris_2005.jpg/330px-Elys%C3%A9e_Palace%2C_Paris_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Elys%C3%A9e_Palace%2C_Paris_2005.jpg/440px-Elys%C3%A9e_Palace%2C_Paris_2005.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Elys%C3%A9e_Palace,_Paris_2005.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�lys�e Palace (page does not exist)">�lys�e Palace</a>, residence of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of France (page does not exist)">French President</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>Paris is the seat of France's national government. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of France (page does not exist)">President of France</a> resides at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�lys�e Palace (page does not exist)">�lys�e Palace</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_arrondissement_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th arrondissement of Paris (page does not exist)">8th arrondissement</a>, while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prime Minister of France (page does not exist)">Prime Minister</a>'s seat is at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Matignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H�tel Matignon (page does not exist)">H�tel Matignon</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_arrondissement_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th arrondissement of Paris (page does not exist)">7th arrondissement</a>. Government ministries are located in various parts of the city; many are located in the 7th arrondissement, near the Matignon.</p> <p>The two houses of the French Parliament are also located on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rive_Gauche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rive Gauche (page does not exist)">Left Bank</a>. The upper house, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate of France (page does not exist)">Senate</a>, meets in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palais_du_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palais du Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Palais du Luxembourg</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_arrondissement_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th arrondissement of Paris (page does not exist)">6th arrondissement</a>, while the more important lower house, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assembl�e Nationale (page does not exist)">Assembl�e Nationale</a>, meets in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palais_Bourbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palais Bourbon (page does not exist)">Palais Bourbon</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_arrondissement_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th arrondissement of Paris (page does not exist)">7th</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_French_Senate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Presidents of the French Senate (page does not exist)">President of the Senate</a>, the second-highest public official in France after the President of the Republic, resides in the "Petit Luxembourg", a smaller palace annex to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palais_du_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palais du Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Palais du Luxembourg</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed (page does not exist)"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>France's highest courts are located in Paris. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_Cassation_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court of Cassation (France) (page does not exist)">Court of Cassation</a>, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palais_de_Justice,_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palais de Justice, Paris (page does not exist)">Palais de Justice</a> on the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le de la Cit� (page does not exist)">�le de la Cit�</a></i>, while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_State_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of State (France) (page does not exist)">Conseil d'�tat</a>, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palais_Royal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palais Royal (page does not exist)">Palais Royal</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ier_arrondissement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ier arrondissement (page does not exist)">1st arrondissement</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed (page does not exist)"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Council_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional Council of France (page does not exist)">Constitutional Council</a>, an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palais_Royal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palais Royal (page does not exist)">Palais Royal</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed (page does not exist)"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: City government">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="City_government">City government</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_mayors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris mayors (page does not exist)">Paris mayors</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrondissements_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrondissements of Paris (page does not exist)">Arrondissements of Paris</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Par_Arr.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Par_Arr.svg/300px-Par_Arr.svg.png" width="300" height="163" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Par_Arr.svg/450px-Par_Arr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Par_Arr.svg/600px-Par_Arr.svg.png 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Par_Arr.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrondissements_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrondissements of Paris (page does not exist)">arrondissements of Paris</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>Paris has been a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communes_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communes of France (page does not exist)">commune</a></i> (municipality) since 1834 (and also briefly between 1790 and 1795). At the 1790 division (during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Revolution (page does not exist)">French Revolution</a>) of France into communes, and again in 1834, Paris was a city only half its modern size, but, in 1860, it annexed bordering communes, some entirely, to create the new administrative map of twenty <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrondissements_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrondissements of Paris (page does not exist)">municipal arrondissements</a></i> the city still has today. These municipal subdivisions describe a clockwise spiral outward from its most central, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_arrondissement_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st arrondissement of Paris (page does not exist)">1st arrondissement</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed (page does not exist)"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>In 1790, Paris became the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9fecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pr�fecture (page does not exist)">pr�fecture</a></i> (seat) of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seine_(department)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seine (department) (page does not exist)">Seine</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9partement_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D�partement in France (page does not exist)">d�partement</a></i>, which covered much of the Paris region. In 1968, it was split into four smaller ones: The city of Paris became a distinct <i>d�partement</i> of its own, retaining the Seine's departmental number of 75 (originating from the Seine <i>d�partement'</i>s position in France's alphabetical list), while three new <i>d�partements</i> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauts-de-Seine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hauts-de-Seine (page does not exist)">Hauts-de-Seine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seine-Saint-Denis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seine-Saint-Denis (page does not exist)">Seine-Saint-Denis</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Val-de-Marne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val-de-Marne (page does not exist)">Val-de-Marne</a> were created and given the numbers 92, 93, and 94, respectively. The result of this division is that today Paris' limits as a <i>d�partement</i> are exactly those of its limits as a <i>commune</i>, a situation unique in France.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed (page does not exist)"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Municipal offices">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Municipal_offices">Municipal offices</span></h3> <p>Each of Paris' twenty arrondissements has a directly elected council (<i>conseil d'arrondissement</i>), which, in turn, elects an arrondissement mayor. A selection of members from each arrondissement council form the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of Paris (page does not exist)">Council of Paris</a> (<i>conseil de Paris</i>), which, in turn, elects the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayor_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayor of Paris (page does not exist)">mayor of Paris</a>.</p> <p>In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval (page does not exist)">medieval</a> times, Paris was governed by a merchant-elected municipality whose head was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mayors_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of mayors of Paris (page does not exist)">provost of the merchants</a>. In addition to regulating city commerce, the provost of the merchants was responsible for some civic duties such as the guarding of city walls and the cleaning of city streets. The creation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provost_(civil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provost (civil) (page does not exist)">provost of Paris</a> from the 13th century diminished the merchant Provost's responsibilities and powers considerably.</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:1em; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;"> <caption><b>Composition of the Council of Paris</b></caption> <tr style="background:#e9e9e9; border-bottom:2px solid gray;"> <th colspan="2">Party</th> <th>Seats</th> </tr> <tr> <th>style="background-color: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Socialist_Party_(France)/meta/color&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color (page does not exist)">Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color</a>"|<span style="color:white; font-size:140%;">�</span></th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Party_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialist Party (France) (page does not exist)">Socialist Party</a></td> <td align="right">72</td> </tr> <tr> <th>style="background-color: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Union_for_a_Popular_Movement/meta/color&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Union for a Popular Movement/meta/color (page does not exist)">Template:Union for a Popular Movement/meta/color</a>"|</th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_a_Popular_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union for a Popular Movement (page does not exist)">Union for a Popular Movement</a></td> <td align="right">55</td> </tr> <tr> <th>style="background-color: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:The_Greens_(France)/meta/color&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:The Greens (France)/meta/color (page does not exist)">Template:The Greens (France)/meta/color</a>"|<span style="color:white; font-size:140%;">�</span></th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Greens_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Greens (France) (page does not exist)">The Greens</a></td> <td align="right">9</td> </tr> <tr> <th>style="background-color: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:French_Communist_Party/meta/color&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:French Communist Party/meta/color (page does not exist)">Template:French Communist Party/meta/color</a>"|<span style="color:white; font-size:140%;">�</span></th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Communist Party (page does not exist)">French Communist Party</a></td> <td align="right">8</td> </tr> <tr> <th>style="background-color: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:New_Centre/meta/color&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:New Centre/meta/color (page does not exist)">Template:New Centre/meta/color</a>"|</th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Centre (page does not exist)">New Centre</a></td> <td align="right">8</td> </tr> <tr> <th>style="background-color: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Citizen_and_Republican_Movement/meta/color&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Citizen and Republican Movement/meta/color (page does not exist)">Template:Citizen and Republican Movement/meta/color</a>"|<span style="color:white; font-size:140%;">�</span></th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizen_and_Republican_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citizen and Republican Movement (page does not exist)">Citizen and Republican Movement</a></td> <td align="right">5</td> </tr> <tr> <th>style="background-color: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Miscellaneous_Left/meta/color&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Miscellaneous Left/meta/color (page does not exist)">Template:Miscellaneous Left/meta/color</a>"|<span style="color:white; font-size:140%;">�</span></th> <td>Miscellaneous Left</td> <td align="right">2</td> </tr> <tr> <th>style="background-color: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Left_Party_(France)/meta/color&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Left Party (France)/meta/color (page does not exist)">Template:Left Party (France)/meta/color</a>"|<span style="color:white; font-size:140%;">�</span></th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Party_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Left Party (France) (page does not exist)">Left Party</a></td> <td align="right">2</td> </tr> <tr> <th>style="background-color: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Democratic_Movement_(France)/meta/color&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Democratic Movement (France)/meta/color (page does not exist)">Template:Democratic Movement (France)/meta/color</a>"|</th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Movement_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Movement (France) (page does not exist)">MoDem</a></td> <td align="right">1</td> </tr> </table> <p>A direct representative of the king, in a role resembling somewhat the <i>pr�fet</i> of later years, the Provost (<i>pr�v�t</i>) of Paris oversaw the application and execution of law and order in the city and its surrounding <i>pr�v�t�</i> (county) from his office in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Ch%C3%A2telet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Ch�telet (page does not exist)">Grand Ch�telet</a>. Many functions from both provost offices were transferred to the office of the crown-appointed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lieutenant_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lieutenant g�n�ral de police (page does not exist)">lieutenant general of police</a> upon its creation in 1667. For centuries, the <i>pr�v�t</i> and magistrates of the Ch�telet clashed with the administrators of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H�tel de Ville, Paris (page does not exist)">H�tel de Ville</a> over jurisdiction;<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> the latter notably included the <i>quartiniers</i>, each of whom was responsible for one of the sixteen <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarter_(country_subdivision)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quarter (country subdivision) (page does not exist)">quartiers</a></i> (which were in turn divided into four <i>cinquantaines</i>, each with its <i>cinquantainier</i>, and those in turn were divided into <i>dizaines</i>, administered by <i>dizainiers</i>):</p> <blockquote> <p>All of these men were in principle elected by the local bourgeois. At any one time, therefore, 336 men had shared administrative responsibility for street cleaning and maintenance, for public health, law, and order. The <i>quartiniers</i> maintained the official lists of <i>bourgeois de Paris</i>, ran local elections, could impose fines for breaches of the bylaws, and had a role in tax assessment. They met at the H�tel de Ville to confer on matters of citywide importance and each year selected eight of "the most notable inhabitants of the quarter", who together with other local officials would elect the city council.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p>Even though in the course of the 18th century these elections became purely ceremonial, choosing candidates already selected by the royal government, the memory of genuine municipal independence remained strong: "The H�tel de Ville continued to bulk large in the awareness of bourgeois Parisians, its importance extending far beyond its real role in city government."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup></p> <p>Paris' last <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provost_(civil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provost (civil) (page does not exist)">Pr�v�t des marchands</a></i> was assassinated the afternoon of the 14 July 1789 uprising that was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Revolution (page does not exist)">French Revolution</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Storming_of_the_Bastille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Storming of the Bastille (page does not exist)">Storming of the Bastille</a>. Paris became an official "commune" from the creation of the administrative division on 14 December the same year, and its provisional "Paris commune" revolutionary municipality was replaced with the city's first municipal constitution and government from 9 October 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-1790_municipality_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1790_municipality-95">[95]</a></sup> Through the turmoil of the 1794 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermidorian_Reaction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermidorian Reaction (page does not exist)">Thermidorian Reaction</a>, it became apparent that revolutionary Paris' political independence was a threat to any governing power: The office of mayor was abolished the same year, and its municipal council one year later.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_de_Ville_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hotel_de_Ville_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/350px-Hotel_de_Ville_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" width="350" height="135" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hotel_de_Ville_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/525px-Hotel_de_Ville_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hotel_de_Ville_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/700px-Hotel_de_Ville_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_de_Ville_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H�tel de Ville, Paris (page does not exist)">H�tel de Ville</a>, Paris.