Revision 179013 of "Paris" on testwiki

{{About|the capital of France}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}
{{Pp-move-indef}}{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Infobox French commune
|name = Paris
|common name = Paris
|image = Paris_-_Eiffelturm_und_Marsfeld2.jpg
|image size = 280px
|caption = Paris, with the [[Eiffel Tower]] in the foreground and the skyscrapers of [[La Défense]] in the background
|image flag = Flag of Paris.svg
|image flag = Flag of Paris.svg
|image flag size = 85px
|image coat of arms = Grandes Armes de Paris.svg
|image coat of arms size = 120px
|flag legend = [[Flag of Paris|City flag]]
|coat of arms legend = [[Coat of arms of Paris|City coat of arms]]
|city motto = ''[[Fluctuat nec mergitur]]'' (Latin: "It is tossed by the waves, but does not sink")
|latitude = 48.8567
|longitude = 2.3508
|time zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] <small>(UTC +1)</small>
|region = [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]
|department = Paris (75)
|mayor = [[Bertrand Delanoë]]
|party = [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
|term = 2008–2014
|subdivisions entry = [[Administrative division|Subdivisions]]
|subdivisions. = [[Arrondissements of Paris|20 arrondissements]]
|area km2 = 105.4
|area footnotes =<ref name="area">[http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches%5CRS%5CDEP%5C75%5CCOM%5CRS_COM75056.pdf INSEE local statistics], including [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]].</ref>
|INSEE=75056
|postal code=75001-75020, 75116
|population = 2211297
|population date = Jan.&nbsp;2008<ref name="paris_pop_2008" />
|population ranking = [[List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants (1999 census)|1st in France]]
|urban area km2 = 2,845
|urban area date = 2010
|urban pop = 10,354,675<ref name="paris_UU10_pop">{{cite web
|url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=00851-UU2010&idTheme=3
|title=Unité urbaine 2010 : Paris (00851)
|publisher=Insee
|language=French
|accessdate=2011-10-20}}</ref>
|urban pop date = Jan.&nbsp;2008
|metro area km2 = 17175
|metro area date = 2010
|metro area pop = 12,089,098<ref name="paris_AU10_pop" />
|metro area pop date = Jan.&nbsp;2008
|website = [http://www.paris.fr/ www.paris.fr]
}}

'''Paris''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ær|ɨ|s|audio=audio-paris.ogg}}; [[French language|French]]: {{IPA-fr|paʁi||Paris1.ogg}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city of [[France]]. It is situated on the river [[Seine]], in northern France, at the heart of the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] [[Regions of France|region]] (or Paris Region, {{Lang-fr|Région parisienne}}). The city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20 [[arrondissements of Paris|arrondissements]]) largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,211,297<ref name="paris_pop_2008">{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.recensement-2008.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&plusieursReponses=true&zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=75056-COM&idTheme=3&rechercher=Rechercher|title=Commune : Paris (75056) – Thème : Évolution et structure de la population|author=[[INSEE|Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques]]|accessdate=2011-08-31}}</ref> (January 2008), but the Paris [[Metropolitan Area (France)|metropolitan area]] has a population of 12,089,098<ref name="paris_AU10_pop">{{cite web
|url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/chiffresCles.action?codeMessage=5&plusieursReponses=true&zoneSearchField=PARIS&codeZone=001-AU2010&idTheme=3&rechercher=Rechercher
|title=Aire urbaine 2010 : Paris (001)
|publisher=Insee
|language=French
|accessdate=2011-10-20}}</ref> (January 2008), and is one of the [[Largest population centres in the European Union|most populated metropolitan areas]] in [[Europe]].<ref name="metropolitan_areas">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a|title=World Metropolitan Areas|author=Stefan Helders, World Gazetteer|accessdate=2007-01-18}}</ref> Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.<ref>Josef Gugler, World cities beyond the West: globalization, development, and inequality, 2004 (p. 396)</ref><ref>Frederick Converse Beach, George Edwin Rines, The Americana, Volume 16, 1912.</ref><ref>Frannie Léautier, World Bank, Cities in a globalizing world: governance, performance, and sustainability, 2006. (p. 115)</ref>

Paris is today one of the world's leading [[business]] and [[culture|cultural]] centres, and its influences in [[politics]], [[education]], [[entertainment]], [[mass media|media]], [[fashion]], [[science]], and the [[arts]] all contribute to its status as one of the world's major [[global city|global cities]].<ref name="GaWC">{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html|title=The World According to GaWC 2010|author=Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network, [[Loughborough University]]|accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/content/detail.aspx?releaseid=3421&newsareaid=2 PricewaterhouseCoopers Media Centre – Emerging market city economies set to rise rapidly in global GDP rankings says PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP]. Ukmediacentre.pwc.com (2009-11-02). Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</ref><ref name="mori-m-foundation.or.jp">{{cite web|url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf |title=Global Power City Index 2009 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-09-25}}</ref><ref name="http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/">[http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/ The Wealth Report 2010 | Knight Frank | Citi Private Bank]. Knight Frank. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</ref> It hosts the headquarters of many international organizations such as [[UNESCO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], the [[International Chamber of Commerce]] or the informal [[Paris Club]]. Paris is considered one of the greenest<ref name="http://www.citymayors.com/environment/greenest-cities-europe.html">[http://www.citymayors.com/environment/greenest-cities-europe.html Greenest cities in Europe]. City Mayors (2010-03-03). Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</ref> and [[World's most livable cities|most liveable]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monocle.com/specials/35_cities/ |title=Monocle, Issue June 2010 |publisher=Monocle.com |date=2010-03-26 |accessdate=2011-09-25}}</ref> cities in Europe. It is also one of [[list of most expensive cities for expatriate employees|the most expensive]].<ref>[http://www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2011/07/worldwide-cost-living Economist Intelligence Unit]</ref><ref name="ECA International Cost of Living 2010 press release">[http://www.eca-international.com/showpressrelease.aspx?ArticleID=7184 ECA-international.com]</ref>

Paris and the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris Region]], with €552.1&nbsp;billion (US$768.9 billion) in 2009, produce more than a quarter of the [[gross domestic product]] of France.<ref name=Paris_GDP>{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/donnees-detaillees/pib-va-reg/pib-va-reg-pib-1990-2009.xls|title=Produits Intérieurs Bruts Régionaux (PIBR) en valeur en millions d'euros|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|format=XLS|accessdate=2010-11-09}}</ref> According to 2008 estimates, the Paris agglomeration is Europe's biggest<ref>According to [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00004&plugin=1 Eurostat] : 490,946 million PPS for Île-de-France ; 376,451 million PPS for Greater London (Inner and Outer London)</ref> or second biggest<ref>According to [http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 PricewaterhouseCoopers] : 565 $BN for London ; 564 $BN for Paris</ref> city economy and the [[list of cities by GDP|sixth largest in the world]].<ref>According to [http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 PricewaterhouseCoopers]</ref> The Paris Region hosts the headquarters of 33 of the [[Fortune Global 500]] companies,<ref name="Fortune">{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/countries/France.html|title=Global Fortune 500 by countries: France|author=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|accessdate=2011-07-22 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> the highest such concentration in Europe, hosted in several business districts, notably [[La Défense]], the largest dedicated business district in Europe.<ref name="Logistics-in-Europe.com, Vertical Mail">{{cite web|url=http://www.logistics-in-europe.com/pidf-gb/index.html|title=Paris Île-de-France, a head start in Europe|author=Logistics-in-Europe.com, Vertical Mail|accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> The Paris region has the highest concentration of higher education students in the European Union,<ref name="Paris Region Key Figures">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/images/publications/pdf/chiffres_cles_en/2011/chiffres_cles_en_2011_complet.pdf |title=Paris Region Key Figures |author=Martine Delassus, Florence Humbert, Christine Tarquis, Julie Veaute |date=February 2011 |work= |publisher=Paris Region Economic Development Agency |accessdate=2011-07-21}} (PDF file)</ref> is the first in Europe in terms of research and development capability and expenditure<ref name="Paris Region Key Figures"/> and is considered one of the best cities in the world for innovation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.innovation-cities.com/ |title=Innovation Cities Top 100 Index 2011: City Rankings |date=October 2011 |publisher=2 Think Now |accessdate=2011-10-21}}</ref> With about 42 million tourists annually in the city and its suburbs,<ref name="Paris Region Key Figures" /> Paris is the [[Tourism#Most-visited cities by international tourist arrivals|most visited city]] in the world. The city and its region contain 3,800 [[Monument historique|historical monuments]] and four [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]].<ref name="Paris Region Key Figures"/>
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==Etymology==
The name ''Paris'' derives from that of its earliest inhabitants, the [[Gaul]]ish tribe known as the ''[[Parisii (France)|Parisii]]''. The city was called ''[[Lutetia]]'' (more fully, ''Lutetia Parisiorum'', "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the Roman era of the 1st to the 6th century, but during the reign of [[Julian the Apostate]] (360–363), the city was renamed Paris.<ref>[http://en.parisinfo.com/museums-monuments-paris/special-reports-1/paris-through-the-ages/guide/paris-through-the-ages_the-city-of-antiquity The City of Antiquity], official history of Paris by The Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau</ref>

It is believed that the name of the ''Parisii'' tribe comes from the Celtic Gallic word ''parisio'' meaning "the working people" or "the craftsmen."<ref name="paris_dottin">{{Fr icon}} {{cite book|title=La Langue Gauloise : Grammaire, Textes et Glossaire|author=Georges Dottin|location=Paris|publisher=C. Klincksieck|year=1920|id=isbn = 2051002088}}</ref>

Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is "La Ville-Lumière" ("The City of Light"),<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125|title= English Version of "Presentation of the City"|accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref> a name it owes first to its fame as a centre of education and ideas during the [[Age of Enlightenment]], and later to its early adoption of [[street light]]ing.<ref>It is unlikely that Paris' modern appellation of ''Ville Lumière'' was given to the capital of France because it was a centre of education, ideas and culture, as it had been such a centre since the Middle Ages. It is more likely, however, that, aside from the apparition of street lighting at night, Paris became known as ''Ville Lumière'' in the second half of the 19th century, when baron Haussmann, who had been put in charge by emperor Napoléon III of the drastic transformation of Paris into a modern city, tore down whole ''quartiers'' of houses & narrow streets dating back to the Middle Ages, and opened large avenues which let light (''lumière'') come into the former medieval city.</ref> Since the mid-19th century, Paris has been known as ''Paname''<ref name="linguistik-online1">{{cite web|url=http://www.linguistik-online.com/25_05/abecassis.html |title=M. Abecassis: French of the present and the past: the representation of the Parisian vernacular in Maurice Chevalier's songs |publisher=Linguistik-online.com |accessdate=2010-06-15}}</ref> ({{IPA|[panam]}}) in the Parisian [[slang]] called [[argot]] ([[File:ltspkr.png]] [[Media:Fr-moi-jsuis-dPaname.ogg|''Moi j'suis d'Paname'']], i.e. "I'm from Paname"). The singer [[Renaud]] repopularized the term amongst the young generation<ref name="linguistik-online1"/> with his 1976 album ''[[Amoureux de Paname]]'' ("In love with Paname").

