Difference between revisions 540860 and 541665 on testwiki

{{short description|Actions to limit the magnitude of climate change and its impact on human activities}}
[[File:Global Energy Consumption.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Coal, oil, and natural gas remain the primary global energy sources even as [[Renewable energy|renewables]] have begun rapidly increasing.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedlingstein|Jones|O'Sullivan|Andrew|2019}}.</ref>]]
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Other examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing [[efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] and [[Carbon dioxide removal|removing carbon dioxide]] from Earth's atmosphere.<ref name="ipcc mitigation options"/><ref>{{citation
|chapter=Sec 5.5 Technology flows and development
|title=Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report
|chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains5-5.html

|access-date=2020-07-06
|archive-date=2018-11-03
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103000913/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains5-5.html
|url-status=dead⏎
}}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007|p=68}}</ref> [[Climate engineering]] is often controversial but might have to be used in addition to reducing GHG emissions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191028164351.htm|title=Climate engineering: International meeting reveals tensions: Lack of transparency impedes collaboration, excludes developing world|website=ScienceDaily|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> 

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Projections of future greenhouse gas emissions are highly uncertain.<ref>{{citation
|title=Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007
|chapter=Ch 3: Issues related to mitigation in the long-term context
|chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch3.html
|author=Fisher, B.S.
|at=[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch3s3-1.html Sec 3.1 Emissions scenarios]
|display-authors=etal
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|access-date=2020-07-06
|archive-date=2018-11-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116144321/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch3.html
|url-status=dead⏎
}}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG3|2007}}</ref> In the absence of policies to mitigate climate change, GHG emissions could rise significantly over the 21st century.<ref name="rogner article 2">{{citation
|title=Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007
|author=Rogner, H.-H.
|chapter=Ch 1: Introduction
|at=[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch1s1-3-2-4.html Sec 1.3.2.4 Total GHG emissions]
|chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch1.html
|display-authors=etal⏎
|access-date=2020-07-06
|archive-date=2018-11-02
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102182533/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch1.html
|url-status=dead⏎
}}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG3|2007|p=111}}</ref>
Current scientific projections warn of a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades. <ref name="Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene">{{cite journal |last1=Steffen |first1=Will |last2=Rockström |first2=Johan |last3=Richardson |first3=Katherine |last4=M. Lenton |first4=Timothy |last5=Folke |first5=Carl |last6=Liverman |first6=Diana |last7=P. Summerhayes |first7=Colin |last8=D. Barnosky |first8=Anthony |last9=E. Cornell |first9=(contracted; show full)
|chapter=Sec 4.3 Mitigation options
|title=Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report
|chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains4-3.html

|access-date=2020-07-06
|archive-date=2018-11-03
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103000851/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains4-3.html
|url-status=dead⏎
}}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}</ref> and [[business action on climate change|changing business practices]]. Replacing gasoline and diesel vehicles with electric means their emissions would be displaced away from street level, where they cause illness.

Another consideration is how future [[socioeconomic development]] proceeds.<ref>{{citation
|title=Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007
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[[File:Shepherds Flat Wind Farm 2011.jpg|thumb |The [[Shepherds Flat Wind Farm]] is an 845 [[megawatt]] (MW) [[nameplate capacity]], wind farm in the US state of [[Oregon]], each turbine is a nameplate 2 or 2.5 MW electricity generator.]]
Regions in the higher northern and southern latitudes have the highest potential for wind power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=DTU Technical University of Denmark|accessdate=28 March 2020
|archive-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224101415/http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>     
Installed capacity has reached 650 GW in 2019. [[Offshore wind power]] currently has a share of about 10% of new installations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/|title=Golbal Wind Report 2019|date=19 March 2020|publisher=Global Wind Energy Council|accessdate=28 March 2020}}</ref> Offshore [[wind farms]] are more expensive but the units deliver more energy per installed capacity with less fluctuations.