</div> </div> </div> <p>Although the municipal council was recreated in 1834, for most of the 19th and 20th centuries, Paris � along with the larger <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seine_(department)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seine (department) (page does not exist)">Seine</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9partements_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D�partements of France (page does not exist)">d�partement</a></i> of which it was a centre � was under the direct control of the state-appointed <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9fet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pr�fet (page does not exist)">pr�fet</a></i> of the Seine, in charge of general affairs there; the state-appointed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefecture_of_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prefecture of Police (page does not exist)">Prefect of Police</a> was in charge of police in the same jurisdiction. Save for a few brief occasions, the city did not have a mayor until 1977, and the Paris Prefecture of Police is still under state control today.</p> <p>Despite its dual existence as <i>commune</i> and <i>d�partement</i>, Paris has a single council to govern both; the Council of Paris, presided over by the mayor of Paris, meets as either as a municipal council (<i>conseil municipal</i>) or a departmental council (<i>conseil g�n�ral</i>), depending on the issue to be debated.</p> <p>Paris' modern administrative organisation still retains some traces of the former Seine <i>d�partement</i> jurisdiction. The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefecture_of_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prefecture of Police (page does not exist)">Prefecture of Police</a></i> (also directing Paris' fire brigades), for example, has still a jurisdiction extending to Paris' <i>petite couronne</i> of bordering three <i>d�partements</i> for some operations such as fire protection or rescue operations, and is still directed by France's national government. Paris has no municipal police force, although it does have its own brigade of traffic wardens.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Capital of the �le-de-France r�gion">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Capital_of_the_.C3.8Ele-de-France_r.C3.A9gion">Capital of the �le-de-France <i>r�gion</i></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ile-de-France_jms.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ile-de-France_jms.png/250px-Ile-de-France_jms.png" width="250" height="250" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ile-de-France_jms.png/375px-Ile-de-France_jms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ile-de-France_jms.png/500px-Ile-de-France_jms.png 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ile-de-France_jms.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> Departments of <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le-de-France (region) (page does not exist)">�le-de-France</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>As part of a 1961 nation-wide administrative effort to consolidate regional economies, Paris as a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9partement_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D�partement in France (page does not exist)">d�partement</a></i> became the capital of the new <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regions_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regions of France (page does not exist)">r�gion</a></i> of the District of Paris, renamed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le-de-France (region) (page does not exist)">�le-de-France</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9gion_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R�gion in France (page does not exist)">r�gion</a></i> in 1976. It encompasses the Paris <i>d�partement</i> and its seven closest <i>d�partements</i>. Its regional council members, since 1986, have been chosen by direct elections.</p> <p>The prefect of the Paris <i>d�partement</i> (who served as the prefect of the Seine <i>d�partement</i> before 1968) is also prefect of the �le-de-France <i>r�gion</i>, although the office lost much of its power following the creation of the office of mayor of Paris in 1977.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Intercommunality">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Intercommunality">Intercommunality</span></h3> <p>Few of the above changes have taken into account Paris' existence as an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agglomeration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agglomeration (page does not exist)">agglomeration</a>. Unlike in most of France's major urban areas such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lille (page does not exist)">Lille</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyon (page does not exist)">Lyon</a>, there is no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commune_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commune in France (page does not exist)">intercommunal</a> entity in the Paris urban area, no intercommunal council treating the problems of the region's dense urban core as a whole; Paris' alienation of its suburbs is indeed a problem today, and considered by many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words (page does not exist)"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from April 2011">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be the main causes of civil unrest such as the suburban riots in 2005. A direct result of these unfortunate events is propositions for a more efficient metropolitan structure to cover the city of Paris and some of the suburbs, ranging from a socialist idea of a loose "metropolitan conference" (<i>conf�rence m�tropolitaine</i>) to the right-wing idea of a more integrated <i>Grand Paris</i> ("Greater Paris").</p> <p>One of the main reasons for such incoherence has been the fear felt by the French State in front of such a huge agglomeration and the desire to tap its wealth.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed (page does not exist)"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since the Middle Ages and particularly since the 1649 troubles (La Fronde), Paris has been considered as a source of danger. The authoritarian king Louis the XIVth built Versailles as a new political center, away from the dangerous city crowds. The conflict between the State and the City reached a climax with the Revolution of 1871 (La Commune) : the French Assembly in Bordeaux decided Paris would no longer be the capital city, while the Paris Commune discussed declaring Paris independent of France. Since then, one of the foundations of the centralized French State has been to widely distribute Paris wealth while depriving the agglomeration and keeping it divided into 8 departments and 1 200 communes. (For an analysis of the long hostility against Paris, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www-ohp.univ-paris1.fr/">[2]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Verify_source&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Verify source (page does not exist)">Template:Verify source</a> ). Of the 22 metropolitan French regions, 19 are regularly subsidized � mostly by Paris resources � while Paris suburbs lack necessary equipment.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span></h2> <p>In the early 9th century, the emperor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlemagne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlemagne (page does not exist)">Charlemagne</a> mandated all churches to give lessons in reading, writing and basic arithmetic to their parishes, and cathedrals to give a higher-education in the finer arts of language, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physics (page does not exist)">physics</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music (page does not exist)">music</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theology (page does not exist)">theology</a>; at that time, Paris was already one of France's major cathedral towns and beginning its rise to fame as a scholastic centre. By the early 13th century, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le de la Cit� (page does not exist)">�le de la Cit�</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre_Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notre Dame de Paris (page does not exist)">Notre-Dame</a> cathedral school had many famous teachers, and the controversial teachings of some of these led to the creation of a separate Left-Bank <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genevieve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genevieve (page does not exist)">Sainte-Genevieve</a> University that would become the centre of Paris' scholastic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_Quarter,_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin Quarter, Paris (page does not exist)">Latin Quarter</a> best represented by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorbonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorbonne (page does not exist)">Sorbonne</a> university.</p> <p>Twelve centuries later, education in Paris and the Paris region (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le-de-France (region) (page does not exist)">�le-de-France</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9gion_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R�gion in France (page does not exist)">r�gion</a></i>) employs approximately 330,000 persons, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors teaching approximately 2.9 million children and students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-idf_education_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idf_education-96">[96]</a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg/220px-Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg" width="220" height="203" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg/330px-Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg/440px-Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rue_St_Jacques_Louis_Le_Grand_DSC09316.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyc�e Louis-le-Grand (page does not exist)">Lyc�e Louis-le-Grand</a>.</div> </div> </div> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</span></h3> <p>Paris is home to several of France's most prestigious high-schools such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyc�e Louis-le-Grand (page does not exist)">Lyc�e Louis-le-Grand</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyc�e Henri-IV (page does not exist)">Lyc�e Henri-IV</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Condorcet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyc�e Condorcet (page does not exist)">Lyc�e Condorcet</a>. Other high-schools of international renown in the Paris area include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_International_de_Saint_Germain-en-Laye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyc�e International de Saint Germain-en-Laye (page does not exist)">Lyc�e International de Saint Germain-en-Laye</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_Active_Bilingue_Jeannine_Manuel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�cole Active Bilingue Jeannine Manuel (page does not exist)">�cole Active Bilingue Jeannine Manuel</a>.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Higher-education">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Higher-education">Higher-education</span></h3> <p>As of the academic year 2004�2005, the Paris Region's 17 public universities, with its 359,749 registered students,<sup id="cite_ref-StudentNumbers_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StudentNumbers-97">[97]</a></sup> comprise the largest concentration of university students in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-EuropeanStudents_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuropeanStudents-98">[98]</a></sup> The Paris Region's prestigious <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandes_%C3%A9coles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grandes �coles (page does not exist)">grandes �coles</a></i> and scores of university-independent private and public schools have an additional 240,778 registered students, that, together with the university population, creates a grand total of 600,527 students in higher education that year.<sup id="cite_ref-StudentNumbers_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StudentNumbers-97">[97]</a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Universities">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Universities">Universities</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorbonne-2002.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sorbonne-2002.jpg/220px-Sorbonne-2002.jpg" width="220" height="173" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sorbonne-2002.jpg/330px-Sorbonne-2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sorbonne-2002.jpg/440px-Sorbonne-2002.jpg 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorbonne-2002.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris-Sorbonne_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris-Sorbonne University (page does not exist)">Paris-Sorbonne University</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>The cathedral of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre_Dame_de_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notre Dame de Paris (page does not exist)">Notre-Dame</a> was the first centre of higher-education before the creation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Paris (page does not exist)">University of Paris</a>. The <i>universitas</i> was chartered by King <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip II of France (page does not exist)">Philip Augustus</a> in 1200, as a corporation granting teachers (and their students) the right to rule themselves independently from crown law and taxes. At the time, many classes were held in open air. Non-Parisian students and teachers would stay in hostels, or "colleges", created for the <i>boursiers</i> coming from afar.</p> <p>Already famous by the 13th century, the University of Paris had students from all of Europe. Paris' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rive_Gauche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rive Gauche (page does not exist)">Rive Gauche</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scholasticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scholasticism (page does not exist)">scholastic</a> centre, dubbed "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_Quarter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin Quarter (page does not exist)">Latin Quarter</a>" as classes were taught in Latin then, would eventually regroup around the college created by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Sorbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Sorbon (page does not exist)">Robert de Sorbon</a> from 1257, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Sorbonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coll�ge de Sorbonne (page does not exist)">Coll�ge de Sorbonne</a>. The University of Paris in the 19th century had six faculties: law, science, medicine, pharmaceutical studies, literature, and theology.</p> <p>Following the <a href="/w/index.php?title=May_1968_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="May 1968 in France (page does not exist)">1968 student riots</a>, there was an extensive reform of the University of Paris, in an effort to disperse the centralised student body. The following year, the former unique University of Paris was split between thirteen autonomous universities ("Paris I" to "Paris XIII") located throughout the City of Paris and its suburbs. Each of these universities inherited only some of the departments of the old University of Paris, and are not generalist universities. Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne, Paris II Pantheon-Assas, Paris-Descartes, and Paris-Nanterre, inherited the Law School; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Descartes_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Descartes University (page does not exist)">Paris Descartes University</a> inherited the School of Medicine as well; Pierre and Marie Curie University and Paris-Diderot the scientific departments, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris-Sorbonne_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris-Sorbonne University (page does not exist)">Paris-Sorbonne University</a> inherited the Arts and Humanities, etc.</p> <p>In 1991, four more universities were created in the suburbs of Paris, reaching a total of seventeen public universities for the Paris (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le-de-France (region) (page does not exist)">�le-de-France</a>) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9gion_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R�gion in France (page does not exist)">r�gion</a></i>. These new universities were given names (based on the name of the suburb in which they are located) and not numbers like the previous thirteen: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Cergy-Pontoise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Cergy-Pontoise (page does not exist)">University of Cergy-Pontoise</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_%C3%89vry_Val_d%27Essonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of �vry Val d'Essonne (page does not exist)">University of �vry Val d'Essonne</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Marne_la_Vall%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Marne la Vall�e (page does not exist)">University of Marne-la-Vall�e</a>, �cole sup�rieure Robert De Sorbon and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Versailles_Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University (page does not exist)">University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines</a>.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Grandes �coles">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Grandes_.C3.A9coles"><i>Grandes �coles</i></span></h3> <p>The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the prestigious <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandes_%C3%A9coles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grandes �coles (page does not exist)">grandes �coles</a></i> � specialised centres of higher-education outside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grands_%C3%A9tablissements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grands �tablissements (page does not exist)">grands �tablissements</a></i>. Most of the <i>grandes �coles</i> were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded city of Paris, though the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�cole Normale Sup�rieure (page does not exist)">�cole Normale Sup�rieure</a> has remained on rue d'Ulm in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_arrondissement_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th arrondissement of Paris (page does not exist)">5th arrondissement</a>.