Paris' inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" and in French as ''Parisiens'' ({{IPA-fr|paʁizjɛ̃||Parisien2.ogg}}). Parisians are often pejoratively called ''Parigots'' ({{IPA-fr|paʁiɡo||Parigot.ogg}}), a term first used in 1900<ref>Dictionnaire de la langue française, ''Larousse étymologique'', Librairie Larousse, Paris, 1971, p. 535</ref> by those living outside the Paris region<!-- word was more likely created by Parisians of the lower popular class who spoke * argot* , then * parigot* was used in a pejorative manner outside the Parisian region & throughout France to mean Parisians in general/FW-->.

:''See [[wikt:Paris#Translations|Wiktionary]] for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.''

==History==
{{Main|History of Paris}}

[[File:Romanbathparis.jpg|thumb|left|The Gallo-Roman baths [[Thermes de Cluny]] at the [[Musée de Cluny]], in Paris's [[Latin Quarter, Paris|Latin Quarter]].]]

===Origins===

The earliest archaeological signs of permanent settlements in the Paris area date from around 4200&nbsp;BC.<ref name="roman_chronology">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/ow_chrono.htm|author=Mairie de Paris|title=Paris, Roman City – Chronology|accessdate=2006-07-16}}</ref> The ''[[Parisii (Gaul)|Parisii]]'', a sub-tribe of the [[Celt]]ic [[Senones]], inhabited the area near the river [[Seine]] from around 250 BC.<ref>{{cite book |title= Les premiers habitants de l'Europe at 133|last=  Arbois de
Jubainville|first= Henry|coauthors= Georges Dottin|year= 1889|publisher= E. Thorin|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=QSIDAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA132&lpg=RA1-PA132&dq=quarisii&source=web&ots=wLcrNZxpYd&sig=gN0tGAFAJ6Vgu79BXAZq83KefXY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result#PRA1-PA132,M1}}</ref><ref name=bcunliffe2004i>{{cite book|last=Cunliffe|first=Barry|title=Iron Age communities in Britain : an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780415347792|url=http://books.google.fr/books?id=3lkEgdtOvGEC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=Iron+Age+Communities+in+Britain&source=bl&ots=GaeQfeOmOY&sig=dt0IcEaPCBSKLcsDYmu9QVCh5y4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=X1QpT8SNOsTR8gP35oSxAw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|edition=4th ed.}}</ref>  The [[Roman Empire|Romans]] conquered the Paris basin in 52&nbsp;BC,<ref name="roman_chronology" /> with a permanent settlement by the end of the same century on the [[Rive Gauche|Left Bank]] [[Montagne Sainte-Geneviève|Sainte Geneviève Hill]] and the [[Île de la Cité]]. The [[Gallo-Roman]] town was originally called [[Lutetia]], or Lutetia Parisorum but later Gallicised to ''Lutèce''. It expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a prosperous city with a forum, palaces, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.<ref name="roman_city">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/|author=Mairie de Paris|title=Paris, Roman City – The City|accessdate=2006-07-16}}</ref>
&nbsp;

The collapse of the Roman empire and the 5th-century [[Migration Period|Germanic invasions]] sent the city into a period of decline. By AD&nbsp;400, ''Lutèce'', largely abandoned by its inhabitants, was little more than a garrison town entrenched into a hastily fortified central island.<ref name="roman_chronology" /> The city reclaimed its original appellation of "Paris" towards the end of the Roman occupation.

===Merovingian and Feudal Eras===

The Paris region was under full control of the Germanic [[Franks]] by the late 5th century. The Frankish king [[Clovis I|Clovis the Frank]], the first king of the [[Merovingian]] dynasty, made the city his capital from 508. The late 8th century [[Carolingian dynasty]] displaced the Frankish capital to [[Aachen]]; this period coincided with the beginning of Viking invasions that had spread as far as Paris by the early 9th century. 

Repeated invasions forced Parisians to build a fortress on the [[Île de la Cité]]. One of the most remarkable Viking raids was on 28&nbsp;March 845, when Paris was sacked and held ransom, probably by [[Ragnar Lodbrok]], who left only after receiving a large bounty paid by the crown. The weakness of the late [[Carolingian]] [[King of France|kings of France]] led to the gradual rise in power of the Counts of Paris; [[Odo, Count of Paris]], was elected king of France by feudal lords, and the end of the Carolingian empire came in 987 when [[Hugh Capet]], count of Paris, was elected king of France. Paris, under the [[House of Capet|Capet]]ian kings, became a capital once more.

===Middle Ages to 19th century===

[[File:Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Château de Vincennes]], with its 52 m high keep, was built between the 14th and 17th century.]]
Paris's population was around 200,000<ref>[http://www1.american.edu/TED/bubonic.htm The Role of Trade in Transmitting the Black Death]. TED Case Studies.</ref> when the [[Black Death]] arrived in 1348, killing as many as 800 people a day; and 40,000 died from the plague in 1466.<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Plague Plague]. 1911 Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.</ref> During the 16th and 17th centuries, [[Plague (disease)|plague]] visited the city for almost one year out of three.<ref>Vanessa Harding (2002). "''[http://books.google.com/books?id=JCPXfSUlUV8C&pg=PA25&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false The dead and the living in Paris and London, 1500–1670.]''". P. 25. ISBN 0-521-81126-0.</ref> Paris lost its position as seat of the French realm during the occupation by the English-allied [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundians]] during the [[Hundred Years' War]], but regained its title when [[Charles&nbsp;VII of France]] reclaimed the city from English rule in 1436. Paris from then on became France's capital once again in title, but France's real centre of power would remain in the [[Loire Valley]]<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2008/TRAVEL/getaways/03/07/loire.valley/index.html Loire Valley: Land of a thousand chateaux], CNN.com</ref> until [[Francis I of France|King Francis&nbsp;I]] returned France's crown residences to Paris in 1528.

During the [[French Wars of Religion]], Paris was a stronghold of the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic party]]. In August 1572, under the reign of [[Charles IX of France|Charles&nbsp;IX]], while many noble Protestants were in Paris on the occasion of the marriage of Henry of Navarre – the future [[Henry IV of France|Henry&nbsp;IV]] – to [[Margaret of Valois]], sister of Charles IX, the [[St.&nbsp;Bartholomew's Day massacre]] occurred; begun on 24&nbsp;August, it lasted several days and spread throughout the country.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day], Britannica Online Encyclopedia</ref><ref>[[François Bayrou|Bayrou, François]], ''Henri&nbsp;IV, le roi libre'', Flammarion, Paris, 1994, pp. 121–130, (French).</ref> 

In 1590 Henry IV unsuccessfully laid siege to the city in the [[Siege of Paris (1590)|Siege of Paris]]. During the [[Fronde]], Parisians rose in rebellion and the royal family fled the city (1648). King [[Louis XIV of France|Louis&nbsp;XIV]] then moved the royal court permanently to [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]], a lavish estate on the outskirts of Paris, in 1682. A&nbsp;century later, Paris was the centre stage for the [[French Revolution]], with the [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14&nbsp;July 1789 and the [[French Revolution|overthrow]] of the monarchy in September 1792.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/hist7.html|title=Consulted 29&nbsp;November 2008|publisher=The Victorian Web|date=2007-08-10|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:RéalisationsUrbaines2ndEmpire.jpg|thumb|right|Drilling of numerous streets under the [[French Second Empire|Second Empire]] and the [[third French Republic|Third Republic]].]]
Paris was occupied by Russian and Allied armies upon [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]]'s defeat on the [[Six Days Campaign|31&nbsp;March 1814]]; this was the first time in 400 years that the city had been conquered by a foreign power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Paris_1814.htm|title=Battle of Paris 1814|publisher=Napoleonistyka.atspace.com|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref> The ensuing [[Bourbon Restoration|Restoration]] period, or the return of the monarchy under [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]] (1814–1824) and [[Charles X of France|Charles&nbsp;X]], ended with the [[July Revolution]] Parisian uprising of 1830. The new 'constitutional monarchy' under [[Louis Philippe I|Louis-Philippe]] ended with the 1848 "[[French Revolution of 1848|February Revolution]]" that led to the creation of the [[French Second Republic|Second Republic]].

Throughout these events, [[cholera]] epidemics in 1832 and 1849 ravaged the population of Paris; the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the population of 650,000.<ref name="cholera">{{cite web|url=http://www.amicale-genealogie.org/Histoires_temps-passe/Epidemies/chol01.htm|title=Le Cholera|author=Amicale Généalogie, La Petite Gazette Généalogique|accessdate=2006-04-10|language=French}}</ref>