====Hydro Power====
{{main|Hydropower}}
(contracted; show full) a fuel is produced, transported and processed has a significant impact on lifecycle emissions.  Transporting fuels over long distances and excessive use of nitrogen fertilisers can reduce the emissions savings made by the same fuel compared to natural gas by between 15 and 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biomass - Carbon sink or carbon sinner|url=https://fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/Biomass__carbon_sink_or_carbon_sinner_summary_report.pdf|publisher=UK environment agency|accessdate=27 March 2020
|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328150806/https://fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/Biomass__carbon_sink_or_carbon_sinner_summary_report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Renewable [[biofuel]]s are starting to be used in aviation.   

====Nuclear power====
In most 1.5 °C pathways [[nuclear power]] increases its share.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch2|2018|p=131}}</ref> The main{{Citation needed|date=April 2020|reason=I thought new nuclear was supposed to be flexible}} advantage is the ability to deliver large amounts of base load. It has been repeatedly classified as a climate change mitigation technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramp up nuclear power(contracted; show full)th hydrogen reconversion systems does not make sense from an economic standpoint.<ref>{{harvnb|Welder et al.|2019}}</ref> The concept of solar hydrogen is discussed for remote desert projects where grid connections to demand centers are not available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.solarpowereurope.org/blog-solar-and-hydrogen/|title=Solar + Hydrogen: The perfect match for a Paris-compatible hydrogen strategy?|last1=Beauvais|first1=Aurélie|publisher=Solar Power Europe|date=13 November 2019
|access-date=6 July 2020|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707005736/https://www.solarpowereurope.org/blog-solar-and-hydrogen/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Because it has more energy per unit volume sometimes it may be better to use hydrogen in [[ammonia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2014e53c-531f-11ea-a1ef-da1721a0541e|title=Ammonia flagged as green shipping fuel of the future|date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref>

===Super grids===
{{Main|Super grid}}
Long distance power lines help to minimize storage requirements. A large network can smoothen variations of wind energy. With a global grid, even photovoltaics could be available all day and night. The strongest [[High-voltage direct current]] (HVDC) connections are quoted with losses of only 1.6% per 1000 km<ref>{{cite web|title=UHV Grid|url=https://en.geidco.org/aboutgei/uhv/|publisher=Global Energy Interconnection (GEIDCO)|accessdate=26 January 2020|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201182520/https://en.geidco.org/aboutgei/uhv/|url-status=dead}}</ref> HVDC is currently only used for point-to-point connections. 

China has built many HVDC connections within the country and supports the idea of a global, intercontinental grid as a backbone system for the existing national [[alternating current|AC]] grids. <ref>{{cite web|title=GEIDCO development strategy|url=https://en.geidco.org/aboutgei/strategy/|publisher=Global Energy Interconnection (GEIDCO)|accessdate=26 January 2020|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.or(contracted; show full)|first7= Benjamin | last7= Hodgdon
|date= October 2016
|title= Climate benefits, tenure costs: The economic case for securing indigenous land rights in the Amazon
|website= World Resources Institute (WRI)
|location= Washington DC, USA
|url= http://www.wri.org/publication/climate-benefits-tenure-costs
|access-date= 2016-11-02
}}</ref><ref name="ding-etal-2016">{{cite book
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  |first1= Helen |  last1= Ding⏎
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  |first2= Peter G |  last2= Veit⏎
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  |first3= Allen |  last3= Blackman⏎
⏎
  |first4= Erin |  last4= Gray⏎
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  |first5= Katie |  last5= Reytar⏎
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  |first6= Juan-Carlos |  last6= Altamirano⏎
⏎
  |first7= Benjamin |  last7= Hodgdon⏎
⏎
  |date= 2016⏎
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  |title= Climate benefits, tenure costs: The economic case for securing indigenous land rights in the Amazon⏎
⏎
  |publisher= World Resources Institute (WRI)⏎
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  |location= Washington DC, USA⏎
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  |isbn= 978-1-56973-894-8⏎
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  |url= http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/Climate_Benefits_Tenure_Costs.pdf⏎
⏎
  |access-date= 2016-11-02⏎
⏎
 |archive-date= 2016-11-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161104064737/http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/Climate_Benefits_Tenure_Costs.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> Excluding humans and even evicting inhabitants from protected areas (called "fortress conservation") often lead to more exploitation of the land as the native inhabitants then turn to work for extractive companies to survive.<ref name=fp0718>{{cite magazine|url= https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/16/how-conservation-became-colonialism-environment-indigenous-people-ecuador-mining/|title=How Conservation Became Colonialism|magazine=Foreign Policy |access-date=30 July 2018|date=16(contracted; show full)