</p> <p>The Paris area has a high number of engineering schools, led by the prestigious Paris Institute of Technology (<a href="/w/index.php?title=ParisTech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ParisTech (page does not exist)">ParisTech</a>) which comprises several colleges such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_Polytechnique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�cole Polytechnique (page does not exist)">�cole Polytechnique</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�cole nationale sup�rieure des mines de Paris (page does not exist)">�cole des Mines</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=AgroParisTech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AgroParisTech (page does not exist)">AgroParisTech</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�cole nationale sup�rieure des t�l�communications (page does not exist)">T�l�com Paris</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�cole nationale sup�rieure d'arts et m�tiers (page does not exist)">Arts et M�tiers</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_nationale_des_ponts_et_chauss%C3%A9es&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�cole nationale des ponts et chauss�es (page does not exist)">�cole des Ponts et Chauss�es</a></i>. There are also many business schools, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=INSEAD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INSEAD (page does not exist)">INSEAD</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_%C3%A9conomiques_et_commerciales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�cole sup�rieure des sciences �conomiques et commerciales (page does not exist)">ESSEC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HEC_School_of_Management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HEC School of Management (page does not exist)">HEC</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=ESCP_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESCP Europe (page does not exist)">ESCP Europe</a>. The administrative school such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�cole nationale d'administration (page does not exist)">ENA</a> has been relocated to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strasbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strasbourg (page does not exist)">Strasbourg</a>, the political science school <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_d%27Etudes_Politiques_de_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (page does not exist)">Sciences-Po</a> is still located in Paris' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rive_Gauche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rive Gauche (page does not exist)">Left bank</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_arrondissement_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th arrondissement of Paris (page does not exist)">7th arrondissement</a>. The Parisian school of journalism <a href="/w/index.php?title=CELSA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CELSA (page does not exist)">CELSA</a> department of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris-Sorbonne_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris-Sorbonne University (page does not exist)">Paris-Sorbonne University</a> is located in Neuilly-sur-Seine .</p> <p>The <i>grandes �coles</i> system is supported by a number of preparatory schools that offer courses of two to three years' duration called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classes_Pr%C3%A9paratoires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classes Pr�paratoires (page does not exist)">Classes Pr�paratoires</a>, also known as <i>classes pr�pas</i> or simply <i>pr�pas</i>. These courses provide entry to the grandes �coles. Many of the best pr�pas are located in Paris, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyc�e Louis-le-Grand (page does not exist)">Lyc�e Louis-le-Grand</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyc�e Henri-IV (page does not exist)">Lyc�e Henri-IV</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Saint-Louis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyc�e Saint-Louis (page does not exist)">Lyc�e Saint-Louis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Janson_de_Sailly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyc�e Janson de Sailly (page does not exist)">Lyc�e Janson de Sailly</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Stanislas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyc�e Stanislas (page does not exist)">Lyc�e Stanislas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> Two other top-ranking <i>pr�pas</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Hoche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyc�e Hoche (page does not exist)">Lyc�e Hoche</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_priv%C3%A9_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyc�e priv� Sainte-Genevi�ve (page does not exist)">Lyc�e priv� Sainte-Genevi�ve</a>) are located in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Versailles,_Yvelines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Versailles, Yvelines (page does not exist)">Versailles</a>, near Paris. Student selection is based on school grades and teacher remarks. <i>Pr�pas</i> are known to be very demanding in terms of work load and psychological stress.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Libraries">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Libraries">Libraries</span></h3> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblioth�que nationale de France (page does not exist)">Biblioth�que nationale de France</a> (BnF) operates libraries in Paris, among them Fran�ois-Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Op�ra Library, and Arsenal Library.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup></p> <p>The American Library in Paris opened in 1920. It is a part of a private, non-profit organization.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup> The modern library originated from cases of books sent by the American Library Association to U.S. soldiers in France.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> An incarnation existed in the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Transport">Transport</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Paris (page does not exist)">Transport in Paris</a></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_railway_stations_in_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of railway stations in Paris (page does not exist)">List of railway stations in Paris</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gare_du_Nord_night_Paris_FRA_002.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gare_du_Nord_night_Paris_FRA_002.JPG/220px-Gare_du_Nord_night_Paris_FRA_002.JPG" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gare_du_Nord_night_Paris_FRA_002.JPG/330px-Gare_du_Nord_night_Paris_FRA_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gare_du_Nord_night_Paris_FRA_002.JPG/440px-Gare_du_Nord_night_Paris_FRA_002.JPG 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Gare_du_Nord_night_Paris_FRA_002.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gare_du_Nord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gare du Nord (page does not exist)">Gare du Nord</a> train station is the busiest in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup></div> </div> </div> <p>Paris is the head of barge and ship navigation on the Seine and is the fourth most important port in France (after Marseille, Le Havre, and Dunkerque). The Loire, Rhine, Rhone, Meuse and Scheldt rivers can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine. Paris is also a major rail, highway, and air transportation hub. Three international airports, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris-Orly_Airport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris-Orly Airport (page does not exist)">Orly</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris-Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (page does not exist)">Roissy</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_%E2%80%93_Le_Bourget_Airport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris � Le Bourget Airport (page does not exist)">le Bourget</a>, serve the city. The city's subway system, the <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_M%C3%A9tro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris M�tro (page does not exist)"><i>m�tro</i></a></span>, was opened in 1900.</p> <p>Paris has been building its transportation system throughout history and continuous improvements are on-going. The Syndicat des transports d'�le-de-France (STIF), formerly <i>Syndicat des transports parisiens</i> (STP) oversees the transit network in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-stif_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stif-105">[105]</a></sup></p> <p>The members of this syndicate are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le-de-France (region) (page does not exist)">�le-de-France region</a> and the eight departments of this region. The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9gie_Autonome_des_Transports_Parisiens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R�gie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (page does not exist)">RATP</a> (operating 654 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bus_(RATP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bus (RATP) (page does not exist)">bus</a> lines, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_M%C3%A9tro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris M�tro (page does not exist)">M�tro</a>, three <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramways_in_%C3%8Ele-de-France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tramways in �le-de-France (page does not exist)">tramway</a> lines, and sections of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=RER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RER (page does not exist)">RER</a>), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SNCF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SNCF (page does not exist)">SNCF</a> (operating <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transilien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transilien (page does not exist)">suburban rails</a>, one <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramways_in_%C3%8Ele-de-France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tramways in �le-de-France (page does not exist)">tramway</a> line and the other sections of the RER) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optile (page does not exist)">Optile</a> consortium of private operators managing 1,070 minor bus lines.</p> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_M%C3%A9tro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris M�tro (page does not exist)">M�tro</a> is Paris' most important transportation system. The system, with 300 stations (384 stops) connected by 214 km (133.0 mi) of rails, comprises 16 lines, identified by numbers from 1 to 14, with two minor lines, 3bis and 7bis, so numbered because they used to be branches of their respective original lines, and only later became independent. In October 1998, the new <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris M�tro Line 14 (page does not exist)">line 14</a> was inaugurated after a 70‑year hiatus in inaugurating fully new m�tro lines. Because of the short distance between stations on the M�tro network, lines were too slow to be extended further into the suburbs, as is the case in most other cities. As such, an additional express network, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=RER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RER (page does not exist)">RER</a>, has been created since the 1960s to connect more-distant parts of the urban area. The RER consists in the integration of modern city-centre subway and pre-existing suburban rail. Nowadays, the RER network comprises five lines, 257 stops and 587 km (365 mi) of rails.</p> <p>In addition, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le-de-France (region) (page does not exist)">Paris region</a> is served by a light rail network of four lines, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramways_in_%C3%8Ele-de-France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tramways in �le-de-France (page does not exist)">tramway</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le-de-France tramway Line 1 (page does not exist)">Line T1</a> runs from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Denis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint-Denis (page does not exist)">Saint-Denis</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noisy-le-Sec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noisy-le-Sec (page does not exist)">Noisy-le-Sec</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le-de-France tramway Line 2 (page does not exist)">line T2</a> runs from <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La D�fense (page does not exist)">La D�fense</a> to Porte de Versailles, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_tramway_Line_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris tramway Line 3 (page does not exist)">line T3</a> runs from Pont du Garigliano to Porte d'Ivry, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele-de-France_tramway_Line_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="�le-de-France tramway Line 4 (page does not exist)">line T4</a> runs from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bondy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bondy (page does not exist)">Bondy</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aulnay-sous-Bois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aulnay-sous-Bois (page does not exist)">Aulnay-sous-Bois</a>. Six new light rail lines are currently in various stages of development.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Station_Velib_DSC_3497.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Station_Velib_DSC_3497.JPG/220px-Station_Velib_DSC_3497.JPG" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Station_Velib_DSC_3497.JPG/330px-Station_Velib_DSC_3497.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Station_Velib_DSC_3497.JPG/440px-Station_Velib_DSC_3497.JPG 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Station_Velib_DSC_3497.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A9lib%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V�lib' (page does not exist)">V�lib'</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_de_la_Bastille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place de la Bastille (page does not exist)">Place de la Bastille</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>The new ferry service <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vogu%C3%A9o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vogu�o (page does not exist)">Vogu�o</a> was inaugurated in June 2008, on the rivers Seine and Marne. Paris is a central hub of the national rail network. The six major railway stations � <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gare_du_Nord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gare du Nord (page does not exist)">Gare du Nord</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gare_Montparnasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gare Montparnasse (page does not exist)">Gare Montparnasse</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gare_de_l%27Est&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gare de l'Est (page does not exist)">Gare de l'Est</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gare_de_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gare de Lyon (page does not exist)">Gare de Lyon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gare_d%27Austerlitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gare d'Austerlitz (page does not exist)">Gare d'Austerlitz</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gare_Saint-Lazare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gare Saint-Lazare (page does not exist)">Gare Saint-Lazare</a> � are connected to three networks: The <a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TGV (page does not exist)">TGV</a> serving four <a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High-speed rail (page does not exist)">High-speed rail</a> lines, the normal speed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corail_(train)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corail (train) (page does not exist)">Corail</a> trains, and the suburban rails (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transilien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transilien (page does not exist)">Transilien</a>). Paris is served by two major airports: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orly_Airport_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orly Airport (Paris) (page does not exist)">Orly Airport</a>, which is south of Paris; and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris-Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (page does not exist)">Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport</a>, in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roissy-en-France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roissy-en-France (page does not exist)">Roissy-en-France</a>, which is one of the busiest in the world and is the hub for the unofficial <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_carrier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag carrier (page does not exist)">flag carrier</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air France (page does not exist)">Air France</a>. A third and much smaller airport, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauvais-Till%C3%A9_Airport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beauvais-Till� Airport (page does not exist)">Beauvais Till� Airport</a>, located in the town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauvais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beauvais (page does not exist)">Beauvais</a>, 70 km (43 mi) to the north of the city, is used by charter and low-cost airlines. The fourth airport, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Bourget_airport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Bourget airport (page does not exist)">Le Bourget</a>, nowadays hosts only business jets, air trade shows and the aerospace museum.</p> <p>The city is also the most important hub of France's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorway (page does not exist)">motorway</a> network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9riph%C3%A9rique_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P�riph�rique (Paris) (page does not exist)">P�riph�rique</a>, which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=A86_autoroute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A86 autoroute (page does not exist)">A86</a> motorway in the inner suburbs, and finally the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francilienne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francilienne (page does not exist)">Francilienne</a> motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over 2,000 km (1,243 mi) of highways and motorways. By road, Brussels can be reached in three hours, Frankfurt in six hours and Barcelona in 12 hours. By train, London is now just two hours and 15 minutes away, Brussels can be reached in 1 hour and 22 minutes (up to 26 departures/day), Amsterdam in 3 hours and 18 minutes (up to 10 departures/day), Cologne in 3 hours and 14 minutes (6 departures/day), and Marseille, Bordeaux, and other cities in southern France in three hours.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Cycling">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cycling">Cycling</span></h3> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cycling_in_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cycling in Paris (page does not exist)">Cycling in Paris</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:P1010452_Paris_V_Val_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_reductwk.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/P1010452_Paris_V_Val_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_reductwk.JPG/220px-P1010452_Paris_V_Val_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_reductwk.JPG" width="220" height="168" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/P1010452_Paris_V_Val_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_reductwk.JPG/330px-P1010452_Paris_V_Val_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_reductwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/P1010452_Paris_V_Val_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_reductwk.JPG/440px-P1010452_Paris_V_Val_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_reductwk.JPG 2x" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:P1010452_Paris_V_Val_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_reductwk.