The greatest development in Paris's history began with the [[Industrial Revolution]] creation of a network of railways that brought an unprecedented flow of migrants to the capital from the 1840s. The city's largest transformation came with the 1852 [[French Second Empire|Second Empire]] under [[Napoleon&nbsp;III]]; his ''[[préfet]]'', [[Baron Haussmann]], [[Haussmann's renovation of Paris|levelled entire districts]] of Paris' narrow, winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical façades that still make up much of modern Paris; the reason for this transformation was twofold, as not only did the creation of wide boulevards beautify and sanitize the capital, it also facilitated the effectiveness of troops and artillery against any further uprisings and barricades for which Paris was so famous.<ref>Jones, Colin (2005) ''Paris: The Biography of a City'' (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 318–319.</ref>
[[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Tour Eiffel ^ Exposition Universelle, Paris, France, 1889.jpg|thumb|right|[[Exposition Universelle (1889)|The 1889 Universal Exposition]].]]
The [[French Second Empire|Second Empire]] ended in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] (1870–1871), and a besieged Paris under heavy bombardment surrendered on 28 January 1871. The discontent of Paris' populace with the new armistice-signing government seated in [[Versailles, Yvelines|Versailles]] resulted in the creation of the [[Paris Commune]] government, supported by an army created in large part of members of the city's former [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]] who would both continue resistance against the Prussians and oppose the army of the "Versaillais" government. The Paris Commune ended with the ''[[Paris Commune#La Semaine Sanglante|Semaine Sanglante]]'' ("Bloody Week"), during which roughly 20,000 "Communards" were executed before the fighting ended on 28 May 1871.<ref name="Anderson">In {{cite news|author=[[Benedict Anderson]]|title=In the World-Shadow of Bismarck and Nobel|publisher=[[New Left Review]]|date=July–August 2004|url=http://www.newleftreview.net/?view=2519}}: <blockquote> "In March 1871, the ''Commune'' took power in the abandoned city and held it for two months. Then Versailles seized the moment to attack and, in one horrifying week, executed roughly 20,000 Communards or suspected sympathizers, a number higher than those killed in the recent war or during [[Robespierre]]’s ‘[[Reign of Terror|Terror]]’ of 1793–94. More than 7,500 were jailed or deported to places like [[New Caledonia]]. Thousands of others fled to Belgium, England, Italy, Spain and the United States. In 1872, stringent laws were passed that ruled out all possibilities of organizing on the left. Not until 1880 was there a general amnesty for exiled and imprisoned ''Communards''. Meantime, the Third Republic found itself strong enough to renew and reinforce Napoleon III's imperialist expansion — in [[Indochina]], [[Africa]], and [[Oceania]]. Many of France’s leading intellectuals and artists had participated in the ''Commune'' ([[Gustave Courbet]] was its quasi-minister of culture, [[Arthur Rimbaud|Rimbaud]] and [[Pissarro]] were active propagandists) or were sympathetic to it. The ferocious repression of 1871 and after was probably the key factor in alienating these milieux from the Third Republic and stirring their sympathy for its victims at home and abroad." </blockquote></ref> The ease with which the ''Versaillais'' army overtook Paris owed much to Baron Haussmann's renovations.

France's late 19th-century [[Paris Exposition (disambiguation)|Universal Expositions]] made Paris an increasingly important centre of technology, trade, and tourism.<ref name=Jones334>Jones, Colin (2005) ''Paris: The Biography of a City'' (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), p. 334.</ref> Its most famous were the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|1889 ''Exposition universelle'']] to which Paris owes its "temporary" display of architectural engineering progess, the [[Eiffel Tower]], a structure that remained the world's tallest building until 1930; the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Universal Exposition]] saw the opening of the first [[Paris Métro]] line.

===20th century===
During [[World War I]], Paris was at the forefront of the war effort, having been spared a German invasion by the French and British victory at the [[First Battle of the Marne]] in 1914. In 1918–1919, it was the scene of [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] victory parades and peace negotiations. In the [[Interwar period|inter-war period]], Paris was famed for its cultural and artistic communities and its nightlife. The city became a gathering place of artists from around the world, from exiled Russian composer [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]] and Spanish painters [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]] and [[Salvador Dalí|Dalí]] to American writer [[Ernest Hemingway|Hemingway]].<ref>Jones, Colin (2005) Paris: The Biography of a City (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 388–391</ref>

[[File:Crowds of French patriots line the Champs Elysees-edit2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Liberation of Paris]], August 1944.]]
On 14 June 1940, five weeks after the start of the [[Battle of France]], an undefended Paris fell to German occupation forces. The Germans marched past the [[Arc de Triomphe]] on the 140th anniversary of [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]]'s victory at the [[Battle of Marengo]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Humphrys|first=Julian|title =BBC History magazine| publisher=Bristol Magazines Ltd|issn=1469-8552|month=June|year=2010}}</ref> German forces remained in Paris until [[Liberation of Paris|the city was liberated]] in August 1944 after a resistance uprising, two and a half months after the Normandy invasion.<ref name="overy">{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Overy|title=Why the Allies Won|pages=215–216|publisher=Pimlico|year=2006|isbn=1845950658}}</ref> Central Paris endured [[World War&nbsp;II]] practically unscathed, as there were no strategic targets for Allied bombers (train stations in central Paris are [[terminal station]]s; major factories were located in the suburbs). Also, German [[General von Choltitz]] did not destroy all Parisian monuments before any German retreat, as ordered by [[Adolf Hitler]], who had visited the city in 1940.<ref name="historynet">{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3031316.html|title=Dietrich von Choltitz: Saved of Paris From Destruction During World War II|accessdate=2007-11-17|first=Kelly|last=Bell|publisher=www.TheHistoryNet.com}}</ref>

In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of the ''[[Belle Époque]]'' in 1914. The suburbs began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as ''cités'' and the beginning of the business district [[La Défense]]. A comprehensive express subway network, the [[RER]], was built to complement the Métro and serve the distant suburbs, while a network of freeways was developed in the suburbs, centred on the ''[[Périphérique (Paris)|Périphérique]]'' expressway encircling  the city.<ref>{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.cndp.fr/revueTDC/913-81441.htm|title=La région parisienne en chantier|accessdate=2008-08-03|author=Émilie Willaert, professor of History and Geography}}{{dead link|date=February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.univ-mlv.fr/mastergu/Docs_IMO/Memimo_0304/Toulza.PDF|title=La conception du RER|accessdate=2008-08-03|author=Jérome Toulza, [[University of Marne la Vallée|Université de Marne-la-Vallée]]|format=PDF}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3884/is_200603/ai_n17181949/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1|title=City infrastructures and city dwellers: Accommodating the automobile in twentieth-century Paris|accessdate=2008-08-03|author=Mathieu Flonneau|publisher=The Journal of Transport History | year=2006}}{{dead link|date=February 2012}}</ref>

Since the 1970s, many inner suburbs of Paris (especially the northern and eastern ones) have experienced [[deindustrialization]], and the once-thriving ''cités'' have gradually become ghettos for immigrants and oases of unemployment.<ref>{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.univ-paris8.fr/sociologie/fichiers/sauvadet-journalparis8.pdf|title=Les jeunes de la cité – Processus de ghettoïsation et mode de socialisation|accessdate=2008-08-03|author=Thomas Sauvadet|publisher=[[Paris 8 University|Université Paris 8]]|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://fig-st-die.education.fr/actes/actes_2005/viellard-baron/article.htm|title=Les quartiers sensibles, entre disqualification visible et réseaux invisibles|accessdate=2008-08-03|author=Hervé Vieillard-Baron, professor at the [[Paris 8 University|Université Paris 8]]}}</ref> At the same time, the city of Paris (within its ''Périphérique'' expressway) and the western and southern suburbs have successfully shifted their economic base from traditional manufacturing to high-value-added services and high-tech manufacturing, generating great wealth for their residents whose per capita income is among the highest in Europe.<ref>{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.journaldunet.com/solutions/0601/060116_prestas-hauts-de-seine-delaage.shtml|title=Roland de Laage (Devoteam) : "L'Ouest parisien, ce sont des départements technologiques à haute valeur ajoutée"|publisher=Journal du net|date = 16 January 2006|accessdate=2008-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://strates.revues.org/document1155.html|title=Une région parisienne à deux vitesses – L'accroissement des disparités spatiales dans l'Île-de-France des années 1980|author=Pierre Beckouche|publisher=Strates – Matériaux pour la recherche en sciences sociales|accessdate=2008-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1996,39140985&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&screen=detailref&language=en&product=REF_TB_regional&root=REF_TB_regional/t_reg/t_reg_eco/tgs00026|title=Disposable income per NUTS level 2 regions in Europe|accessdate=2008-08-03|publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref> The resulting widening social gap between these two areas has led to periodic unrest since the mid-1980s, such as the [[2005 civil unrest in France|2005 riots]] which were concentrated for the most part in the northeastern suburbs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/4417096.stm|title=Special Report: Riots in France|date=2005-11-09|accessdate=2007-11-17|publisher=BBC News }}</ref>

[[Diana, Princess of Wales]], died at the [[Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital]] in Paris on 31 August 1997, after a car crash in the [[Pont de l'Alma]] tunnel.<ref name="NYT97">{{Cite news |last=Whitney |first=Craig R. |title=Diana Killed in a Car Accident in Paris |work=The New York Times |page=1 |date=31 August 1997 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/31/world/diana-killed-in-a-car-accident-in-paris.html |accessdate=10 July 2011 }}</ref>

===21st century===
[[File:Esplanade-de-la-defense.jpg|thumb|right|[[La Défense]] business district.]]

In order to alleviate social tensions in the inner suburbs and revitalise the metropolitan [[economy of Paris]], several plans are currently underway. The office of [[Secretary of State#France|Secretary of State]] for the Development of the Capital Region was created in March 2008 within the [[French government]]. Its office holder, [[Christian Blanc]], is in charge of overseeing President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]'s plans for the creation of an integrated ''[[Grand Paris]]'' ("Greater Paris") metropolitan authority (see Administration section below), as well as the extension of the subway network to cope with the renewed growth of population in Paris and its suburbs, and various economic development projects to boost the metropolitan economy, such as the creation of a world-class technology and scientific cluster and university campus on the [[Saclay]] plateau in the southern suburbs.

In parallel, President Sarkozy also launched in 2008 an international urban and architectural competition for the future development of metropolitan Paris. Ten teams, which bring together architects, urban planners, geographers, and landscape architects, will offer their vision for building a Paris metropolis of the 21st century in the [[Kyoto Protocol]] era and will make a prospective diagnosis for Paris and its suburbs that will define future developments in Greater Paris for the next 40 years. The goal is not only to build an environmentally sustainable metropolis but also to integrate the inner suburbs with the central City of Paris through large-scale urban planning operations and iconic architectural projects.

Meanwhile, in an effort to boost the global economic image of metropolitan Paris, several skyscrapers ({{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and higher) have been approved since 2006 in the business district of [[La Défense]], to the west of the city proper, and are scheduled to be completed by the early 2010s. Paris authorities also stated publicly that they are planning to authorise the construction of skyscrapers within the city proper by relaxing the cap on building height for the first time since the construction of the [[Tour Montparnasse]] in the early 1970s.