One mode of agriculture considered as relatively sustainable is [[regenerative agriculture]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scanlon |first1=Kerry |title=Trends in Sustainability: Regenerative Agriculture |url=https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/business/blog/2018/10/18/trends-in-sustainability-regenerative-agriculture/ |website=Rainforest Alliance |accessdate=29 October 2019
 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029082701/https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/business/blog/2018/10/18/trends-in-sustainability-regenerative-agriculture/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It includes several methods, the main of which are: conservation tillage, diversity, rotation and cover crops, minimizing physical disturbance, minimizing the usage of chemicals. It has other benefits like improving the state of the soil and consequently yields. Some of the big agricultural companies like [[General Mills]] and a lot of farms support it.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Is Regenerative Agriculture? |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/regenerative-agriculture-2639054637.html |access(contracted; show full)

The US [[EPA]] says [[soil management]] practices that can reduce the emissions of [[nitrous oxide]] ({{chem|N|2|O}}) from soils include [[fertilizer]] usage, [[irrigation]], and [[tillage]].  Manure management and rice cultivation also produce gaseous emissions.

Important mitigation options for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock (especially [[ruminant]]s) include genetic selection<ref>
[{{Cite web |url=https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics |title=Bovine genomics project at Genome Canada] |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2019-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810023632/https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.wired.com/story/canada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy/ Canada is using genetics to make cows less gassy]</ref>  introduction of [[Methanotroph|methanotrophic bacteria]] into the rumen,<ref>[https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01137190/document The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550 |title=Exploring diet-dependent shifts in metha(contracted; show full)

===Urban planning===
{{Main|Urban planning}}
{{See|Carfree city}}
[[File:BikesInAmsterdam 2004 SeanMcClean.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bicycle]]s have almost no [[carbon footprint]] compared to cars, and canal transport may represent a positive option for certain types of freight in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Future of the Canals|url=http://www.canalmuseum.org.uk/education/teacher/lessonplan-future.pdf|publisher=London Canal Museum|accessdate=8 September 2013
|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233108/http://www.canalmuseum.org.uk/education/teacher/lessonplan-future.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
Effective [[urban planning]] to reduce [[urban sprawl|sprawl]] aims to decrease Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT), lowering emissions from transportation. Personal cars are extremely inefficient at moving passengers, while [[public transport]] and bicycles are many times more efficient (as is the simplest form of human transportation, walking). All of these are encouraged by urban/community planning and are an effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Inefficient [[land use]] developmen(contracted; show full)owth land use policies have both a direct and indirect effect on energy consuming behavior. For example, transportation energy usage, the number one user of petroleum fuels, could be significantly reduced through more compact and mixed use land development patterns, which in turn could be served by a greater variety of non-automotive based transportation choices.

====Building design====
{{Main|Sustainable architecture|Green building}}

Emissions from [[house|housing]] are substantial,<ref>{{cite web
  |url=http://www.est.org.uk/myhome/climatechange/stats/homeenvironment/ |title=Energy Saving Trust: Home and the environment |publisher=[[Energy Saving Trust]] |accessdate=2010-08-26 |archive-date=2008-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829005103/http://www.est.org.uk/myhome/climatechange/stats/homeenvironment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and government-supported energy efficiency programmes can make a difference.<ref>{{cite news
|last= Osborne
|first= Hilary
|title= Energy efficiency 'saves £350m a year'
|newspaper= Guardian Unlimited
|date= 2005-08-02
|url= http://money.guardian.co.uk/utilities/story/0,11992,1541051,00.html?gusrc=ticker-103704
|location=London}}</ref>
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[[Category:Climate change mitigation| ]]
[[Category:Climate change policy]]

[[no:Klimapolitikk]]
<noinclude>

<small>This page was moved from [[:en:Climate change mitigation]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Climate change mitigation/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>