Difference between revisions 545430 and 546461 on testwiki

{{short description|Actions to limit the magnitude of climate change and its impact on human activities}}
[[File:Global Energy Consumption.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Coal, oil, and natural gas remain the primary global energy sources even as [[Renewable energy|renewables]] have begun rapidly increasing.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedlingstein|Jones|O'Sullivan|Andrew|2019}}.</ref>]]
(contracted; show full) may deliver the largest proportional carbon reductions under an economically efficient climate policy.<ref name=issues>[http://www.issues.org/23.3/apt.html Issues in Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927013232/http://www.issues.org/23.3/apt.html |date=2013-09-27 }} & Technology Online; "Promoting Low-Carbon Electricity Production"</ref>

Economic tools can be useful in designing climate change mitigation policies.<ref name="AR5-WG3-Chap3">
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{{citation
|chapter=Social, Economic, and Ethical Concepts and Methods, Executive Summary
|title=Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change
|chapter-url=http://ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter3.pdf⏎
|access-date=2020-07-06
|archive-date=2017-05-10
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510221643/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter3.pdf
|url-status=dead⏎
}}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG3|2014|p=211}}⏎
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</ref> Abolishing fossil fuel subsidies is very important but must be done carefully to avoid making poor people poorer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iisd.org/blog/lesson-ecuador-fossil-fuel-subsidies|title=How Reforming Fossil Fuel Subsidies Can Go Wrong: A lesson from Ecuador|website=IISD|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11}}</ref>

(contracted; show full)date=2019-10-07|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-10|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The incentive to use [[100% renewable energy]] has been created by global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns.<ref name=pg11>{{cite web |url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/04/100-percent-renewable-vision-building?amp;buffer_share=fdc06 |title=100 Percent Renewable Vision Building |author=Paul Gipe |date=4 April 2013 |website=Renewable Energy World
 |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006104925/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/04/100-percent-renewable-vision-building?amp;buffer_share=fdc06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the IPCC, there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand.<ref name="IPCC 2011 17">{{cite web|url=http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_SPM.pdf |title=Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation |author=IPCC |year=2011 |website=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY|page=17 |url-status=dead |archive(contracted; show full)

==Energy conservation==
Reducing energy use is seen as a key solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. According to the [[International Energy Agency]], improved energy efficiency in [[energy-efficient buildings|buildings]], industrial processes and [[sustainable transportation|transportation]] could reduce the world's energy needs in 2050 by one third, and help control global emissions of greenhouse gases.<ref>{{cite web
  |author=Sophie Hebden |url=http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2929&language=1 |title=Invest in clean technology says IEA report |publisher=Scidev.net |date=2006-06-22 |accessdate=2010-07-16 |archive-date=2007-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234531/http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2929&language=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Energy efficiency===
{{Main|Efficient energy use|Energy conservation}}
Efficiency covers a wide range of means from [[building insulation]] to [[public transport]]. The [[cogeneration]] of electric energy and [[district heat]] also improves efficiency. 

===Lifestyle and behavior===

(contracted; show full)est Rights) Act, 2006|Forest Rights Act]].<ref name=Guardian1/> The transferring of such rights in [[China]], perhaps the largest [[land reform]] in modern times, has been argued to have increased forest cover.<ref name=fp0718/><ref name=rightsandresources>{{cite web|url=http://rightsandresources.org/en/publication/view/chinas-forest-tenure-reforms-impacts-and-implications-for-choice-conservation-and-climate-change/|title=China's forest tenure reforms|publisher=rightsandresources.org
  |accessdate=7 August 2016|archive-date=23 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923153921/http://rightsandresources.org/en/publication/view/chinas-forest-tenure-reforms-impacts-and-implications-for-choice-conservation-and-climate-change/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Granting title of the land has shown to have two or three times less clearing than even state run parks, notably in the Brazilian Amazon.<ref name="ding-etal-2016-webpage">{{cite web
|first1= Helen | last1= Ding
|first2= Peter | last2= Veit
|first3= Erin | last3= Gray
|first4= Katie | last4= Reytar
|first5= Juan-Carlos | last5= Altamirano
|first6= Allen | last6= Blackman
|first7= Benjamin | last7= Hodgdon
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In the north-east United States, a successful cap and trade program has shown potential for this solution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scienceprogress.org/2013/02/success-of-northeast-cap-and-trade-system-shows-market-based-climate-policy-is-well-within-reach/|title=Success of Northeast Cap-and-Trade System Shows Market-Based Climate Policy Is Well Within Reach
|access-date=2020-07-06|archive-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108034730/https://scienceprogress.org/2013/02/success-of-northeast-cap-and-trade-system-shows-market-based-climate-policy-is-well-within-reach/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[European Union Emission Trading Scheme]] (EU ETS)<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/emission.htm Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS)] from ''ec.europa.eu''</ref> is the largest multi-national, greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in the world. It commenced operation on 1 January 2005, and all 28 member states of the [[European Union]] participate in the scheme which has created a new market in carbon dioxide allowances estimated at 35&nbsp;billion Euros (US$43&nbsp;billion) per year.<ref>[http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-climate_change_debate/2570.jsp The $20,000,000,000,000 question] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050615002442/http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-climate_change_debate/2570.jsp |date=2005-06-15 }} ''Robins, Nick'' for Opendemocracy</ref> The [[Chicago Climate Exchange]] was the first (voluntary) emissions market, and is soon to be followed by Asia's first market ([[Asia Carbon Exchange]]). A total of 107 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent have been exchanged through projects in 2004, a 38% increase relative to 2003 (78 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>e).<ref>[http://carbonfinance.org/docs/CarbonMarketStudy2005.pdf State and Trends of the Carbon Market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529085935/http://carbonfinance.org/docs/CarbonMarketStudy2005.pdf |date=2008-05-29 }} International Emissions Trading Association 2005</ref>