==Geography==
[[File:Paris SPOT 1017.jpg|thumb|right|Paris as seen from the [[Spot Satellite]].]]
{{Main|Topography of Paris}}

Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the [[Seine|river Seine]] and includes two islands, the [[Île Saint-Louis]] and the larger [[Île de la Cité]], which form the oldest part of the city. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest point is {{convert|35|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. Paris has several prominent hills, of which the highest is [[Montmartre]] at {{convert|130|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris-walking-tours.com/montmartre.html|title=Montmartre|publisher=Paris-walking-tours.com|accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref>

Excluding the outlying parcs of [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]], Paris covers an oval measuring {{convert|86.928|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} in area.<ref>{{cite 0|last=Caisse|first=Peter|title=Site about France|url=http://french-history.org}}</ref> The city\'s last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the twenty clockwise-spiralling [[Arrondissements of Paris|arrondissements]] (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of {{convert|78|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, the city limits were expanded marginally to {{convert|86.9|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} in the 1920s. In 1929, the [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]] forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to the present {{convert|105.39|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mairie de Paris|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748|title=Note: 100 ha.=1 km2|publisher=Paris.fr|date=2007-11-15|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref>

==Cityscape==
{{wide image|Paris Night.jpg|800px|<center>Panoramic view over the western side of Paris, at dusk, from the top of the [[Tour Montparnasse]].</center>}}
{{wide image|Tour Eiffel 360 Panorama.jpg|1800px|Panorama of Paris as seen from the [[Eiffel Tower]] as full 360-degree view.}}

===Architecture===
{{See also|List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region|List of Domes in France}}
[[File:Jean Béraud La Rue de la Paix.jpg|thumb|right|''La [[Rue de la Paix, Paris|rue de la Paix]]'', by [[Jean Béraud]] (1900).]]
Much of contemporary Paris is the result of the vast [[Haussmann's renovation of Paris|mid-19th century urban remodelling]]. For centuries, the city had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and [[half-timber]] houses, but, beginning with [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann|Haussman]]'s advent, entire quarters were leveled to make way for wide avenues lined with neo-classical stone buildings of ''bourgeoisie'' standing. Most of this 'new' Paris is the Paris we see today. 

The building code has seen few changes since, and the [[French Second Empire|Second Empire]] plans are in many cases still followed. The "''alignement''" law is still in place, which regulates building façades of new constructions according to a pre-defined street width. A building's height is limited according to the width of the streets it borders, and under the regulation, it is difficult to get an approval to build a taller building.

Many of Paris' important institutions are located outside the city limits. The financial ([[La Défense]]) business district; the main food wholesale market ([[Marché d'Intérêt National de Rungis|Rungis]]); schools (''[[École Polytechnique]]''; [[École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales|ESSEC]]; [[INSEAD]]; [[HEC School of Management|HEC]]);  research laboratories (in [[Saclay]] or [[Évry, Essonne|Évry]]); the largest stadium (the ''[[Stade de France]]''), and the government offices (Ministry of Transportation) are located in the city's suburbs.

[[File:Basilique du Sacré-Cœur IMG 1271.jpg|thumb|Montmartre. [[Basilique du Sacré-Cœur]]]]
[[File:Place-de-la-concorde.jpg|thumb|The [[Place de la Concorde]].]]
[[File:Galerie Lafayette Haussmann Dome.jpg|thumb|[[Galeries Lafayette]] department store in [[boulevard Haussmann]] during [[Christmas]]]]

===Districts and historical centres===
{{Main|Paris districts}}

====City of Paris====

* [[Place de la Bastille]] (4th, 11th and 12th arrondissements, right bank) is a district of great historical significance, for not just Paris, but also all of France. Because of its symbolic value, the square has often been a site of political demonstrations.

* [[Place de la Concorde]] (8th arrondissement, right bank) is at the foot of the Champs-Élysées, built as the "Place Louis XV", site of the infamous [[guillotine]]. The [[Luxor Obelisk|Egyptian obelisk]] is Paris' "oldest monument". On this place, on either side of the ''Rue Royale'', there are two identical stone buildings: The eastern one houses the French Naval Ministry, the western the luxurious ''[[Hôtel de Crillon]]''. Nearby [[Place Vendôme]] is famous for its fashionable and deluxe hotels ([[Hôtel Ritz Paris|Hôtel Ritz]] and [[Hôtel de Vendôme]]) and its jewellers. Many famous fashion designers have had their salons located here.

* [[Champs-Élysées]] (8th arrondissement, right bank) is a 17th-century garden-promenade-turned-avenue connecting Place de la Concorde and ''[[Arc de Triomphe]]''. It is one of the many tourist attractions and a major shopping street of Paris.

* [[Les Halles]] (1st arrondissement, right bank) were formerly Paris' central meat and produce market, and, since the late 1970s, are a major shopping centre around an important [[Rapid transit|metro]] connection station (Châtelet – Les Halles, the biggest in the world). The old Halles were destroyed in 1971 and replaced by the [[Forum des Halles]]. The central market of Paris, the biggest wholesale food market in the world, was transferred to [[Marché d'Intérêt National de Rungis|Rungis]], in the southern suburbs.

* [[Le Marais]] (3rd and 4th arrondissements) is a trendy Right Bank district. It is architecturally very well-preserved, and some of the oldest houses and buildings of Paris can be found there. It is a very culturally open place. It is also known for its Chinese, Jewish and gay communities.

* [[Avenue Montaigne]] (8th arrondissement), next to the Champs-Élysées, is home to luxury brand labels such as [[Chanel]], [[Louis Vuitton]] ([[LVMH]]), [[Christian Dior|Dior]] and [[Givenchy]].

* [[Montmartre]] (18th arrondissement, right bank) is a historic area on the Butte, home to the [[Basilica of the Sacré Cœur|Basilique du Sacré-Cœur]]. Montmartre has always had a history with artists and has many studios and cafés of many great artists in that area.

* [[Montparnasse]] (14th arrondissement) is a historic Left Bank area famous for artists' studios, music halls, and café life. The large [[Montparnasse - Bienvenüe (Paris Métro)|Montparnasse – Bienvenüe]] ''[[Paris Métro|métro]]'' station and the lone [[Tour Montparnasse]] [[skyscraper]] are located there.

* [[Avenue de l'Opéra]] (9th arrondissement, right bank) is the area around the [[Opéra Garnier]] and the location of the capital's densest concentration of both department stores and offices. A few examples are the [[Printemps]] and [[Galeries Lafayette]] ''grands magasins'' (department stores), and the Paris headquarters of financial giants such as [[BNP Paribas]] and [[American Express]].

* [[Latin Quarter|Quartier Latin]] (5th and 6th arrondissements, left bank) is a 12th-century scholastic centre formerly stretching between the Left Bank's Place Maubert and the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] campus. It is known for its lively atmosphere and many [[bistro]]s. Various higher-education establishments, such as [[Sciences Po Paris]], the [[École Normale Supérieure]], [[Mines ParisTech]], and the [[Jussieu Campus|Jussieu university campus]], make it a major educational centre in Paris.

* [[Rue du Faubourg Saint Honoré|Faubourg Saint-Honoré]] (8th arrondissement, right bank) is one of Paris' high-fashion districts, home to labels such as [[Hermès]] and [[Christian Lacroix]].

[[File:Champs Elysees Paris Wikimedia Commons.jpg|thumb|center|500px|[[Champs-Élysées|Avenue des Champs-Élysées]] during Christmas 2008]]

====In the Paris area====

* [[La Défense]] (straddling the [[Communes of France|communes]] of [[Courbevoie]], [[Puteaux]], and [[Nanterre]], {{convert|2.5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of the city proper) is a [[Paris districts#Key Suburbs|key suburb]] of Paris and one of the largest business centres in the world. Built at the western end of a westward extension of Paris' historical axis from the [[Champs-Élysées]], La Défense consists mainly of business high-rises. Initiated by the French government in 1958, the district hosts {{convert|3500000|m2|sqft|0|abbr=on}} of offices, making it the largest district in Europe developed specifically for business. The [[Grande Arche]] (Great Arch) of la Défense, housing a part of the French Transports Minister's headquarters, ends at the central Esplanade, around which the district is organised.

[[File:Val de Seine.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Val de Seine]].]]
* [[:fr:La Plaine Saint-Denis|Plaine Saint-Denis]] (straddling the communes of [[Saint-Denis]], [[Aubervilliers]], and [[Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Ouen]], immediately north of the [[XVIIIe arrondissement|18th arrondissement]], across the ''[[Périphérique (Paris)|Périphérique]]'' ring road) is a former derelict manufacturing area that has undergone large-scale urban renewal in the last 10&nbsp;years. It now hosts the [[Stade de France]], around which is being built the new business district of LandyFrance<!-- do not detach these two words; that's the correct spelling -->, with two [[RER]] stations (on RER lines [[RER B|B]] and [[RER D|D]]) and possibly some skyscrapers. In the Plaine Saint-Denis are also located most of France's [[television studio]]s as well as some major movie studios.

* [[Val de Seine]] (straddling the [[15th arrondissement of Paris|15th arrondissement]] and the communes of [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]] and [[Boulogne-Billancourt]] to the southwest of central Paris) is the new media hub of Paris and France, hosting the headquarters of most of France's TV networks ([[TF1]] in Boulogne-Billancourt, [[France 2]] in the 15th arrondissement, [[Canal+]] and the international channels [[France 24]] and [[Eurosport]] in Issy-les-Moulineaux), as well as several telecommunication and [[Information technology|IT]] companies such as [[Neuf Cegetel]] in Boulogne-Billancourt or [[Microsoft]]'s Europe, Africa & Middle East regional headquarters in Issy-les-Moulineaux.

===Monuments and landmarks===
{{Main|List of visitor attractions in Paris}}

Three of the most famous Parisian landmarks are the 12th-century [[cathedral]] [[Notre Dame de Paris]] on the [[Île de la Cité]], the [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleonic]] [[Arc de Triomphe]] and the 19th-century [[Eiffel Tower]]. The Eiffel Tower was a "temporary" construction by [[Gustave Eiffel]] for the 1889 [[Expo (exhibition)|Universal Exposition]], but the tower was never dismantled and is now an enduring symbol of Paris. The [[Axe historique|Historical axis]] is a line of monuments, buildings, and thoroughfares that run in a roughly straight line from the city-centre westwards.

The line of monuments begins with the [[Louvre]] and continues through the [[Tuileries Palace|Tuileries Gardens]], the [[Champs-Élysées]], and the [[Arc de Triomphe]], centred in the [[Place de l'Étoile]] circus. From the 1960s, the line was prolonged even farther west to the [[La Défense]] business district dominated by a square-shaped triumphal [[Grande Arche]] of its own; this district hosts most of the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region|tallest skyscrapers]] in the Paris urban area. The [[Les Invalides|Invalides]] museum is the burial place for many great French soldiers, including [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]; and the [[Panthéon (Paris)|Panthéon]] church is where many of France's illustrious men and women are buried. 