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//test.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.21wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Val-de-Gr%C3%A2ce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val-de-Gr�ce (page does not exist)">Val-de-Gr�ce</a> military hospital.</div> </div> </div> <p>Paris offers a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_bicycle_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community bicycle program (page does not exist)">bike sharing</a> system called <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A9lib%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V�lib' (page does not exist)">V�lib'</a> with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,450 parking stations, which can be rented for short and medium distances including <a href="/w/index.php?title=One-way_traffic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="One-way traffic (page does not exist)">one way</a> trips.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="International_relations">International relations</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sister_and_partner_cities_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sister and partner cities of Paris (page does not exist)">List of sister and partner cities of Paris</a></div> <p>Paris has <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sister_and_partner_cities_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sister and partner cities of Paris (page does not exist)">numerous partner cities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-partners1_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partners1-106">[106]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-partners2_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partners2-107">[107]</a></sup> but according to the motto "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris.",<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paris1_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris1-109">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paris2_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris2-110">[110]</a></sup> the only <a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_twinning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Town twinning (page does not exist)">sister city</a> of Paris is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rome (page does not exist)">Rome</a>.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span></h2> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Panorama_simple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Panorama simple (page does not exist)">Template:Panorama simple</a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Satop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Satop (page does not exist)">Template:Satop</a></p> <ul> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of France (page does not exist)">Outline of France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Large Cities Climate Leadership Group (page does not exist)">Large Cities Climate Leadership Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megacity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megacity (page does not exist)">Megacity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_chronology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris chronology (page does not exist)">Paris chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs_et_Industriels_Modernes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exposition Internationale des Arts D�coratifs et Industriels Modernes (page does not exist)">Paris Exposition</a></li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-paris_pop_2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-paris_pop_2008_1-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fr_icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Fr icon (page does not exist)">Template:Fr icon</a> <span class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=INSEE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INSEE (page does not exist)">Institut National de la Statistique et des �tudes �conomiques</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recensement-2008.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&plusieursReponses=true&zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=75056-COM&idTheme=3&rechercher=Rechercher">"Commune : Paris (75056) � Th�me : �volution et structure de la population"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.recensement-2008.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&plusieursReponses=true&zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=75056-COM&idTheme=3&rechercher=Rechercher">http://www.recensement-2008.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&plusieursReponses=true&zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=75056-COM&idTheme=3&rechercher=Rechercher</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-08-31</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Commune+%3A+Paris+%2875056%29+%E2%80%93+Th%C3%A8me+%3A+%C3%89volution+et+structure+de+la+population&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%5B%5BINSEE%7CInstitut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BINSEE%7CInstitut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recensement-2008.insee.fr%2FchiffresCles.action%3FcodeMessage%3D5%26plusieursReponses%3Dtrue%26zoneSearchField%3DPARIS%26codeZone%3D75056-COM%26idTheme%3D3%26rechercher%3DRechercher&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-paris_AU10_pop-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-paris_AU10_pop_2-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recensement.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&plusieursReponses=true&zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=001-AU2010&idTheme=3&rechercher=Rechercher">"Aire urbaine 2010 : Paris (001)"</a> (in French). Insee<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.recensement.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&plusieursReponses=true&zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=001-AU2010&idTheme=3&rechercher=Rechercher">http://www.recensement.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&plusieursReponses=true&zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=001-AU2010&idTheme=3&rechercher=Rechercher</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-10-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Aire+urbaine+2010+%3A+Paris+%28001%29&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Insee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recensement.insee.fr%2FchiffresCles.action%3FcodeMessage%3D5%26plusieursReponses%3Dtrue%26zoneSearchField%3DPARIS%26codeZone%3D001-AU2010%26idTheme%3D3%26rechercher%3DRechercher&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-metropolitan_areas-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-metropolitan_areas_3-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Stefan Helders, World Gazetteer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a">"World Metropolitan Areas"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a">http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-01-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=World+Metropolitan+Areas&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Stefan+Helders%2C+World+Gazetteer&rft.au=Stefan+Helders%2C+World+Gazetteer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-gazetteer.com%2Fwg.php%3Fx%3D%26men%3Dgcis%26lng%3Den%26dat%3D32%26srt%3Dpnan%26col%3Daohdq%26va%3D%26pt%3Da&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josef Gugler, World cities beyond the West: globalization, development, and inequality, 2004 (p. 396)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Converse Beach, George Edwin Rines, The Americana, Volume 16, 1912.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frannie L�autier, World Bank, Cities in a globalizing world: governance, performance, and sustainability, 2006. (p. 115)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-GaWC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GaWC_7-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loughborough_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loughborough University (page does not exist)">Loughborough University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html">"The World According to GaWC 2010"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html">http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+World+According+to+GaWC+2010&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Globalization+and+World+Cities+%28GaWC%29+Study+Group+and+Network%2C+%5B%5BLoughborough+University%5D%5D&rft.au=Globalization+and+World+Cities+%28GaWC%29+Study+Group+and+Network%2C+%5B%5BLoughborough+University%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fgawc%2Fworld2010t.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/content/detail.aspx?releaseid=3421&newsareaid=2">PricewaterhouseCoopers Media Centre � Emerging market city economies set to rise rapidly in global GDP rankings says PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP</a>. Ukmediacentre.pwc.com (2009-11-02). Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-mori-m-foundation.or.jp-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mori-m-foundation.or.jp_9-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf">"Global Power City Index 2009"</a> (PDF)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf">http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-09-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Global+Power+City+Index+2009&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mori-m-foundation.or.jp%2Fenglish%2Fresearch%2Fproject%2F6%2Fpdf%2FGPCI2009_English.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-http:.2F.2Fwww.knightfrank.com.2Fwealthreport.2F-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-http:.2F.2Fwww.knightfrank.com.2Fwealthreport.2F_10-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/">The Wealth Report 2010 | Knight Frank | Citi Private Bank</a>. Knight Frank. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-http:.2F.2Fwww.citymayors.com.2Fenvironment.2Fgreenest-cities-europe.html-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-http:.2F.2Fwww.citymayors.com.2Fenvironment.2Fgreenest-cities-europe.html_11-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citymayors.com/environment/greenest-cities-europe.html">Greenest cities in Europe</a>. City Mayors (2010-03-03). Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monocle.com/specials/35_cities/">"Monocle, Issue June 2010"</a>. Monocle.com. 2010-03-26<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.monocle.com/specials/35_cities/">http://www.monocle.com/specials/35_cities/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-09-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Monocle%2C+Issue+June+2010&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2010-03-26&rft.pub=Monocle.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monocle.com%2Fspecials%2F35_cities%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2011/07/worldwide-cost-living">Economist Intelligence Unit</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ECA_International_Cost_of_Living_2010_press_release-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ECA_International_Cost_of_Living_2010_press_release_14-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eca-international.com/showpressrelease.aspx?ArticleID=7184">ECA-international.com</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Paris_GDP-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-Paris_GDP_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-Paris_GDP_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-Paris_GDP_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fr_icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Fr icon (page does not exist)">Template:Fr icon</a> <span class="citation web">Institut National de la Statistique et des �tudes �conomiques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/donnees-detaillees/pib-va-reg/pib-va-reg-pib-1990-2009.xls">"Produits Int�rieurs Bruts R�gionaux (PIBR) en valeur en millions d'euros"</a> (XLS)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/donnees-detaillees/pib-va-reg/pib-va-reg-pib-1990-2009.xls">http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/donnees-detaillees/pib-va-reg/pib-va-reg-pib-1990-2009.xls</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-11-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Produits+Int%C3%A9rieurs+Bruts+R%C3%A9gionaux+%28PIBR%29+en+valeur+en+millions+d%27euros&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft.au=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fppp%2Fbases-de-donnees%2Fdonnees-detaillees%2Fpib-va-reg%2Fpib-va-reg-pib-1990-2009.xls&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00004&plugin=1">Eurostat</a> : 490,946 million PPS for �le-de-France ; 376,451 million PPS for Greater London (Inner and Outer London)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a> : 565 $BN for London ; 564 $BN for Paris</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fortune-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fortune_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fortune_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortune_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortune (magazine) (page does not exist)">Fortune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/countries/France.html">"Global Fortune 500 by countries: France"</a>. CNN<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/countries/France.html">http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/countries/France.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-07-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Global+Fortune+500+by+countries%3A+France&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%5B%5BFortune+%28magazine%29%7CFortune%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BFortune+%28magazine%29%7CFortune%5D%5D&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fmagazines%2Ffortune%2Fglobal500%2F2011%2Fcountries%2FFrance.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Logistics-in-Europe.com.2C_Vertical_Mail-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-Logistics-in-Europe.com.2C_Vertical_Mail_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-Logistics-in-Europe.com.2C_Vertical_Mail_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Logistics-in-Europe.com, Vertical Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logistics-in-europe.com/pidf-gb/index.html">"Paris �le-de-France, a head start in Europe"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.logistics-in-europe.com/pidf-gb/index.html">http://www.logistics-in-europe.com/pidf-gb/index.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-10-04</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Paris+%C3%8Ele-de-France%2C+a+head+start+in+Europe&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Logistics-in-Europe.com%2C+Vertical+Mail&rft.au=Logistics-in-Europe.com%2C+Vertical+Mail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.logistics-in-europe.com%2Fpidf-gb%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Paris_Region_Key_Figures-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-Paris_Region_Key_Figures_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-Paris_Region_Key_Figures_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-Paris_Region_Key_Figures_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-Paris_Region_Key_Figures_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-Paris_Region_Key_Figures_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Martine Delassus, Florence Humbert, Christine Tarquis, Julie Veaute (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/images/publications/pdf/chiffres_cles_en/2011/chiffres_cles_en_2011_complet.pdf">"Paris Region Key Figures"</a>. Paris Region Economic Development Agency<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/images/publications/pdf/chiffres_cles_en/2011/chiffres_cles_en_2011_complet.pdf">http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/images/publications/pdf/chiffres_cles_en/2011/chiffres_cles_en_2011_complet.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-07-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Paris+Region+Key+Figures&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Martine+Delassus%2C+Florence+Humbert%2C+Christine+Tarquis%2C+Julie+Veaute&rft.au=Martine+Delassus%2C+Florence+Humbert%2C+Christine+Tarquis%2C+Julie+Veaute&rft.date=February+2011&rft.pub=Paris+Region+Economic+Development+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr%2Fimages%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Fchiffres_cles_en%2F2011%2Fchiffres_cles_en_2011_complet.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (PDF file)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innovation-cities.com/">"Innovation Cities Top 100 Index 2011: City Rankings"</a>. 2 Think Now. October 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.innovation-cities.com/">http://www.innovation-cities.com/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-10-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Innovation+Cities+Top+100+Index+2011%3A+City+Rankings&rft.atitle=&rft.date=October+2011&rft.pub=2+Think+Now&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.innovation-cities.com%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.parisinfo.com/museums-monuments-paris/special-reports-1/paris-through-the-ages/guide/paris-through-the-ages_the-city-of-antiquity">The City of Antiquity</a>, official history of Paris by The Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau</span></li> <li id="cite_note-paris_dottin-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-paris_dottin_24-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fr_icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Fr icon (page does not exist)">Template:Fr icon</a> <span class="citation book">Georges Dottin (1920). <i>La Langue Gauloise : Grammaire, Textes et Glossaire</i>. Paris: C. Klincksieck. isbn = 2051002088.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Langue+Gauloise+%3A+Grammaire%2C+Textes+et+Glossaire&rft.aulast=Georges+Dottin&rft.au=Georges+Dottin&rft.date=1920&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=C.+Klincksieck&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125">"English Version of "Presentation of the City""</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125">http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-04-30</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=English+Version+of+%22Presentation+of+the+City%22&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fportail%2Fenglish%2FPortal.lut%3Fpage_id%3D8125&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">It is unlikely that Paris' modern appellation of <i>Ville Lumi�re</i> was given to the capital of France because it was a centre of education, ideas and culture, as it had been such a centre since the Middle Ages. It is more likely, however, that, aside from the apparition of street lighting at night, Paris became known as <i>Ville Lumi�re</i> in the second half of the 19th century, when baron Haussmann, who had been put in charge by emperor Napol�on III of the drastic transformation of Paris into a modern city, tore down whole <i>quartiers</i> of houses & narrow streets dating back to the Middle Ages, and opened large avenues which let light (<i>lumi�re</i>) come into the former medieval city.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-linguistik-online1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-linguistik-online1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-linguistik-online1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistik-online.com/25_05/abecassis.html">"M. Abecassis: French of the present and the past: the representation of the Parisian vernacular in Maurice Chevalier's songs"</a>. Linguistik-online.