Twenty three [[multinational corporation]]s have come together in the [[G8 Climate Change Roundtable]], a business group formed at the January 2005 [[World Economic Forum]]. The group includes [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Toyota]], [[British Airways]], and [[BP]]. On 9 June 2005 the Group published a statement<ref>[http://www.weforum.org/pdf/g8_climatechange.pdf Statement of G8 Climate Change Roundtable] {{webarchive |url=https://web.arc(contracted; show full)

====Developing countries====
In order to reconcile [[economic development]] with mitigating carbon emissions, [[developing countries]] need particular support, both financial and technical. One of the means of achieving this is the Kyoto Protocol's [[Clean Development Mechanism]] (CDM). The [[World Bank]]'s Prototype Carbon Fund<ref>[http://carbonfinance.org/pcf/ Prototype Carbon Fund]
 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409110349/http://carbonfinance.org/pcf/ |date=2005-04-09 }} from the World Bank Carbon Finance Unit</ref> is a [[public private partnership]] that operates within the CDM.

An important point of contention, however, is how [[overseas development]] assistance not directly related to climate change mitigation is affected by funds provided to climate change mitigation.<ref name=ODI>Jessica Brown, Neil Bird and Liane Schalatek (2010) [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4931&title=climate-finance-additionality-definitions-implications Climate finance additionality: emerging definitions and their implications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803075037/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4931&title=climate-finance-additionality-definitions-implications |date=2012-08-03 }} [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> One of the outcomes of the UNFCC [[Copenhagen Climate Conference]] was the [[Copenhagen Accord]], in which developed countries promised to provide US$30&nbsp;million between 2010 and 2012 of new and additional resources.<ref name=ODI/> Yet it remains unclear what exactly the definition of additional is and the [[European Commission]] has requested its member states to define what they understand to be additional, and researchers at the [[Overseas Dev(contracted; show full)

Besides countries suing one another, there are also cases where people in a country have taken legal steps against their own government. Legal action for instance has been taken to try to force the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|US Environmental Protection Agency]] to regulate greenhouse gas emissions under the [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]],<ref>[http://www.climatelaw.org/cases Climate Justice]
 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618125305/http://www.climatelaw.org/cases |date=2019-06-18 }} Ongoing Cases</ref> and against the [[Export-Import Bank of the United States|Export-Import Bank]] and [[Overseas Private Investment Corporation|OPIC]] for failing to assess environmental impacts (including global warming impacts) under [[NEPA]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}

In the Netherlands and Belgium, organisations such as the foundation [[Urgenda]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jun/24/dutch-government-ordered-cut-carbon-emissions-landmark-ruling|title=Dutch government ordered to cut carbon emissions in landmark ruling|first=Arthur Neslen The|last=Hague|date=24 June 2015|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urgenda.nl/themas/klimaat-en-energie/klimaatzaak/|title=Klimaat en Energie – Thema's – Urgenda – Samen Sneller Duurzaam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tegenlicht.vpro.nl/afleveringen/2015-2016/de-klimaatzaak.html|title=VPRO Tegenlicht}}</ref> and the [[vzw Klimaatzaak]] in Belgium<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/binnenland/2.36678|title=Klimaatzaak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://klimaatzaak.eu/nl/about/|title=Over ons – Klimaatzaak|access-date=2020-07-06|archive-date=2016-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818153120/http://klimaatzaak.eu/nl/about/|url-status=dead}}</ref> have also sued their governments as they believe their governments aren't meeting the emission reductions they agreed to. Urgenda have already won their case against the Dutch government.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

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|publisher=Department of Energy, Office of Biological & Environmental Research
|location=Washington, DC
|url=http://library.globalchange.gov/products/assessments/2004-2009-synthesis-and-assessment-products/sap-2-1a-scenarios-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-atmospheric-concentrations
|display-authors=etal
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|archive-date=2013-11-13
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113080940/http://library.globalchange.gov/products/assessments/2004-2009-synthesis-and-assessment-products/sap-2-1a-scenarios-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-atmospheric-concentrations
|url-status=dead⏎
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*{{citation
|title=Impact of Japan Earthquake on Views about nuclear energy. Findings from a Global Snap Poll in 47 countries by WIN-Gallup International (21 March – 10 April 2011)
|author=Gallup International
|url=http://www.nrc.co.jp/report/pdf/110420_2.pdf
|date=19 April 2011
|access-date=20 February 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204820/http://www.nrc.co.jp/report/pdf/110420_2.pdf
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[[Category:Climate change mitigation| ]]
[[Category:Climate change policy]]

[[no:Klimapolitikk]]
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<small>This page was moved from [[:en:Climate change mitigation]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Climate change mitigation/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>