The former [[Conciergerie]] prison held some prominent ''[[Ancien Régime]]'' members before their deaths during the [[French Revolution]]. Another symbol of the Revolution are the two [[Replicas of the Statue of Liberty|Statues of Liberty]] located on the [[Île aux Cygnes]] on the Seine and in the [[Jardin du Luxembourg|Luxembourg Garden]]. A larger version of the statues was sent as a gift from France to [[United States|America]] in 1886 and now stands in [[New York City]]'s harbour. 

The [[Palais Garnier]], built in the later [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]] period, houses the Paris Opéra and the [[Paris Opera Ballet]], while the former palace of the [[Louvre]] now houses one of the most renowned museums in the world. The [[Sorbonne]] is the most famous part of the [[University of Paris]] and is based in the centre of the [[Latin Quarter, Paris|Latin Quarter]]. Apart from Notre Dame de Paris, there are several other ecclesiastical masterpieces, including the Gothic 13th-century [[Sainte-Chapelle]] palace chapel and the [[Église de la Madeleine]].

[[File:Pont des Arts Wikimedia Commons.jpg|thumbnail|center|600px|Panorama of Paris which shows some of its landmarks]]

===Parks and gardens===
{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Paris}}
[[File:Palais Luxembourg Sunset Edit.JPG|thumb|right|[[Jardin du Luxembourg]].]]
Two of Paris' oldest and famous gardens are the [[Tuileries Garden]], created in the 16th century for a palace on the banks of the [[Seine]] near the [[Louvre]], and the [[Rive Gauche|Left bank]] [[Luxembourg Garden]], another former private garden belonging to a château built for [[Marie de' Medici]] in 1612. The [[Jardin des Plantes]], created by [[Louis XIII]]'s doctor [[Guy de La Brosse]] for the cultivation of medicinal plants, was Paris' first public garden.

A few of Paris' other large gardens are [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]] creations: The former suburban parks of [[Montsouris]], [[Parc des Buttes Chaumont]], and [[Parc Monceau]] (formerly known as the "folie de Chartres") are creations of [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]]'s engineer [[Jean-Charles Alphand]]. Another project executed under the orders of [[Baron Haussmann]] was the re-sculpting of Paris' western [[Bois de Boulogne]] forest-parklands; the [[Bois de Vincennes]], on the city's opposite eastern end, received a similar treatment in years following.

Newer additions to Paris' park landscape are the [[Parc de la Villette]], built by the architect [[Bernard Tschumi]] on the location of Paris' former [[slaughterhouse]]s; the [[Parc André Citroën]], and gardens being laid to the periphery along the traces of its former circular "[[Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture|Petite Ceinture]]" railway line: [[Promenade Plantée]].

===Water and sanitation===
[[File:Sena 2010.JPG|thumb|right|A view of the Seine from the [[Pont Neuf]].]]
Paris in its early history had only the [[Seine]] and [[Bièvre (river)|Bièvre]] rivers for water. Later forms of irrigation were a 1st-century Roman aqueduct from southerly Wissous (later left to ruin); sources from the Right bank hills from the late 11th century; from the 15th century, an [[aqueduct]] built roughly along the path of the abandoned Wissous aqueduct; also, from 1809, the [[canal de l\'Ourcq]], providing Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the northeast of the [[Capital (political)|capital]], and \"God\'s Tears\", a bi-annual rainstorm, which stopped in the early 20th century as a natural phenomenon. Paris would have its first constant and plentiful source of drinkable water only from the late 19th century.

[[File:Canal Saint-Martin 110.jpg|thumb|right|[[Canal Saint-Martin]].]]
From 1857, the civil engineer [[Eugène Belgrand]], under [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon&nbsp;III]]\'s [[Préfet]] [[Baron Haussmann|Haussmann]], oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital\'s highest points of elevation. From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris\' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris\' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris\' modern water-supply network.

Paris has over {{convert|2400|km|0|abbr=on}} of underground passageways<ref name=\"sewers\">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139|title=Les égouts parisiens|author=Mairie de Paris|accessdate=2006-05-15|language=French}}</ref> dedicated to the evacuation of Paris\' liquid wastes. Most of these date from the late 19th century, a result of the combined plans of the [[Préfet]] [[Baron Haussmann]] and the civil engineer [[Eugène Belgrand]] to improve the then-very unsanitary conditions in the Capital. Maintained by a [[24/7|round-the-clock]] service since their construction, only a small percentage of Paris\' sewer \'\'réseau\'\' has needed complete renovation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Caisse|first=Peter|title=Something|url=http://sthg.com}}</ref>

In 1982, then mayor [[Jacques Chirac]] introduced the motorcycle-mounted [[Motocrotte]] to remove [[dog]] [[faeces]] from Paris streets.<ref>[http://www.cavi.univ-paris3.fr/fle/DUDLA_2001/GROUPE1/FRED/motocrottes.html 100 MOTOCROTTES !]. Cavi.univ-paris3.fr. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</ref> The project was abandoned in 2002 for a new and better enforced local law which now fines dog owners up to 500 [[euros]] for not removing their dog faeces. It was estimated at the time of their removal, that the fleet of 70 Motocrottes were cleaning up only 20% of dog faeces on Parisian street – at an annual cost of £3million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/apr/12/worlddispatch.jonhenley|title=Merde most foul|work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=12 April 2002|accessdate=29 July 2010  | first=Jon | last=Henley}}</ref>

===Cemeteries===
[[File:Catacombes De Paris.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Catacombs of Paris|Paris Catacombs]] hold the remains of approximately 6 million people.]]

Paris\' main cemetery was located to its outskirts on its [[Left Bank]] from the beginning of its history<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Jacques|title=Titre|url=www.titre.fr}}</ref>, but this changed with the rise of [[Catholicism]] and the construction of churches towards the city-centre, many of them having adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. Generations of a growing city population soon filled these cemeteries to overflowing, creating sometimes very unsanitary conditions. 

Condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris\' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris\' then suburban stone mines outside the [[Left Bank]] \"Porte d\'Enfer\" city gate (today [[14th arrondissement of Paris|14th arrondissement]]\'s [[place Denfert-Rochereau]]). Part of this network of tunnels and remains can be visited today on the official tour of the Catacombs. After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city tax wall called the \'\'[[Wall of the Farmers-General]]\'\'. Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery|Père Lachaise]], [[Montmartre Cemetery|Montmartre]], [[Montparnasse Cemetery|Montparnasse]], and later [[Passy Cemetery|Passy]].

When Paris annexed all communes to the inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications in 1860, its cemeteries were once again within its city walls. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the \'\'Cimetière Parisien de [[Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Ouen]]\'\', the \'\'Cimetière Parisien de [[Bobigny]]-[[Pantin]]\'\', the \'\'Cimetière Parisien d\'[[Ivry-sur-Seine|Ivry]]\'\', and the \'\'Cimetière Parisien de [[Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine|Bagneux]]\'\'.

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Paris}}

===Entertainment and performing arts===
{{See also|List of films set in Paris}}
[[File:Paris Opera full frontal architecture, May 2009.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Opéra Garnier]].]]

The largest [[opera houses]] of Paris are the 19th century [[Opéra Garnier]] (historical [[Opéra National de Paris|Paris Opéra]]) and modern [[Opéra Bastille]]; the former tends towards the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern. In middle of 19th century, there were two other active and competing opera houses: [[Opéra-Comique]] (which still exists to this day) and [[Théâtre Lyrique]] (which in modern times changed its profile and name to [[Théâtre de la Ville]]).

Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture. This still holds true today, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. Some of Paris' major theatres include [[Bobino]], [[Théâtre Mogador]], and the [[Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse]]. Some Parisian theatres have also doubled as concert halls. Many of France's greatest musical legends, such as [[Édith Piaf]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Georges Brassens]], and [[Charles Aznavour]], found their fame in Parisian concert halls: Legendary yet still-showing examples of these are [[Le Lido]], [[Bobino]], [[l'Olympia]] and [[le Splendid]].

The ''Élysées-Montmartre'', much reduced from its original size, is a concert hall today. The ''New Morning'' is one of few Parisian clubs still holding jazz concerts, but the same also specialises in "indie" music. In more recent times, the ''[[Le Zénith]]'' hall in Paris, [[Parc de la Villette|La Villette]] quarter and a "''parc-omnisports''" stadium in [[Bercy]] serve as large-scale rock concert halls.

[[File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Bal du moulin de la Galette|Dance at the Moulin de la Galette]]'', by Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1876)]]
Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, such as [[Rock en Seine]].
Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, that is to say with a dominance of Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (''réalisateurs'') such as [[Claude Lelouch]], [[François Truffaut]], [[Jean-Luc Godard]], [[Claude Chabrol]], and [[Luc Besson]], and the more slapstick/popular genre with director [[Claude Zidi]] as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. A specialty of Paris is its very large network of small movie theatres. In a given week, the movie fan has the choice between around 300 old or new movies from all over the world.

Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Later, most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms: Paris' largest cinema today is by far ''[[le Grand Rex]]'' theatre with 2,800 seats, whereas other cinemas all have fewer than 1,000 seats. There is now a trend toward modern multiplexes that contain more than 10 or 20 screens.

===Cuisine===
[[File:Lesdeuxmagots.jpg|thumb|right|[[Les Deux Magots|Café Les Deux Magots]] in [[Saint-Germain-des-Prés]].]]
{{See also|French Cuisine}}

Paris' culinary reputation has its base in the diverse origins of its inhabitants. In its beginnings, it owed much to the 19th-century organisation of a railway system that had Paris as a centre, making the capital a focal point for immigration from France's many different regions and gastronomical cultures. This reputation continues through today in a cultural diversity that has since spread to a worldwide level thanks to Paris' continued reputation for culinary ''finesse'' and further immigration from increasingly distant climes.

Hotels were another result of widespread travel and [[tourism]], especially Paris' late-19th-century ''[[Expo (exhibition)|Expositions Universelles]]'' (World's Fairs). Of the most luxurious of these, the [[Hôtel Ritz Paris|Hôtel Ritz]] appeared in the [[Place Vendôme]] in 1898, and the [[Hôtel de Crillon]] opened its doors on the north side of the [[Place de la Concorde]], starting in 1909.

===Tourism===
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
|Name = Paris, Banks of the Seine
|Image = [[File:DSC00733 Notre Dame Paris from east.jpg|250px]]
|imagecaption = [[Notre Dame de Paris]] on the Île de la Cité, on the River Seine
|State Party = France
|Type = Cultural
|Criteria = i, ii, iv
|ID = 600
|Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
|Year = 1991
}}
{{Main|List of museums in Paris}}

Since 1848, Paris has been a popular destination by rail network, with Paris at its centre. Among Paris' first mass attractions drawing international interest were the above-mentioned ''Expositions Universelles'' that were the origin of Paris' many monuments, namely the [[Eiffel Tower]] from 1889. These, in addition to the capital's [[French Second Empire|Second Empire]] embellishments, did much to make the city itself the attraction it is today.