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.linguistik-online.com/25_05/abecassis.html">http://www.linguistik-online.com/25_05/abecassis.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-06-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=M.+Abecassis%3A+French+of+the+present+and+the+past%3A+the+representation+of+the+Parisian+vernacular+in+Maurice+Chevalier%27s+songs&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Linguistik-online.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistik-online.com%2F25_05%2Fabecassis.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dictionnaire de la langue fran�aise, <i>Larousse �tymologique</i>, Librairie Larousse, Paris, 1971, p. 535</span></li> <li id="cite_note-roman_chronology-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-roman_chronology_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-roman_chronology_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-roman_chronology_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Mairie de Paris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/ow_chrono.htm">"Paris, Roman City � Chronology"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/ow_chrono.htm">http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/ow_chrono.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-07-16</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Paris%2C+Roman+City+%E2%80%93+Chronology&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Mairie+de+Paris&rft.au=Mairie+de+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.culture.fr%2Fen%2Fow_chrono.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Arbois de Jubainville, Henry; Georges Dottin (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=QSIDAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA132&lpg=RA1-PA132&dq=quarisii&source=web&ots=wLcrNZxpYd&sig=gN0tGAFAJ6Vgu79BXAZq83KefXY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result#PRA1-PA132,M1"><i>Les premiers habitants de l'Europe at 133</i></a>. E. Thorin<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=QSIDAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA132&lpg=RA1-PA132&dq=quarisii&source=web&ots=wLcrNZxpYd&sig=gN0tGAFAJ6Vgu79BXAZq83KefXY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result#PRA1-PA132,M1">http://books.google.com/books?id=QSIDAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA132&lpg=RA1-PA132&dq=quarisii&source=web&ots=wLcrNZxpYd&sig=gN0tGAFAJ6Vgu79BXAZq83KefXY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result#PRA1-PA132,M1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+premiers+habitants+de+l%27Europe+at+133&rft.aulast=Arbois+de%0AJubainville&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Arbois+de%0AJubainville%2C%26%2332%3BHenry&rft.date=1889&rft.pub=E.+Thorin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQSIDAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA132%26lpg%3DRA1-PA132%26dq%3Dquarisii%26source%3Dweb%26ots%3DwLcrNZxpYd%26sig%3DgN0tGAFAJ6Vgu79BXAZq83KefXY%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26resnum%3D8%26ct%3Dresult%23PRA1-PA132%2CM1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-bcunliffe2004i-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bcunliffe2004i_31-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Cunliffe, Barry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.fr/books?id=3lkEgdtOvGEC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=Iron+Age+Communities+in+Britain&source=bl&ots=GaeQfeOmOY&sig=dt0IcEaPCBSKLcsDYmu9QVCh5y4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=X1QpT8SNOsTR8gP35oSxAw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Iron Age communities in Britain : an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest</i></a> (4th ed. ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (page does not exist)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415347792" title="Special:BookSources/9780415347792">9780415347792</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.fr/books?id=3lkEgdtOvGEC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=Iron+Age+Communities+in+Britain&source=bl&ots=GaeQfeOmOY&sig=dt0IcEaPCBSKLcsDYmu9QVCh5y4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=X1QpT8SNOsTR8gP35oSxAw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">http://books.google.fr/books?id=3lkEgdtOvGEC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=Iron+Age+Communities+in+Britain&source=bl&ots=GaeQfeOmOY&sig=dt0IcEaPCBSKLcsDYmu9QVCh5y4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=X1QpT8SNOsTR8gP35oSxAw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Age+communities+in+Britain+%3A+an+account+of+England%2C+Scotland+and+Wales+from+the+seventh+century+BC+until+the+Roman+conquest&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Cunliffe%2C%26%2332%3BBarry&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=4th+ed.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=9780415347792&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3lkEgdtOvGEC%26pg%3DPA201%26lpg%3DPA201%26dq%3DIron%2BAge%2BCommunities%2Bin%2BBritain%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DGaeQfeOmOY%26sig%3Ddt0IcEaPCBSKLcsDYmu9QVCh5y4%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DX1QpT8SNOsTR8gP35oSxAw%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-roman_city-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-roman_city_32-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Mairie de Paris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/">"Paris, Roman City � The City"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/">http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-07-16</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Paris%2C+Roman+City+%E2%80%93+The+City&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Mairie+de+Paris&rft.au=Mairie+de+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.culture.fr%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.american.edu/TED/bubonic.htm">The Role of Trade in Transmitting the Black Death</a>. TED Case Studies.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Plague">Plague</a>. 1911 Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vanessa Harding (2002). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&pg=PA25&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false">The dead and the living in Paris and London, 1500�1670.</a></i>". P. 25. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521811260" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-81126-0</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/TRAVEL/getaways/03/07/loire.valley/index.html">Loire Valley: Land of a thousand chateaux</a>, CNN.com</span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day">Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day</a>, Britannica Online Encyclopedia</span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fran�ois Bayrou (page does not exist)">Bayrou, Fran�ois</a>, <i>Henri IV, le roi libre</i>, Flammarion, Paris, 1994, pp. 121�130, (French).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/hist7.html">"Consulted 29 November 2008"</a>. The Victorian Web. 2007-08-10<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/history/hist7.html">http://www.victorianweb.org/history/hist7.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Consulted+29%26nbsp%3BNovember+2008&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2007-08-10&rft.pub=The+Victorian+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fhist7.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Paris_1814.htm">"Battle of Paris 1814"</a>. Napoleonistyka.atspace.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Paris_1814.htm">http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Paris_1814.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Paris+1814&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Napoleonistyka.atspace.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnapoleonistyka.atspace.com%2FParis_1814.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-cholera-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cholera_41-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Amicale G�n�alogie, La Petite Gazette G�n�alogique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amicale-genealogie.org/Histoires_temps-passe/Epidemies/chol01.htm">"Le Cholera"</a> (in French)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.amicale-genealogie.org/Histoires_temps-passe/Epidemies/chol01.htm">http://www.amicale-genealogie.org/Histoires_temps-passe/Epidemies/chol01.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-04-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Le+Cholera&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Amicale+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie%2C+La+Petite+Gazette+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogique&rft.au=Amicale+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie%2C+La+Petite+Gazette+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amicale-genealogie.org%2FHistoires_temps-passe%2FEpidemies%2Fchol01.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Colin (2005) <i>Paris: The Biography of a City</i> (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 318�319.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_43-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">In <span class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedict_Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benedict Anderson (page does not exist)">Benedict Anderson</a> (July�August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newleftreview.net/?view=2519">"In the World-Shadow of Bismarck and Nobel"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Left_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Left Review (page does not exist)">New Left Review</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.newleftreview.net/?view=2519">http://www.newleftreview.net/?view=2519</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=In+the+World-Shadow+of+Bismarck+and+Nobel&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%5B%5BBenedict+Anderson%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BBenedict+Anderson%5D%5D&rft.date=July%E2%80%93August+2004&rft.pub=%5B%5BNew+Left+Review%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newleftreview.net%2F%3Fview%3D2519&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>:</span> <blockquote> <p>"In March 1871, the <i>Commune</i> took power in the abandoned city and held it for two months. Then Versailles seized the moment to attack and, in one horrifying week, executed roughly 20,000 Communards or suspected sympathizers, a number higher than those killed in the recent war or during <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robespierre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robespierre (page does not exist)">Robespierre</a>�s �<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reign of Terror (page does not exist)">Terror</a>� of 1793�94. More than 7,500 were jailed or deported to places like <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a>. Thousands of others fled to Belgium, England, Italy, Spain and the United States. In 1872, stringent laws were passed that ruled out all possibilities of organizing on the left. Not until 1880 was there a general amnesty for exiled and imprisoned <i>Communards</i>. Meantime, the Third Republic found itself strong enough to renew and reinforce Napoleon III's imperialist expansion � in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indochina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indochina (page does not exist)">Indochina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africa (page does not exist)">Africa</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oceania (page does not exist)">Oceania</a>. Many of France�s leading intellectuals and artists had participated in the <i>Commune</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Courbet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustave Courbet (page does not exist)">Gustave Courbet</a> was its quasi-minister of culture, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Rimbaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Rimbaud (page does not exist)">Rimbaud</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pissarro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pissarro (page does not exist)">Pissarro</a> were active propagandists) or were sympathetic to it. The ferocious repression of 1871 and after was probably the key factor in alienating these milieux from the Third Republic and stirring their sympathy for its victims at home and abroad."</p> </blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones334-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones334_44-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Colin (2005) <i>Paris: The Biography of a City</i> (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), p. 334.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Colin (2005) Paris: The Biography of a City (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 388�391</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Humphrys, Julian (June 2010). <i>BBC History magazine</i>. Bristol Magazines Ltd. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Serial_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Serial Number (page does not exist)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8552">1469-8552</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BBC+History+magazine&rft.aulast=Humphrys&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=Humphrys%2C%26%2332%3BJulian&rft.date=June+2010&rft.pub=Bristol+Magazines+Ltd&rft.issn=1469-8552&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-overy-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-overy_47-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Overy, Richard (2006). <i>Why the Allies Won</i>. Pimlico. pp. 215�216. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (page does not exist)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845950658" title="Special:BookSources/1845950658">1845950658</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+Allies+Won&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Overy%2C%26%2332%3BRichard&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B215%E2%80%93216&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.isbn=1845950658&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-historynet-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-historynet_48-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Bell, Kelly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3031316.html">"Dietrich von Choltitz: Saved of Paris From Destruction During World War II"</a>. www.TheHistoryNet.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3031316.html">http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3031316.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-11-17</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Dietrich+von+Choltitz%3A+Saved+of+Paris+From+Destruction+During+World+War+II&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft.au=Bell%2C%26%2332%3BKelly&rft.pub=www.TheHistoryNet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fmagazines%2Fworld_war_2%2F3031316.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fr_icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Fr icon (page does not exist)">Template:Fr icon</a> <span class="citation web">�milie Willaert, professor of History and Geography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cndp.fr/revueTDC/913-81441.htm">"La r�gion parisienne en chantier"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cndp.fr/revueTDC/913-81441.htm">http://www.cndp.fr/revueTDC/913-81441.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-08-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=La+r%C3%A9gion+parisienne+en+chantier&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%C3%89milie+Willaert%2C+professor+of+History+and+Geography&rft.au=%C3%89milie+Willaert%2C+professor+of+History+and+Geography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cndp.fr%2FrevueTDC%2F913-81441.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since February 2012" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Link_rot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Link rot (page does not exist)">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fr_icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Fr icon (page does not exist)">Template:Fr icon</a> <span class="citation web">J�rome Toulza, <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Marne_la_Vall%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Marne la Vall�e (page does not exist)">Universit� de Marne-la-Vall�e</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univ-mlv.fr/mastergu/Docs_IMO/Memimo_0304/Toulza.PDF">"La conception du RER"</a> (PDF)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.univ-mlv.fr/mastergu/Docs_IMO/Memimo_0304/Toulza.PDF">http://www.univ-mlv.fr/mastergu/Docs_IMO/Memimo_0304/Toulza.PDF</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-08-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=La+conception+du+RER&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=J%C3%A9rome+Toulza%2C+%5B%5BUniversity+of+Marne+la+Vall%C3%A9e%7CUniversit%C3%A9+de+Marne-la-Vall%C3%A9e%5D%5D&rft.au=J%C3%A9rome+Toulza%2C+%5B%5BUniversity+of+Marne+la+Vall%C3%A9e%7CUniversit%C3%A9+de+Marne-la-Vall%C3%A9e%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univ-mlv.fr%2Fmastergu%2FDocs_IMO%2FMemimo_0304%2FToulza.PDF&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since September 2010" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Link_rot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Link rot (page does not exist)">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Mathieu Flonneau (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3884/is_200603/ai_n17181949/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1">"City infrastructures and city dwellers: Accommodating the automobile in twentieth-century Paris"</a>. The Journal of Transport History<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3884/is_200603/ai_n17181949/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1">http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3884/is_200603/ai_n17181949/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-08-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=City+infrastructures+and+city+dwellers%3A+Accommodating+the+automobile+in+twentieth-century+Paris&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Mathieu+Flonneau&rft.au=Mathieu+Flonneau&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=The+Journal+of+Transport+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qa3884%2Fis_200603%2Fai_n17181949%2Fpg_1%3Ftag%3DartBody%3Bcol1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since February 2012" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Link_rot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Link rot (page does not exist)">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fr_icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Fr icon (page does not exist)">Template:Fr icon</a> <span class="citation web">Thomas Sauvadet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univ-paris8.fr/sociologie/fichiers/sauvadet-journalparis8.pdf">"Les jeunes de la cit� � Processus de ghetto�sation et mode de socialisation"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_8_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris 8 University (page does not exist)">Universit� Paris 8</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.univ-paris8.fr/sociologie/fichiers/sauvadet-journalparis8.pdf">http://www.univ-paris8.fr/sociologie/fichiers/sauvadet-journalparis8.