Paris receives around 28 million tourists per year<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asp.zone-secure.net/v2/index.jsp?id=1203/1515/14072&lng=fr |title=Le Tourisme à Paris – Chiffres clés 2010 |publisher=Asp.zone-secure.net |date= |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref>  (42 in the whole Paris Region),<ref name="Paris Region Key Figures" /> of which 17 million are foreign visitors.<ref>http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=33133</ref> Its museums and monuments are among its highest-esteemed attractions; tourism has motivated both the city and national governments to create new ones. The city's most prized museum, the [[Louvre]], welcomes over 8&nbsp;million visitors a year, being by far the world's most-visited art museum. The city's cathedrals are another main attraction: [[Notre Dame de Paris]] and the [[Basilique du Sacré-Coeur]] receive 12&nbsp;million and eight&nbsp;million visitors, respectively. The [[Eiffel Tower]], by far Paris' most famous monument, averages over six&nbsp;million visitors per year and more than 200&nbsp;million since its construction. [[Disneyland Paris]] is a major tourist attraction for visitors to not only Paris but also the rest of Europe, with 14.5&nbsp;million visitors in 2007.

The Louvre is one of the world's largest and most famous museums, housing many works of art, including the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' (''La Joconde'') and the ''[[Venus de Milo]]'' statue. Works by [[Pablo Picasso]] and [[Auguste Rodin]] are found in ''[[Musée Picasso]]'' and ''[[Musée Rodin]]'', respectively, while the [[Montparnasse|artistic community of Montparnasse]] is chronicled at the ''[[Musée du Montparnasse]]''. Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the [[Centre Georges Pompidou]], also known as ''Beaubourg'', houses the ''[[Musée National d'Art Moderne]]''. 

Art and artifacts from the [[Middle Ages]] and [[Impressionism|Impressionist]] eras are kept in ''[[Musée Cluny]]'' and ''[[Musée d'Orsay]]'', respectively, the former with the prized tapestry cycle [[The Lady and the Unicorn]]. Paris' newest (and third-largest) museum, the ''Musée du quai Branly'', opened its doors in June 2006 and houses art from Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas.

Many of Paris' once-popular local establishments have come to cater to the tastes and expectations of tourists, rather than local patrons. ''[[Le Lido]]'', the ''[[Moulin Rouge]]'' cabaret-dancehall, for example, is a staged dinner theatre spectacle, a dance display that was once but one aspect of the cabaret's former atmosphere. All of the establishment's former social or cultural elements, such as its ballrooms and gardens, are gone today. Much of Paris' hotel, restaurant and night entertainment trades have become heavily dependent on tourism.
[[File:Stade de France 2005.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stade de France]].]]

===Sports===

Paris' most popular sport clubs are the [[association football]] club [[Paris Saint-Germain FC]], the [[basketball]] team [[Paris-Levallois Basket]], and the [[rugby union]] club [[Stade Français]]. The 80,000-seat [[Stade de France]], built for the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]], is located in [[Saint-Denis]]. It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts annually [[France national rugby union team|French national rugby team]]'s home matches of the [[Six Nations Championship]], [[France national football team|French national association football team]] for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, and several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team.

In addition to [[Paris Saint-Germain FC]], the city has a number of other amateur football clubs: [[Paris FC]], [[Red Star Saint-Ouen|Red Star]], [[RCF Paris]] and [[Stade Français Paris (football)|Stade Français Paris]]. The last is the football section of the omnisport club of the same name, most notable for its rugby team.

The Paris region currently boasts two teams in the top level of French rugby union, [[Top 14]]. Currently, the most prominent side is Stade Français, which is also the only one of the two to be based in the city proper. The other Top 14 team in the region is [[Racing Métro 92]], currently based in the western suburb of [[Colombes]]. Racing Métro is the successor to Racing Club de France, which contested the first-ever French championship final against Stade Français in 1892.

Paris also hosted the [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900]] and [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924]] [[Olympic Games]] and was venue for the [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]] and [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]] [[FIFA World Cup]]s and for the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]].

Although the starting point and the route of the famous [[Tour de France]] varies each year, the final stage always finishes in Paris, and, since 1975, the race has [[Champs-Élysées stage in the Tour de France|finished on the Champs-Elysées]]. [[Tennis]] is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France. The [[French Open (tennis)|French Open]], held every year on the red clay of the ''[[Stade Roland Garros|Roland Garros]]'' National Tennis Centre near the ''[[Bois de Boulogne]]'', is one of the four ''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]]'' events of the world professional tennis tour. The [[2006 UEFA Champions League Final]] between [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[FC Barcelona]] was played in the [[Stade de France]]. Paris hosted the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]] final at Stade de France on 20 October 2007.

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Paris}}
[[File:2361-Paris.jpg|thumb|French Ministry of Finance]]
With a 2009 [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of [[euro|€]]552.1&nbsp;billion<ref name=Paris_GDP /> (US$768.9&nbsp;billion), the Paris region has one of the [[List of metropolitan areas in the European Union by GDP|highest GDPs in Europe]], making it an engine of the global economy; were it a country, it would rank as the seventeenth-largest economy in the world, almost as large as the Dutch economy.<ref name="gdp_world_rank">{{cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf|format=PDF|title=Gross domestic product 2008|author=World Bank|accessdate=2010-11-09}}</ref> The Paris Region is France's premier centre of economic activity: While its population accounted for 18.8% of the total population of [[metropolitan France]] in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=CMRSOS02137|title=Population des régions au 1er janvier|work=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2010-11-09|language=French}}</ref> its GDP accounted for 29.5% of metropolitan France's GDP.<ref name=Paris_GDP /> Activity in the [[Paris urban area]], though diverse, does not have a leading specialised industry (such as Los Angeles with entertainment industries or London and New York with financial industries in addition to their other activities). Recently, the Paris economy has been shifting towards high-value-added service industries ([[Financial services|finance]], IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.).

The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central [[Hauts-de-Seine]] [[Département in France|département]] and suburban [[La Défense]] business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the [[Palais Garnier|Opéra Garnier]], [[La Défense]] (the largest dedicated business district in Europe.<ref name="Logistics-in-Europe.com, Vertical Mail"/>), and the [[Val de Seine]]. Paris' administrative borders have little consequences on the limits of its economic activity: Although most workers commute from the suburbs to work in the city, many commute from the city to work in the suburbs. While the Paris economy is largely dominated by [[Service Sector|services]], it remains an important manufacturing powerhouse of Europe, especially in industrial sectors such as automobiles, aeronautics, and electronics. Over recent decades, the local economy has moved towards high-value-added activities, in particular business services. The Paris Region hosts the headquarters of 33 of the [[Fortune Global 500]] companies.<ref name="Fortune"/>

The 1999 census indicated that, of the 5,089,170 persons employed in the [[Paris urban area]], 16.5% worked in business services; 13.0% in commerce (retail and wholesale trade); 12.3% in manufacturing; 10.0% in [[public administration]]s and [[defense industry|defence]]; 8.7% in [[public health|health]] services; 8.2% in transportation and communications; 6.6% in education, and the remaining 24.7% in many other economic sectors. In the manufacturing sector, the largest employers were the [[electronics|electronic]] and electrical industry (17.9% of the total manufacturing workforce in 1999) and the publishing and printing industry (14.0% of the total manufacturing workforce), with the remaining 68.1% of the manufacturing workforce distributed among many other industries. [[Tourism in Paris|Tourism]] and tourist related services employ 6.2% of Paris' workforce, and 3.6% of all workers within the [[Paris Region]].<ref name="workforce">{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/rfc/docs/alapage234.pdf|title=Les emplois dans les activités liées au tourisme: un sur quatre en Île-de-France|work=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2006-04-10|format=PDF|language=French}}</ref> [[Unemployment]] in the Paris "immigrant [[Banlieue|ghettos]]" ranges from 20 to 40%, according to varying sources.<ref name=riot/>

[[File:Panorama La Défense.jpg||thumb|center|800px|<center>Business district of [[La Défense]]</center>]]

===Health===
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2011}}
Health care and emergency medical service in the city of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the ''[[Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris]] (AP-HP)'', a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people (practitioners and administratives) in 44 hospitals. It is the largest hospital system in Europe.

==Sociology==
{{Main|Paris Ouest|Rive Droite (Paris)|Rive Gauche (Paris)}}

Paris Ouest (ie: Western Paris) is an expression referring to the wealthiest, most exclusive and prestigious residential area of France.

Located in the central and western part of Paris, it roughly follows Paris' ''Voie Royale'' (''Royal Way'') or ''Axe historique'' (''historical axis''): a line of monuments, buildings and thoroughfares that extends from the former [[royal Palace]] of the [[Louvre]] through the [[Tuileries]], the [[Place de la Concorde]], the [[Avenue des Champs-Élysées|Champs Élysées]], the [[Place de l'Etoile]] and all the way to [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]].

Paris Ouest has long been known as French high society's favorite place of residence, comparable to New York's [[Upper East Side]], LA's [[Beverly Hills]]<ref>[http://www.parislogue.com/places-in-paris/deciphering-the-16th-arrondissement.html] eyes of an American-born on one of the district of the area: the exclusive 16th arrondissement</ref> or London's [[Mayfair]] and [[Belgravia]], to such an extent that the phrase ''"Paris Ouest"'' has been associated with great [[wealth]], [[elitism]] and social hegemony in French popular culture as well as in some masterpieces of French literature such as [[Balzac]]'s ''[[La Comédie humaine|La comédie humaine]]'' or [[Proust]]'s ''[[In Search of Lost Time]]''.

The cultural, social and economic influence<ref>For instance, Paris is the world's fashion design capital thanks to ''Paris Ouest's'' customers who historically make it up</ref> of the area has played a prominent role throughout French history and is still highly vivid in nowadays' French elite. ''Paris Ouest'''s standards of life were also highly influential in educating foreign elites, especially in Europe, Russia and Northern America (see [[Frick Collection]]). And so ''Paris Ouest'' should be seen as not only a geographic area but also a social attitude<ref>Sociologists Michel and Monique Pinçon-Charlot's works highlight that trend</ref> symbolized by French high society's [[habit (psychology)|habit]]s and way of life.

The "[[Rive Gauche (Paris)|Rive Gauche]]" (''Left Bank'' of the [[Seine]]) generally implies a sense of bohemianism and creativity as it was the Paris of artists, writers, philosophers and students. The counterpart of the Rive Gauche of Paris is the [[Rive Droite (Paris)|Rive Droite]] (''Right Bank''), a term used to refer to a level of elegance and sophistication not found in the more bohemian Left Bank.

==Demographics==
[[File:Paris Historical Population (1801-2008).png|thumb|right|300px|City proper, urban area, and metropolitan area population from 1800 to 2010.]]
{{Demographics of Paris}}
{{Main|Demographics of Paris}}

The population of the city of Paris was 2,125,246 at the 1999 [[census]], lower than its historical peak of 2.9&nbsp;million in 1921. The city's population loss mirrors the experience of most other core cities in the developed world that have not expanded their boundaries. The principal factors in the process are a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. 

Factors in the migration include [[Deindustrialization|de-industrialisation]], high rent, the [[gentrification]] of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. The city's population loss was one of the most severe among international municipalities and the largest for any that had achieved more than 2,000,000 residents. These losses are generally seen as negative for the city; the city administration is trying to reverse them with some success, as the population estimate of July 2004 showed a population increase for the first time since 1954, reaching a total of 2,144,700 inhabitants.

===Density===
Paris is one of the most densely populated cities in the [[world]]. Its density, excluding the outlying woodland parks of [[Bois de Boulogne|Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes|Vincennes]], was 24,448 inhabitants per square kilometre (63,320/sq mi) in the 1999 official census, which could be compared only with some [[Asia]]n [[Megalopolis (city type)|megapoli]]. Even including the two woodland areas, its population density was 20,164 inhabitants per square kilometre (52,224.5/sq mi), the fifth-most-densely populated commune in France following [[Le Pré-Saint-Gervais]], [[Vincennes]], [[Levallois-Perret]], and [[Saint-Mandé]], all of which border the city proper. 

The most sparsely populated quarters are the western and central office and administration-focussed ''[[Arrondissements of Paris|arrondissements]]''. The city's population is densest in the northern and eastern arrondissements; the [[11th arrondissement of Paris|11th arrondissement]] had a density of 40,672 inhabitants per square kilometre (105,340/sq mi) in 1999, and some of the same arrondissement's eastern quarters had densities close to 100,000/km<sup>2</sup> (260,000/sq&nbsp;mi) in the same year.

===Paris agglomeration===
The city of Paris covers an area much smaller than the urban area of which it is the core. At present, Paris\' real urbanisation, defined by the [[pôle urbain]] (urban area) statistical area, covers {{convert|2845|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},<ref name=\"UU_superficie\">{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=20&ref_id=17915&page=alapage/alap374/alap374_tab.htm#tab1|title=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2011-10-20|language=French}}</ref> or an area about 27 times larger than the city itself. The administration of Paris\' urban growth is divided between itself and its surrounding départements: Paris\' closest ring of three adjoining departments, or petite couronne (\"small ring\") are fully saturated with urban growth, and the ring of four departments outside of these, the grande couronne [[département in France|départements]], are only covered in their inner regions by Paris\' urbanisation. These eight [[département in France|départements]] form the larger administrative [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] région; most of this region is filled, and overextended in places, by the Paris aire urbaine.

The Paris agglomeration has shown a steady rate of growth since the end of the late 16th century [[French Wars of Religion]], save brief setbacks during the [[French Revolution]] and [[World War II]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Jacques|title=Titre|url=http://fr.fr}}</ref>. Suburban development has accelerated in recent years: With an estimated total of 11.4&nbsp;million inhabitants for 2005, the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] [[région in France|région]] shows a rate of growth double that of the 1990s.<ref name=\"99_05\">{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP061058.pdf|title=Enquêtes annuelles de recensement 2004 et 2005|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2006-04-10|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=\"90_99\">{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP1000.pdf|title=Enquêtes annuelles de recensement: premiers résultats de la collecte 2004|work=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2006-04-10|format=PDF|language=French}}</ref>

===Immigration===
By law, French censuses do not ask questions regarding ethnicity or religion, but do gather information concerning one's country of birth. From this it is still possible to determine that Paris and its ''aire urbaine'' (metropolitan area) is one of the most multi-cultural in Europe: At the 1999 census, 19.4% of its total population was born outside of [[metropolitan France]].<ref name="foreign born">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=MIG3&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR|title=Aire urbaine 99 : Paris – Migrations (caractère socio-économique selon le lieu de naissance)|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2006-07-06|language=French}}{{dead link|date=February 2012}}</ref> At the same census, 4.2% of the Paris ''aire urbaine'''s population were recent immigrants (people who had immigrated to France between 1990 and 1999),<ref name="recent migrants">{{cite web|url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=MIG2&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR|title=Aire urbaine 99 : Paris – Migrations (caractère démographique selon le lieu de résidence au 01/01/90)|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2006-07-06|language=French}}{{dead link|date=February 2012}}</ref> the majority from [[Asia]] and [[Africa]].<ref name="current immigration">{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?tab_id=498|title=Flux d'immigration permanente par motif en 2003|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|accessdate=2006-06-25|language=French}}</ref> 37% of all immigrants in France live in the Paris region.<ref name=riot>[http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=1280843 Paris Riots in Perspective]. ABC News. 4 November 2005.</ref>

The first wave of international migration to Paris started as early as 1820 with the arrivals of German peasants fleeing an agricultural crisis in their homeland. Several waves of immigration followed continuously until today: Italians and central European Jews during the 19th century; Russians after the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|revolution of 1917]] and Armenians fleeing [[Armenian Genocide|genocide]] in the Ottoman Empire;<ref>"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=uUsLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. III. French Government and the Refugees]''". American Philosophical Society, James E. Hassell (1991). P. 22. ISBN 0-87169-817-X.</ref> colonial citizens during [[World War I]] and later; Poles between the two world wars; Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese, and North Africans from the 1950s to the 1970s; North African Jews after the independence of those countries; Africans and Asians since then.<ref name="past immigration">{{cite web|url=http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/index.php?lg=fr&nav=14&flash=0|title=Histoire de l'immigration en France|author=Cité Nationale de l'Histoire de l'Immigration|accessdate=2006-06-25|language=French}}</ref> 

The Paris metropolitan region or "aire urbaine" is estimated to be home to some 1.7&nbsp;million Muslims of all races, making up between 10%–15% of the area's population. However, without official data, the margin of error of these estimates is extremely high as it is based on one's country of birth (someone born in a Muslim country or born to a parent from a Muslim country is considered as a "potential Muslim").<ref>Yves Charles Zarka, ''L'Islam en France'', "Les contours d'une population susceptible d'être musulmane d'après la filiation", Michèle Tribalat, p.27</ref> According to the North American Jewish Data Bank, an estimated 310,000 Jews also live in Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France region, an area with a population of 11.7&nbsp;million inhabitants. Paris has historically been a magnet for immigrants, hosting one of the largest concentrations of immigrants in Europe today.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12724966 Muslims and city politics: When town halls turn to Mecca]. The Economist (2008-12-04). Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</ref><ref>[http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm World Jewish Population | Latest Statistics]. SimpleToRemember.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.</ref><ref>[http://islamineurope.blogspot.com/2007/11/muslim-population-in-european-cities.html Muslim population in European cities], 23 November 2007</ref>

====Immigrants and their children in départements of Île-de-France (Greater Paris)====
According to [[INSEE]],  French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies, responsible for the production and analysis of official statistics in France, 20% of people living in the city of Paris are immigrants and 41.3% of people under 20 have at least one immigrant parent.<ref>[http://www.iau-idf.fr/detail-dune-etude/etude/les-immigres-et-leur-famille-en-ile-de-france.html Les immigrés et leur famille en Île-de-France], Note rapide Société, n° 552, Juin 2011</ref> Among the young people under 18, 12.1% are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin, 9.9% of [[Subsaharan Africa]]n origin  (not including persons from French West Indies) and 4.0% of [[South Europe]]an origin.<ref>[[Michèle Tribalat]], ''Les jeunes d'origine étrangère'' in ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°126, p.434</ref>  About four million people, or 35% of the population of the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]], are either immigrants (17%) or have at least one immigrant parent (18%).<ref>''[http://www.iau-idf.fr/detail-dune-etude/etude/les-descendants-dimmigres-vivant-en-ile-de-france.html Les descendants d'immigrés vivant en Île-de-France]'', IAU Idf, Note rapide Société, n° 531</ref>

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Département
!colspan="3"|Immigrants
!colspan="3"|Children under 20 with at least one immigrant parent
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"
||'''Number'''
||'''% département'''
||'''% Île-de-France'''
||'''Number'''
||'''% département'''
||'''% Île-de-France'''
|-
| Paris (75)||436'576||20||22.4||162'635||41.3||15.4
|-
| [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] (93)||394'831||26.5||20.2||234'837||57.1||22.2
|-
| [[Hauts-de-Seine]] (92)||250'190||16.3||12.8||124'501||34||11.8
|-
| [[Val-de-Marne]] (94)||234'633||18.1||12||127'701||40||12.1
|-
| [[Val-d’Oise]] (95)||185'890||16.1||9.5||124'644||38.5||11.8
|-
| [[Yvelines]] (78)||161'869||11.6||8.3||98'755||26.4||9.3
|-
| [[Essonne]] (91)||150'980||12.6||7.7||94'003||29.6||8.9
|-
| [[Seine-et-Marne]] (77)||135'654||10.7||7||90'319||26||8.5
|-
| [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]||1'950'623||16.9||100||1'057'394||37.1||100
|}
(source : Insee, EAR 2006)

Reading: 436 576 immigrants live in Paris, representing 20 % of Parisians and 22.4 % of immigrants in Île-de-France.
162 635 children under 20 with at least one immigrant parent live in Paris, representing 41.3% of the total of children under 20 in Paris 
and 15.4 % of the total of children under 20 with at least one immigrant parent in Île-de-France.

==Administration==

Paris, its administrative limits unchanged since 1860 (save for the addition of two large parks), is one of a few cities that have not evolved politically with their real demographic growth; this issue is at present being discussed in plans for a "Grand Paris" (Greater Paris) that will extend Paris' administrative limits to embrace much more of its urban tissue.<ref name="grand_paris">{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.20minutes.fr/article/169001/Paris-Sarkozy-relance-le-projet-d-un-Grand-Paris.php|title=Sarkozy relance le projet d'un Grand Paris|author=20mins.fr|accessdate=2008-04-13}}</ref>

===Capital of France===
[[File:Elysée Palace, Paris 2005.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Élysée Palace]], residence of the [[President of France|French President]].]]
Paris is the seat of France\'s national government. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The [[President of France]] resides at the [[Élysée Palace]] in the [[8th arrondissement of Paris|8th arrondissement]], while the [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]]\'s seat is at the [[Hôtel Matignon]] in the [[7th arrondissement of Paris|7th arrondissement]]. Government ministries are located in various parts of the city; many are located in the 7th arrondissement, near the Matignon.