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-08-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Les+jeunes+de+la+cit%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+Processus+de+ghetto%C3%AFsation+et+mode+de+socialisation&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Thomas+Sauvadet&rft.au=Thomas+Sauvadet&rft.pub=%5B%5BParis+8+University%7CUniversit%C3%A9+Paris+8%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univ-paris8.fr%2Fsociologie%2Ffichiers%2Fsauvadet-journalparis8.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fr_icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Fr icon (page does not exist)">Template:Fr icon</a> <span class="citation web">Herv� Vieillard-Baron, professor at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_8_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris 8 University (page does not exist)">Universit� Paris 8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fig-st-die.education.fr/actes/actes_2005/viellard-baron/article.htm">"Les quartiers sensibles, entre disqualification visible et r�seaux invisibles"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fig-st-die.education.fr/actes/actes_2005/viellard-baron/article.htm">http://fig-st-die.education.fr/actes/actes_2005/viellard-baron/article.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-08-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Les+quartiers+sensibles%2C+entre+disqualification+visible+et+r%C3%A9seaux+invisibles&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Herv%C3%A9+Vieillard-Baron%2C+professor+at+the+%5B%5BParis+8+University%7CUniversit%C3%A9+Paris+8%5D%5D&rft.au=Herv%C3%A9+Vieillard-Baron%2C+professor+at+the+%5B%5BParis+8+University%7CUniversit%C3%A9+Paris+8%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffig-st-die.education.fr%2Factes%2Factes_2005%2Fviellard-baron%2Farticle.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fr_icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Fr icon (page does not exist)">Template:Fr icon</a> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journaldunet.com/solutions/0601/060116_prestas-hauts-de-seine-delaage.shtml">"Roland de Laage (Devoteam) : "L'Ouest parisien, ce sont des d�partements technologiques � haute valeur ajout�e""</a>. Journal du net. 16 January 2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.journaldunet.com/solutions/0601/060116_prestas-hauts-de-seine-delaage.shtml">http://www.journaldunet.com/solutions/0601/060116_prestas-hauts-de-seine-delaage.shtml</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-08-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Roland+de+Laage+%28Devoteam%29+%3A+%22L%27Ouest+parisien%2C+ce+sont+des+d%C3%A9partements+technologiques+%C3%A0+haute+valeur+ajout%C3%A9e%22&rft.atitle=&rft.date=16+January+2006&rft.pub=Journal+du+net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journaldunet.com%2Fsolutions%2F0601%2F060116_prestas-hauts-de-seine-delaage.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fr_icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Fr icon (page does not exist)">Template:Fr icon</a> <span class="citation web">Pierre Beckouche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strates.revues.org/document1155.html">"Une r�gion parisienne � deux vitesses � L'accroissement des disparit�s spatiales dans l'�le-de-France des ann�es 1980"</a>. Strates � Mat�riaux pour la recherche en sciences sociales<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://strates.revues.org/document1155.html">http://strates.revues.org/document1155.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-08-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Une+r%C3%A9gion+parisienne+%C3%A0+deux+vitesses+%E2%80%93+L%27accroissement+des+disparit%C3%A9s+spatiales+dans+l%27%C3%8Ele-de-France+des+ann%C3%A9es+1980&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Pierre+Beckouche&rft.au=Pierre+Beckouche&rft.pub=Strates+%E2%80%93+Mat%C3%A9riaux+pour+la+recherche+en+sciences+sociales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrates.revues.org%2Fdocument1155.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1996,39140985&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&screen=detailref&language=en&product=REF_TB_regional&root=REF_TB_regional/t_reg/t_reg_eco/tgs00026">"Disposable income per NUTS level 2 regions in Europe"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurostat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurostat (page does not exist)">Eurostat</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1996,39140985&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&screen=detailref&language=en&product=REF_TB_regional&root=REF_TB_regional/t_reg/t_reg_eco/tgs00026">http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1996,39140985&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&screen=detailref&language=en&product=REF_TB_regional&root=REF_TB_regional/t_reg/t_reg_eco/tgs00026</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-08-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Disposable+income+per+NUTS+level+2+regions+in+Europe&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BEurostat%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fportal%2Fpage%3F_pageid%3D1996%2C39140985%26_dad%3Dportal%26_schema%3DPORTAL%26screen%3Ddetailref%26language%3Den%26product%3DREF_TB_regional%26root%3DREF_TB_regional%2Ft_reg%2Ft_reg_eco%2Ftgs00026&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/4417096.stm">"Special Report: Riots in France"</a>. BBC News. 2005-11-09<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/4417096.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/4417096.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-11-17</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Special+Report%3A+Riots+in+France&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2005-11-09&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2F4417096.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-NYT97-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT97_58-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Whitney, Craig R. (31 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/31/world/diana-killed-in-a-car-accident-in-paris.html">"Diana Killed in a Car Accident in Paris"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>: p. 1<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/31/world/diana-killed-in-a-car-accident-in-paris.html">http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/31/world/diana-killed-in-a-car-accident-in-paris.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 10 July 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Diana+Killed+in+a+Car+Accident+in+Paris&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Craig+R.&rft.au=Whitney%2C%26%2332%3BCraig+R.&rft.date=31+August+1997&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F08%2F31%2Fworld%2Fdiana-killed-in-a-car-accident-in-paris.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris-walking-tours.com/montmartre.html">"Montmartre"</a>. Paris-walking-tours.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paris-walking-tours.com/montmartre.html">http://www.paris-walking-tours.com/montmartre.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-01-06</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Montmartre&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Paris-walking-tours.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris-walking-tours.com%2Fmontmartre.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Mairie de Paris (2007-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748">"Note: 100 ha.=1 km2"</a>. Paris.fr<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748">http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Note%3A+100+ha.%3D1+km2&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Mairie+de+Paris&rft.au=Mairie+de+Paris&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft.pub=Paris.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fportail%2Fenglish%2FPortal.lut%3Fpage_id%3D8125%26document_type_id%3D5%26document_id%3D29918%26portlet_id%3D18748&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-http:.2F.2Fwww.meteorologic.net.2F-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-http:.2F.2Fwww.meteorologic.net.2F_61-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteorologic.net/">M�t�o gratuite, pr�visions m�t�o de M�t�orologic</a>. Meteorologic.net. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-climate-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-climate_62-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fr_icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Fr icon (page does not exist)">Template:Fr icon</a> <span class="citation web">Institut National de la Statistique et des �tudes �conomiques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579">"G�ographie de la capitale � Le climat"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579">http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-05-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9ographie+de+la+capitale+%E2%80%93+Le+climat&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft.au=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fportail%2Faccueil%2FPortal.lut%3Fpage_id%3D4946%26document_type_id%3D5%26document_id%3D3076%26portlet_id%3D10579&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climat.meteofrance.com/chgt_climat2/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F75114001">"Climatological Information for Paris, France"</a>. Meteo France. August 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://climat.meteofrance.com/chgt_climat2/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F75114001">http://climat.meteofrance.com/chgt_climat2/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F75114001</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Climatological+Information+for+Paris%2C+France&rft.atitle=&rft.date=August+2011&rft.pub=Meteo+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimat.meteofrance.com%2Fchgt_climat2%2Fclimat_france%3FCLIMAT_PORTLET.path%3Dclimatstationn%252F75114001&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-sewers-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sewers_64-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Mairie de Paris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139">"Les �gouts parisiens"</a> (in French)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139">http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-05-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Les+%C3%A9gouts+parisiens&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Mairie+de+Paris&rft.au=Mairie+de+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fportail%2FEnvironnement%2FPortal.lut%3Fpage_id%3D1313%26document_type_id%3D5%26document_id%3D2158%26portlet_id%3D3139&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavi.univ-paris3.fr/fle/DUDLA_2001/GROUPE1/FRED/motocrottes.html">100 MOTOCROTTES !</a>. Cavi.univ-paris3.fr. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Henley, Jon (12 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/apr/12/worlddispatch.jonhenley">"Merde most foul"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (UK)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/apr/12/worlddispatch.jonhenley">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/apr/12/worlddispatch.jonhenley</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 July 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Merde+most+foul&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Henley%2C%26%2332%3BJon&rft.date=12+April+2002&rft.place=UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fapr%2F12%2Fworlddispatch.jonhenley&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asp.zone-secure.net/v2/index.jsp?id=1203/1515/14072&lng=fr">"Le Tourisme � Paris � Chiffres cl�s 2010"</a>. Asp.zone-secure.net<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://asp.zone-secure.net/v2/index.jsp?id=1203/1515/14072&lng=fr">http://asp.zone-secure.net/v2/index.jsp?id=1203/1515/14072&lng=fr</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-09-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Le+Tourisme+%C3%A0+Paris+%E2%80%93+Chiffres+cl%C3%A9s+2010&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Asp.zone-secure.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasp.zone-secure.net%2Fv2%2Findex.jsp%3Fid%3D1203%2F1515%2F14072%26lng%3Dfr&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=33133">http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=33133</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-gdp_world_rank-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gdp_world_rank_69-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf">"Gross domestic product 2008"</a> (PDF)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf">http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-11-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Gross+domestic+product+2008&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=World+Bank&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FDATASTATISTICS%2FResources%2FGDP.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=CMRSOS02137">"Population des r�gions au 1er janvier"</a> (in French). <i>Institut National de la Statistique et des �tudes �conomiques</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=CMRSOS02137">http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=CMRSOS02137</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-11-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Population+des+r%C3%A9gions+au+1er+janvier&rft.atitle=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Ftableau.asp%3Fref_id%3DCMRSOS02137&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-workforce-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-workforce_71-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/rfc/docs/alapage234.pdf">"Les emplois dans les activit�s li�es au tourisme: un sur quatre en �le-de-France"</a> (in French) (PDF). <i>Institut National de la Statistique et des �tudes �conomiques</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/rfc/docs/alapage234.pdf">http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/rfc/docs/alapage234.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-04-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Les+emplois+dans+les+activit%C3%A9s+li%C3%A9es+au+tourisme%3A+un+sur+quatre+en+%C3%8Ele-de-France&rft.atitle=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Finsee_regions%2Fidf%2Frfc%2Fdocs%2Falapage234.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-riot-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-riot_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-riot_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=1280843">Paris Riots in Perspective</a>. ABC News. 4 November 2005.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.parislogue.com/places-in-paris/deciphering-the-16th-arrondissement.html">[1]</a> eyes of an American-born on one of the district of the area: the exclusive 16th arrondissement</span></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, Paris is the world's fashion design capital thanks to <i>Paris Ouest's</i> customers who historically make it up</span></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sociologists Michel and Monique Pin�on-Charlot's works highlight that trend</span></li> <li id="cite_note-UU_superficie-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-UU_superficie_76-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=17915&page=alapage/alap374/alap374_tab.htm#tab1">"Institut National de la Statistique et des �tudes �conomiques"</a> (in French)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=17915&page=alapage/alap374/alap374_tab.htm#tab1">http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=17915&page=alapage/alap374/alap374_tab.htm#tab1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-10-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Fdocument.asp%3Freg_id%3D20%26ref_id%3D17915%26page%3Dalapage%2Falap374%2Falap374_tab.htm%23tab1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-99_05-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99_05_77-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Institut National de la Statistique et des �tudes �conomiques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP061058.pdf">"Enqu�tes annuelles de recensement 2004 et 2005"</a> (PDF)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP061058.pdf">http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP061058.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-04-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Enqu%C3%AAtes+annuelles+de+recensement+2004+et+2005&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft.au=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fffc%2Fdocs_ffc%2FIP061058.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-90_99-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90_99_78-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP1000.pdf">"Enqu�tes annuelles de recensement: premiers r�sultats de la collecte 2004"</a> (in French) (PDF). <i>Institut National de la Statistique et des �tudes �conomiques</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP1000.pdf">http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP1000.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-04-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Enqu%C3%AAtes+annuelles+de+recensement%3A+premiers+r%C3%A9sultats+de+la+collecte+2004&rft.atitle=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fffc%2Fdocs_ffc%2FIP1000.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-foreign_born-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-foreign_born_79-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Institut National de la Statistique et des �tudes �conomiques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=MIG3&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR">"Aire urbaine 99 : Paris � Migrations (caract�re socio-�conomique selon le lieu de naissance)"</a> (in French)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=MIG3&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR">http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=MIG3&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-07-06</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Aire+urbaine+99+%3A+Paris+%E2%80%93+Migrations+%28caract%C3%A8re+socio-%C3%A9conomique+selon+le+lieu+de+naissance%29&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft.au=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recensement.insee.fr%2FRP99%2Frp99%2Fwr_page.affiche%3Fp_id_nivgeo%3DM%26p_id_loca%3D001%26p_id_princ%3DMIG3%26p_theme%3DALL%26p_typeprod%3DALL%26p_langue%3DFR&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since February 2012" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Link_rot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Link rot (page does not exist)">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-recent_migrants-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-recent_migrants_80-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Institut National de la Statistique et des �tudes �conomiques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=MIG2&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR">"Aire urbaine 99 : Paris � Migrations (caract�re d�mographique selon le lieu de r�sidence au 01/01/90)"</a> (in French)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=MIG2&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR">http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=MIG2&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-07-06</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Aire+urbaine+99+%3A+Paris+%E2%80%93+Migrations+%28caract%C3%A8re+d%C3%A9mographique+selon+le+lieu+de+r%C3%A9sidence+au+01%2F01%2F90%29&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft.au=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recensement.insee.fr%2FRP99%2Frp99%2Fwr_page.affiche%3Fp_id_nivgeo%3DM%26p_id_loca%3D001%26p_id_princ%3DMIG2%26p_theme%3DALL%26p_typeprod%3DALL%26p_langue%3DFR&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since February 2012" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Link_rot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Link rot (page does not exist)">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-current_immigration-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-current_immigration_81-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Institut National de la Statistique et des �tudes �conomiques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?tab_id=498">"Flux d'immigration permanente par motif en 2003"</a> (in French)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?tab_id=498">http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?tab_id=498</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-06-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Flux+d%27immigration+permanente+par+motif+en+2003&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft.au=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+et+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fffc%2Fchifcle_fiche.asp%3Ftab_id%3D498&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=uUsLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. III. French Government and the Refugees</a></i>". American Philosophical Society, James E. Hassell (1991). P. 22. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/087169817X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-87169-817-X</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-past_immigration-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-past_immigration_83-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Cit� Nationale de l'Histoire de l'Immigration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/index.php?lg=fr&nav=14&flash=0">"Histoire de l'immigration en France"</a> (in French)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/index.php?lg=fr&nav=14&flash=0">http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/index.php?lg=fr&nav=14&flash=0</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-06-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27immigration+en+France&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cit%C3%A9+Nationale+de+l%27Histoire+de+l%27Immigration&rft.au=Cit%C3%A9+Nationale+de+l%27Histoire+de+l%27Immigration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histoire-immigration.fr%2Findex.php%3Flg%3Dfr%26nav%3D14%26flash%3D0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yves Charles Zarka, <i>L'Islam en France</i>, "Les contours d'une population susceptible d'�tre musulmane d'apr�s la filiation", Mich�le Tribalat, p.27</span></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12724966">Muslims and city politics: When town halls turn to Mecca</a>. The Economist (2008-12-04). Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm">World Jewish Population | Latest Statistics</a>. SimpleToRemember.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamineurope.blogspot.com/2007/11/muslim-population-in-european-cities.html">Muslim population in European cities</a>, 23 November 2007</span></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iau-idf.fr/detail-dune-etude/etude/les-immigres-et-leur-famille-en-ile-de-france.html">Les immigr�s et leur famille en �le-de-France</a>, Note rapide Soci�t�, n� 552, Juin 2011</span></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mich%C3%A8le_Tribalat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mich�le Tribalat (page does not exist)">Mich�le Tribalat</a>, <i>Les jeunes d'origine �trang�re</i> in <i>Revue Commentaire</i>, juin 2009, n�126, p.434</span></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iau-idf.fr/detail-dune-etude/etude/les-descendants-dimmigres-vivant-en-ile-de-france.html">Les descendants d'immigr�s vivant en �le-de-France</a></i>, IAU Idf, Note rapide Soci�t�, n� 531</span></li> <li id="cite_note-grand_paris-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-grand_paris_91-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fr_icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Fr icon (page does not exist)">Template:Fr icon</a> <span class="citation web">20mins.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.20minutes.fr/article/169001/Paris-Sarkozy-relance-le-projet-d-un-Grand-Paris.php">"Sarkozy relance le projet d'un Grand Paris"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.20minutes.fr/article/169001/Paris-Sarkozy-relance-le-projet-d-un-Grand-Paris.php">http://www.20minutes.fr/article/169001/Paris-Sarkozy-relance-le-projet-d-un-Grand-Paris.php</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-04-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Sarkozy+relance+le+projet+d%27un+Grand+Paris&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=20mins.fr&rft.au=20mins.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.20minutes.fr%2Farticle%2F169001%2FParis-Sarkozy-relance-le-projet-d-un-Grand-Paris.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L�on Bernard, <i>The Emerging City: Paris in the Age of Louis XIV</i> (Duke University Press, 1970), p. 34.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Garrioch, <i>The Making of Revolutionary Paris</i> (University of California Press, 2002: <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520232534" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-520-23253-4</a>), p. 128�29.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garrioch, <i>The Making of Revolutionary Paris</i>, p. 132.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-1790_municipality-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1790_municipality_95-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Henry E. Bourne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28190501%2910%3A2%3C280%3AIAGIPI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V&size=LARGE">"Improvising a Government in Paris in July 1789"</a>. <i>The American Historical Review</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28190501%2910%3A2%3C280%3AIAGIPI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V&size=LARGE">http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28190501%2910%3A2%3C280%3AIAGIPI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V&size=LARGE</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-09-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Improvising+a+Government+in+Paris+in+July+1789&rft.atitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.aulast=Henry+E.+Bourne&rft.au=Henry+E.+Bourne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinks.jstor.org%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0002-8762%2528190501%252910%253A2%253C280%253AIAGIPI%253E2.0.CO%253B2-V%26size%3DLARGE&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-idf_education-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-idf_education_96-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fr_icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Fr icon (page does not exist)">Template:Fr icon</a> <span class="citation web">La Pr�fecture de la R�gion d'�le-de-France. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070824203147/http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm">"L'enseignement"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm">the original</a> on 24 August 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070824203147/http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm">http://web.archive.org/web/20070824203147/http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-10-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=L%27enseignement&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=La+Pr%C3%A9fecture+de+la+R%C3%A9gion+d%27%C3%8Ele-de-France&rft.au=La+Pr%C3%A9fecture+de+la+R%C3%A9gion+d%27%C3%8Ele-de-France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070824203147%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.idf.pref.gouv.fr%2Fdonnees%2Fenseignement.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-StudentNumbers-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-StudentNumbers_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="citerefmanylink"><a href="#cite_ref-StudentNumbers_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Paris � �le-de-France (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060722235423/http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/pdf/eco_regionale/chiffres_cles/2006/anglais/cc_2006_en_15-21.pdf">"Paris Region : key figures 2006"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/pdf/eco_regionale/chiffres_cles/2006/anglais/cc_2006_en_15-21.pdf">the original</a> on 22 July 2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060722235423/http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/pdf/eco_regionale/chiffres_cles/2006/anglais/cc_2006_en_15-21.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20060722235423/http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/pdf/eco_regionale/chiffres_cles/2006/anglais/cc_2006_en_15-21.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-07-04</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Paris+Region+%3A+key+figures+2006&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Regional+Chamber+of+Commerce+and+Industry%2C+Paris+%E2%80%93+%C3%8Ele-de-France&rft.au=Regional+Chamber+of+Commerce+and+Industry%2C+Paris+%E2%80%93+%C3%8Ele-de-France&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20060722235423%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr%2Fpdf%2Feco_regionale%2Fchiffres_cles%2F2006%2Fanglais%2Fcc_2006_en_15-21.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-EuropeanStudents-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EuropeanStudents_98-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fr_icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Fr icon (page does not exist)">Template:Fr icon</a> <span class="citation web">C�line Rozenblat, Patricia Cicille, Delegation for Spatial Planning and Regional Action (Datar) (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diact.gouv.fr/Datar_Site/DATAR_Metropoles.nsf/76f84e7666af90b6c125655a0046b83c/30207c6b28edd873c1256e59003d0619/$FILE/Villes%20europ%C3%A9ennes.pdf">"Les villes europ�ennes � Analyse comparative (page 42)"</a> (PDF)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.diact.gouv.fr/Datar_Site/DATAR_Metropoles.nsf/76f84e7666af90b6c125655a0046b83c/30207c6b28edd873c1256e59003d0619/$FILE/Villes%20europ%C3%A9ennes.pdf">http://www.diact.gouv.fr/Datar_Site/DATAR_Metropoles.nsf/76f84e7666af90b6c125655a0046b83c/30207c6b28edd873c1256e59003d0619/$FILE/Villes%20europ%C3%A9ennes.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-07-04</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Les+villes+europ%C3%A9ennes+%E2%80%93+Analyse+comparative+%28page+42%29&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=C%C3%A9line+Rozenblat%2C+Patricia+Cicille%2C+Delegation+for+Spatial+Planning+and+Regional+Action+%28Datar%29&rft.au=C%C3%A9line+Rozenblat%2C+Patricia+Cicille%2C+Delegation+for+Spatial+Planning+and+Regional+Action+%28Datar%29&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diact.gouv.fr%2FDatar_Site%2FDATAR_Metropoles.nsf%2F76f84e7666af90b6c125655a0046b83c%2F30207c6b28edd873c1256e59003d0619%2F%24FILE%2FVilles%2520europ%25C3%25A9ennes.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since February 2012" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Link_rot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Link rot (page does not exist)">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letudiant.fr/palmares/classement-prepa/maths-spe-mp.html?crit_region=&crit_ecole=Panier">"L'�tudiant League Table 2008"</a>. Letudiant.fr<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.letudiant.fr/palmares/classement-prepa/maths-spe-mp.html?crit_region=&crit_ecole=Panier">http://www.letudiant.fr/palmares/classement-prepa/maths-spe-mp.html?crit_region=&crit_ecole=Panier</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-05-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%A9tudiant+League+Table+2008&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Letudiant.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.letudiant.fr%2Fpalmares%2Fclassement-prepa%2Fmaths-spe-mp.html%3Fcrit_region%3D%26crit_ecole%3DPanier&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnf.fr/pages/zNavigat/frame/version_anglaise.htm?ancre=english.htm">How to find us</a>." <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblioth�que nationale de France (page does not exist)">Biblioth�que nationale de France</a></i>. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youseemore.com/alip/about.asp?p=1">History of the Library</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since February 2012" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Link_rot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Link rot (page does not exist)">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup>." <i>American Library in Paris</i>. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20A12FE3C55147A93CBAB178DD85F448385F9">The American Library in Paris</a>." <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_York_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The New York Times (page does not exist)">The New York Times</a></i>. 29 June 1930. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A02E0D61530EE34BC4B51DFB566838E649FDE">American Library in Paris</a>." <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_York_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The New York Times (page does not exist)">The New York Times</a></i>. 23 March 1855. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/02/07/saint-lazare-terminus-des-mecontents_1152202_3224.html#ens_id=628859">"Recherche"</a>. LeMonde.fr<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/02/07/saint-lazare-terminus-des-mecontents_1152202_3224.html#ens_id=628859">http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/02/07/saint-lazare-terminus-des-mecontents_1152202_3224.html#ens_id=628859</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-09-15</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Recherche&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=LeMonde.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fsociete%2Farticle%2F2009%2F02%2F07%2Fsaint-lazare-terminus-des-mecontents_1152202_3224.html%23ens_id%3D628859&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since February 2012" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Link_rot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Link rot (page does not exist)">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-stif-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-stif_105-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Syndicat des Transports d'�le-de-France (STIF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stif-idf.fr">"Le web des voyageurs franciliens"</a> (in French)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.stif-idf.fr">http://www.stif-idf.fr</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-04-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Le+web+des+voyageurs+franciliens&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Syndicat+des+Transports+d%27%C3%8Ele-de-France+%28STIF%29&rft.au=Syndicat+des+Transports+d%27%C3%8Ele-de-France+%28STIF%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stif-idf.fr&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-partners1-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-partners1_106-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974">"Les pactes d'amiti� et de coop�ration"</a>. <i>Mairie de Paris</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974">http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-10-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Les+pactes+d%27amiti%C3%A9+et+de+coop%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=Mairie+de+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fportail%2Faccueil%2FPortal.lut%3Fpage_id%3D6587%26document_type_id%3D5%26document_id%3D16468%26portlet_id%3D14974&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-partners2-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-partners2_107-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp">"International relations : special partners"</a>. <i>Mairie de Paris</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp">http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-10-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=International+relations+%3A+special+partners&rft.atitle=Mairie+de+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fen%2Fcity_government%2Finternational%2Fspecial_partners.asp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since February 2012" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Link_rot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Link rot (page does not exist)">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784">"Twinning with Rome"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784">http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-05-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Twinning+with+Rome&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fportail%2Fenglish%2FPortal.lut%3Fpage_id%3D8139%26document_type_id%3D5%26document_id%3D29903%26portlet_id%3D18784&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Paris1-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Paris1_109-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974">"Les pactes d'amiti� et de coop�ration"</a>. <i>Mairie de Paris</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974">http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-10-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Les+pactes+d%27amiti%C3%A9+et+de+coop%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=Mairie+de+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fportail%2Faccueil%2FPortal.lut%3Fpage_id%3D6587%26document_type_id%3D5%26document_id%3D16468%26portlet_id%3D14974&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Paris2-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Paris2_110-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp">"International relations: special partners"</a>. <i>Mairie de Paris</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp">http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-10-14</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=International+relations%3A+special+partners&rft.atitle=Mairie+de+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fen%2Fcity_government%2Finternational%2Fspecial_partners.asp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since August 2010" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Link_rot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Link rot (page does not exist)">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Cronin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincent Cronin (page does not exist)">Vincent Cronin</a> (1989). <i>Paris on the Eve, 1900�1914</i>. New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harper_Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harper Collins (page does not exist)">Harper Collins</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (page does not exist)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-04876-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-04876-9">0-312-04876-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+on+the+Eve%2C+1900%E2%80%931914&rft.aulast=%5B%5BVincent+Cronin%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BVincent+Cronin%5D%5D&rft.date=1989&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=%5B%5BHarper+Collins%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0-312-04876-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Vincent Cronin (1994). <i>Paris:City of Light, 1919�1939</i>. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (page does not exist)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-215191-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-215191-X">0-00-215191-X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris%3ACity+of+Light%2C+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.aulast=Vincent+Cronin&rft.au=Vincent+Cronin&rft.date=1994&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.isbn=0-00-215191-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Jean Favier (1997-04-23) (in French). <i>Paris</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fayard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fayard (page does not exist)">Fayard</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (page does not exist)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-59874-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-213-59874-6">2-213-59874-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris&rft.aulast=Jean+Favier&rft.au=Jean+Favier&rft.date=1997-04-23&rft.pub=%5B%5BFayard%5D%5D&rft.isbn=2-213-59874-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Jacques Hillairet (2005-04-22) (in French). <i>Connaissance du Vieux Paris</i>. Rivages. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (page does not exist)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86930-648-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-86930-648-2">2-86930-648-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connaissance+du+Vieux+Paris&rft.aulast=Jacques+Hillairet&rft.au=Jacques+Hillairet&rft.date=2005-04-22&rft.pub=Rivages&rft.isbn=2-86930-648-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Colin Jones (2004). <i>Paris: The Biography of a City</i>. New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penguin Books (page does not exist)">Penguin Viking</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (page does not exist)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0670033936" title="Special:BookSources/0670033936">0670033936</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris%3A+The+Biography+of+a+City&rft.aulast=Colin+Jones&rft.au=Colin+Jones&rft.date=2004&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=%5B%5BPenguin+Books%7CPenguin+Viking%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0670033936&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Bernard Marchand (1993) (in French). <i>Paris, histoire d'une ville : XIXe-XXe si�cle</i>. Paris: Le Seuil. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (page does not exist)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2020128643" title="Special:BookSources/978-2020128643">978-2020128643</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris%2C+histoire+d%27une+ville+%3A+XIXe-XXe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.aulast=Bernard+Marchand&rft.au=Bernard+Marchand&rft.date=1993&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Le+Seuil&rft.isbn=978-2020128643&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Rosemary Wakeman (2009). <i>The Heroic City: Paris, 1945�1958</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (page does not exist)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226870236" title="Special:BookSources/9780226870236">9780226870236</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heroic+City%3A+Paris%2C+1945%E2%80%931958&rft.aulast=Rosemary+Wakeman&rft.au=Rosemary+Wakeman&rft.date=2009&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.isbn=9780226870236&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paris"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center">Find more about <b>Paris</b> on Wikipedia's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects (page does not exist)">sister projects</a>:</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="23" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" /></a></td> <td><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Paris">Definitions and translations</a> from Wiktionary<br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" title="Search Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="18" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" /></a></td> <td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Paris">Images and media</a> from Commons<br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="25" height="23" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" /></a></td> <td><a href="//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Paris">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity<br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" title="Search Wikinews"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" /></a></td> <td><a href="//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Paris">News stories</a> from Wikinews<br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="21" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" /></a></td> <td><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Paris">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote<br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="24" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" /></a></td> <td><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Paris">Source texts</a> from Wikisource<br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" /></a></td> <td><a href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paris" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Paris">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks<br /></td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8118">Official Paris website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/France/Regions/Ile-de-France/Paris/">Paris</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Directory_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open Directory Project (page does not exist)">Open Directory Project</a></li> <li><a href="http://wikitravel.org/en/Paris" class="extiw" title="wikitravel:Paris">Paris travel guide</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikitravel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikitravel (page does not exist)">Wikitravel</a></li> </ul> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tr> <th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span> <div class="" style="font-size:110%;">Administrative structures</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px; font-size:113%;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0px;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Paris_Metropolitan_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Paris Metropolitan Area (page does not exist)">Template:Paris Metropolitan Area</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Prefectures_of_departments_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Prefectures of departments of France (page does not exist)">Template:Prefectures of departments of France</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Prefectures_of_regions_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Prefectures of regions of France (page does not exist)">Template:Prefectures of regions of France</a></p> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Departments_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Departments of France (page does not exist)">Template:Departments of France</a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tr> <th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span> <div class="" style="font-size:110%;">Paris in the European Union</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px; font-size:113%;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0px;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:List of European capitals by region (page does not exist)">Template:List of European capitals by region</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Capital_cities_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Capital cities of the European Union (page does not exist)">Template:Capital cities of the European Union</a></p> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:European_Capital_of_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:European Capital of Culture (page does not exist)">Template:European Capital of Culture</a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Olympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities (page does not exist)">Template:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities</a></p> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:World%27s_most_populated_urban_areas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:World's most populated urban areas (page does not exist)">Template:World's most populated urban areas</a></p> <p><span id="interwiki-de-ga"></span> <span id="interwiki-bg-fa"></span> <span id="interwiki-bs-fa"></span> <span id="interwiki-eo-fa"></span> <span id="interwiki-eu-fa"></span> <span id="interwiki-fr-fa"></span> <span id="interwiki-he-fa"></span> <span id="interwiki-hr-fa"></span> <span id="interwiki-li-fa"></span> <span id="interwiki-mk-fa"></span> <span id="interwiki-mr-fa"></span> <span id="interwiki-vi-fa"></span> <span id="interwiki-fa-ga"></span> <span id="interwiki-af-fa"></span> <span id="interwiki-tt-fa"></span></p> <!-- NewPP limit report Preprocessor visited node count: 102771/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 139445/1500000 Post-expand include size: 538155/2048000 bytes Template argument size: 221258/2048000 bytes Highest expansion depth: 32/40 Expensive parser function count: 22/500 --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key testwiki:pcache:idhash:49751-0!*!0!default!!en!4!* and timestamp 20121210202744 -->{{About|the capital of France}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}} {{Pp-move-indef}}{{pp-semi|small=yes}} {{Infobox French commune |name = Paris |common name = Paris |image = Paris_-_Eiffelturm_und_Marsfeld2.jpg |image size = 280px |caption = Paris, with the [[Eiffel Tower]] in the foreground and the skyscrapers of [[La Défense]] in the background |image flag = Flag of Paris.svg |image flag = Flag of Paris.svg |image flag size = 85px |image coat of arms = Grandes Armes de Paris.svg |image coat of arms size = 120px |flag legend = [[Flag of Paris|City flag]] |coat of arms legend = [[Coat of arms of Paris|City coat of arms]] |city motto = ''[[Fluctuat nec mergitur]]'' (Latin: "It is tossed by the waves, but does not sink") |latitude = 48.8567 |longitude = 2.3508 |time zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] <small>(UTC +1)</small> |region = [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] |department = Paris (75) |mayor = [[Bertrand Delanoë]] |party = [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]] |term = 2008–2014 |subdivisions entry = [[Administrative division|Subdivisions]] |subdivisions. = [[Arrondissements of Paris|20 arrondissements]] |area km2 = 105.4 |area footnotes =<ref name="area">[http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches%5CRS%5CDEP%5C75%5CCOM%5CRS_COM75056.pdf INSEE local statistics], including [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]].</ref> |INSEE=75056 |postal code=75001-75020, 75116 |population = 2211297 |population date = Jan. 2008<ref name="paris_pop_2008" /> |population ranking = [[List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants (1999 census)|1st in France]] |urban area km2 = 2,845 |urban area date = 2010 |urban pop = 10,354,675<ref name="paris_UU10_pop">{{cite web |url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=00851-UU2010&idTheme=3 |title=Unité urbaine 2010 : Paris (00851) |publisher=Insee |language=French |accessdate=2011-10-20}}</ref> |urban pop date = Jan. 2008 |metro area km2 = 17175 |metro area date = 2010 |metro area pop = 12,089,098<ref name="paris_AU10_pop" /> |metro area pop date = Jan. 2008 |website = [http://www.paris.fr/ www.paris.fr] }} '''Paris''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ær|ɨ|s|audio=audio-paris.ogg}}; [[French language|French]]: {{IPA-fr|paʁi||Paris1.ogg}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city of [[France]]. It is situated on the river [[Seine]], in northern France, at the heart of the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] [[Regions of France|region]] (or Paris Region, {{Lang-fr|Région parisienne}}). The city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20 [[arrondissements of Paris|arrondissements]]) largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,211,297<ref name="paris_pop_2008">{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.recensement-2008.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&plusieursReponses=true&zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=75056-COM&idTheme=3&rechercher=Rechercher|title=Commune : Paris (75056) – Thème : Évolution et structure de la population|author=[[INSEE|Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques]]|accessdate=2011-08-31}}</ref> (January 2008), but the Paris [[Metropolitan Area (France)|metropolitan area]] has a population of 12,089,098<ref name="paris_AU10_pop">{{cite web |url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&plusieursReponses=true&zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=001-AU2010&idTheme=3&rechercher=Rechercher |title=Aire urbaine 2010 : Paris (001) |publisher=Insee |language=French |accessdate=2011-10-20}}</ref> (January 2008), and is one of the [[Largest population centres in the European Union|most populated metropolitan areas]] in [[Europe]].<ref name="metropolitan_areas">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a|title=World Metropolitan Areas|author=Stefan Helders, World Gazetteer|accessdate=2007-01-18}}</ref> Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.<ref>Josef Gugler, World cities beyond the West: globalization, development, and inequality, 2004 (p. 396)</ref><ref>Frederick Converse Beach, George Edwin Rines, The Americana, Volume 16, 1912.</ref><ref>Frannie Léautier, World Bank, Cities in a globalizing world: governance, performance, and sustainability, 2006. (p. 115)</ref> Paris is today one of the world's leading [[business]] and [[culture|cultural]] centres, and its influences in [[politics]], [[education]], [[entertainment]], [[mass media|media]], [[fashion]], [[science]], and the [[arts]] all contribute to its status as one of the world's major [[global city|global cities]].<ref name="GaWC">{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html|title=The World According to GaWC 2010|author=Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network, [[Loughborough University]]|accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/content/detail.aspx?releaseid=3421&newsareaid=2 PricewaterhouseCoopers Media Centre – Emerging market city economies set to rise rapidly in global GDP rankings says PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP]. Ukmediacentre.pwc.com (2009-11-02). Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</ref><ref name="mori-m-foundation.or.jp">{{cite web|url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf |title=Global Power City Index 2009 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-09-25}}</ref><ref name="http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/">[http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/ The Wealth Report 2010 | Knight Frank | Citi Private Bank]. Knight Frank. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</ref> It hosts the headquarters of many international organizations such as [[UNESCO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], the [[International Chamber of Commerce]] or the informal [[Paris Club]]. Paris is considered one of the greenest<ref name="http://www.citymayors.com/environment/greenest-cities-europe.html">[http://www.citymayors.com/environment/greenest-cities-europe.html Greenest cities in Europe]. City Mayors (2010-03-03). Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</ref> and [[World's most livable cities|most liveable]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monocle.com/specials/35_cities/ |title=Monocle, Issue June 2010 |publisher=Monocle.com |date=2010-03-26 |accessdate=2011-09-25}}</ref> cities in Europe. It is also one of [[list of most expensive cities for expatriate employees|the most expensive]].<ref>[http://www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2011/07/worldwide-cost-living Economist Intelligence Unit]</ref><ref name="ECA International Cost of Living 2010 press release">[http://www.eca-international.com/showpressrelease.aspx?ArticleID=7184 ECA-international.com]</ref> Paris and the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris Region]], with €552.1 billion (US$768.9 billion) in 2009, produce more than a quarter of the [[gross domestic product]] of France.<ref name=Paris_GDP>{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/donnees-detaillees/pib-va-reg/pib-va-reg-pib-1990-2009.xls|title=Produits Intérieurs Bruts Régionaux (PIBR) en valeur en millions d'euros|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|format=XLS|accessdate=2010-11-09}}</ref> According to 2008 estimates, the Paris agglomeration is Europe's biggest<ref>According to [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00004&plugin=1 Eurostat] : 490,946 million PPS for Île-de-France ; 376,451 million PPS for Greater London (Inner and Outer London)</ref> or second biggest<ref>According to [http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 PricewaterhouseCoopers] : 565 $BN for London ; 564 $BN for Paris</ref> city economy and the [[list of cities by GDP|sixth largest in the world]].<ref>According to [http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 PricewaterhouseCoopers]</ref> The Paris Region hosts the headquarters of 33 of the [[Fortune Global 500]] companies,<ref name="Fortune">{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/countries/France.html|title=Global Fortune 500 by countries: France|author=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|accessdate=2011-07-22 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> the highest such concentration in Europe, hosted in several business districts, notably [[La Défense]], the largest dedicated business district in Europe.<ref name="Logistics-in-Europe.com, Vertical Mail">{{cite web|url=http://www.logistics-in-europe.com/pidf-gb/index.html|title=Paris Île-de-France, a head start in Europe|author=Logistics-in-Europe.com, Vertical Mail|accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> The Paris region has the highest concentration of higher education students in the European Union,<ref name="Paris Region Key Figures">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/images/publications/pdf/chiffres_cles_en/2011/chiffres_cles_en_2011_complet.pdf |title=Paris Region Key Figures |author=Martine Delassus, Florence Humbert, Christine Tarquis, Julie Veaute |date=February 2011 |work= |publisher=Paris Region Economic Development Agency |accessdate=2011-07-21}} (PDF file)</ref> is the first in Europe in terms of research and development capability and expenditure<ref name="Paris Region Key Figures"/> and is considered one of the best cities in the world for innovation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.innovation-cities.com/ |title=Innovation Cities Top 100 Index 2011: City Rankings |date=October 2011 |publisher=2 Think Now |accessdate=2011-10-21}}</ref> With about 42 million tourists annually in the city and its suburbs,<ref name="Paris Region Key Figures" /> Paris is the [[Tourism#Most-visited cities by international tourist arrivals|most visited city]] in the world. The city and its region contain 3,800 [[Monument historique|historical monuments]] and four [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]].<ref name="Paris Region Key Figures"/> {{TOC limit|limit=2}} ==Etymology== The name ''Paris'' derives from that of its earliest inhabitants, the [[Gaul]]ish tribe known as the ''[[Parisii (France)|Parisii]]''. The city was called ''[[Lutetia]]'' (more fully, ''Lutetia Parisiorum'', "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the Roman era of the 1st to the 6th century, but during the reign of [[Julian the Apostate]] (360–363), the city was renamed Paris.<ref>[http://en.parisinfo.c(contracted; show full)[[war:Paris]] [[wo:Pari]] [[yi:פאריז]] [[yo:Parisi]] [[zh-yue:巴黎]] [[diq:Paris]] [[bat-smg:Parīžios]] [[zh:巴黎]] All content in the above text box is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license Version 4 and was originally sourced from https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=153631.
  This site is not affiliated with or endorsed in any way by the Wikimedia Foundation or any of its affiliates. In fact, we fucking despise them.
|