The two houses of the French Parliament are also located on the [[Rive Gauche|Left Bank]]. The upper house, the [[Senate of France|Senate]], meets in the [[Palais du Luxembourg]] in the [[6th arrondissement of Paris|6th arrondissement]], while the more important lower house, the [[Assemblée Nationale]], meets in the [[Palais Bourbon]] in the [[7th arrondissement of Paris|7th]]. The [[List of Presidents of the French Senate|President of the Senate]], the second-highest public official in France after the President of the Republic, resides in the \"Petit Luxembourg\", a smaller palace annex to the [[Palais du Luxembourg]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Jenkins|first=Percy|title=French Citizens in 20th Century Paris|url=http://someurl.edu}}</ref>

France\'s highest courts are located in Paris. The [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]], the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the [[Palais de Justice, Paris|Palais de Justice]] on the \'\'[[Île de la Cité]]\'\', while the [[Council of State (France)|Conseil d\'État]], which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the [[Palais Royal]] in the [[Ier arrondissement|1st arrondissement]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

The [[Constitutional Council of France|Constitutional Council]], an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the [[Palais Royal]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

===City government===
{{Main|Paris mayors|Arrondissements of Paris}}
[[File:Par Arr.svg|thumb|300px|right|The [[arrondissements of Paris]].]]

Paris has been a ''[[Communes of France|commune]]'' (municipality) since 1834 (and also briefly between 1790 and 1795). At the 1790 division (during the [[French Revolution]]) of France into communes, and again in 1834, Paris was a city only half its modern size, but, in 1860, it annexed bordering communes, some entirely, to create the new administrative map of twenty ''[[Arrondissements of Paris|municipal arrondissements]]'' the city still has today. These municipal subdivisions describe a clockwise spiral outward from its most central, the [[1st arrondissement of Paris|1st arrondissement]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

In 1790, Paris became the ''[[préfecture]]'' (seat) of the [[Seine (department)|Seine]] ''[[département in France|département]]'', which covered much of the Paris region. In 1968, it was split into four smaller ones: The city of Paris became a distinct ''département'' of its own, retaining the Seine's departmental number of 75 (originating from the Seine ''département'''s position in France's alphabetical list), while three new ''départements'' of [[Hauts-de-Seine]], [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] and [[Val-de-Marne]] were created and given the numbers 92, 93, and 94, respectively. The result of this division is that today Paris' limits as a ''département'' are exactly those of its limits as a ''commune'', a situation unique in France.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

===Municipal offices===
Each of Paris' twenty arrondissements has a directly elected council (''conseil d'arrondissement''), which, in turn, elects an arrondissement mayor. A selection of members from each arrondissement council form the [[Council of Paris]] (''conseil de Paris''), which, in turn, elects the [[mayor of Paris]].

In [[medieval]] times, Paris was governed by a merchant-elected municipality whose head was the [[List of mayors of Paris|provost of the merchants]]. In addition to regulating city commerce, the provost of the merchants was responsible for some civic duties such as the guarding of city walls and the cleaning of city streets. The creation of the [[provost (civil)|provost of Paris]] from the 13th century diminished the merchant Provost's responsibilities and powers considerably. 

{|border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:1em; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;"
|+ '''Composition of the Council of Paris'''
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; border-bottom:2px solid gray;"
!colspan=2|Party||Seats
|-
! style="background-color: {{Socialist Party (France)/meta/color}}"|<span style="color:white; font-size:140%;">•</span>
|[[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]]||align="right"|72
|-
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|[[Union for a Popular Movement]]||align="right"|55
|-
! style="background-color: {{The Greens (France)/meta/color}}"|<span style="color:white; font-size:140%;">•</span>
|[[The Greens (France)|The Greens]]||align="right"|9
|-
! style="background-color: {{French Communist Party/meta/color}}"|<span style="color:white; font-size:140%;">•</span>
|[[French Communist Party]]||align="right"|8
|-
! style="background-color: {{New Centre/meta/color}}"|
|[[New Centre]]||align="right"|8
|-
! style="background-color: {{Citizen and Republican Movement/meta/color}}"|<span style="color:white; font-size:140%;">•</span>
|[[Citizen and Republican Movement]]||align="right"|5
|-
! style="background-color: {{Miscellaneous Left/meta/color}}"|<span style="color:white; font-size:140%;">•</span>
|Miscellaneous Left||align="right"|2
|-
! style="background-color: {{Left Party (France)/meta/color}}"|<span style="color:white; font-size:140%;">•</span>
|[[Left Party (France)|Left Party]]||align="right"|2
|-
! style="background-color: {{Democratic Movement (France)/meta/color}}"|
|[[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]]||align="right"|1
|}

A direct representative of the king, in a role resembling somewhat the ''préfet'' of later years, the Provost (''prévôt'') of Paris oversaw the application and execution of law and order in the city and its surrounding ''prévôté'' (county) from his office in the [[Grand Châtelet]]. Many functions from both provost offices were transferred to the office of the crown-appointed [[Lieutenant général de police|lieutenant general of police]] upon its creation in 1667. For centuries, the ''prévôt'' and magistrates of the Châtelet clashed with the administrators of the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]] over jurisdiction;<ref>Léon Bernard, ''The Emerging City: Paris in the Age of Louis XIV'' (Duke University Press, 1970), p. 34.</ref> the latter notably included the ''quartiniers'', each of whom was responsible for one of the sixteen ''[[Quarter (country subdivision)|quartiers]]'' (which were in turn divided into four ''cinquantaines'', each with its ''cinquantainier'', and those in turn were divided into ''dizaines'', administered by ''dizainiers''):<blockquote>
All of these men were in principle elected by the local bourgeois. At any one time, therefore, 336 men had shared administrative responsibility for street cleaning and maintenance, for public health, law, and order. The ''quartiniers'' maintained the official lists of ''bourgeois de Paris'', ran local elections, could impose fines for breaches of the bylaws, and had a role in tax assessment. They met at the Hôtel de Ville to confer on matters of citywide importance and each year selected eight of "the most notable inhabitants of the quarter", who together with other local officials would elect the city council.<ref>David Garrioch, ''The Making of Revolutionary Paris'' (University of California Press, 2002: ISBN 0-520-23253-4), p. 128–29.</ref></blockquote>

Even though in the course of the 18th century these elections became purely ceremonial, choosing candidates already selected by the royal government, the memory of genuine municipal independence remained strong: "The Hôtel de Ville continued to bulk large in the awareness of bourgeois Parisians, its importance extending far beyond its real role in city government."<ref>Garrioch, ''The Making of Revolutionary Paris'', p. 132.</ref>

Paris' last ''[[Provost (civil)|Prévôt des marchands]]'' was assassinated the afternoon of the 14 July 1789 uprising that was the [[French Revolution]] [[Storming of the Bastille]]. Paris became an official "commune" from the creation of the administrative division on 14 December the same year, and its provisional "Paris commune" revolutionary municipality was replaced with the city's first municipal constitution and government from 9 October 1790.<ref name="1790_municipality">{{cite web|title=Improvising a Government in Paris in July 1789|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28190501%2910%3A2%3C280%3AIAGIPI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V&size=LARGE|author=Henry E. Bourne|work=The American Historical Review|accessdate=2006-09-14}}</ref> Through the turmoil of the 1794 [[Thermidorian Reaction]], it became apparent that revolutionary Paris' political independence was a threat to any governing power: The office of mayor was abolished the same year, and its municipal council one year later.

[[File:Hotel de Ville Paris Wikimedia Commons.jpg|thumb|350px|right|The [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]], Paris.]]
Although the municipal council was recreated in 1834, for most of the 19th and 20th centuries, Paris — along with the larger [[Seine (department)|Seine]] ''[[départements of France|département]]'' of which it was a centre — was under the direct control of the state-appointed ''[[préfet]]'' of the Seine, in charge of general affairs there; the state-appointed [[prefecture of Police|Prefect of Police]] was in charge of police in the same jurisdiction. Save for a few brief occasions, the city did not have a mayor until 1977, and the Paris Prefecture of Police is still under state control today.

Despite its dual existence as ''commune'' and ''département'', Paris has a single council to govern both; the Council of Paris, presided over by the mayor of Paris, meets as either as a municipal council (''conseil municipal'') or a departmental council (''conseil général''), depending on the issue to be debated.

Paris' modern administrative organisation still retains some traces of the former Seine ''département'' jurisdiction. The ''[[Prefecture of Police]]'' (also directing Paris' fire brigades), for example, has still a jurisdiction extending to Paris' ''petite couronne'' of bordering three ''départements'' for some operations such as fire protection or rescue operations, and is still directed by France's national government. Paris has no municipal police force, although it does have its own brigade of traffic wardens.

===Capital of the Île-de-France ''région''===
[[File:ile-de-France jms.png|thumb|250px|right|Departments of [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]].]]
As part of a 1961 nation-wide administrative effort to consolidate regional economies, Paris as a ''[[département in France|département]]'' became the capital of the new ''[[Regions of France|région]]'' of the District of Paris, renamed the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] ''[[région in France|région]]'' in 1976. It encompasses the Paris ''département'' and its seven closest ''départements''. Its regional council members, since 1986, have been chosen by direct elections. 

The prefect of the Paris ''département'' (who served as the prefect of the Seine ''département'' before 1968) is also prefect of the Île-de-France ''région'', although the office lost much of its power following the creation of the office of mayor of Paris in 1977.

===Intercommunality===
Few of the above changes have taken into account Paris' existence as an [[agglomeration]]. Unlike in most of France's major urban areas such as [[Lille]] and [[Lyon]], there is no [[commune in France#Intercommunality|intercommunal]] entity in the Paris urban area, no intercommunal council treating the problems of the region's dense urban core as a whole; Paris' alienation of its suburbs is indeed a problem today, and considered by many {{Who|date=April 2011}} to be the main causes of civil unrest such as the suburban riots in 2005. A direct result of these unfortunate events is propositions for a more efficient metropolitan structure to cover the city of Paris and some of the suburbs, ranging from a socialist idea of a loose "metropolitan conference" (''conférence métropolitaine'') to the right-wing idea of a more integrated ''Grand Paris'' ("Greater Paris").

One of the main reasons for such incoherence has been the fear felt by the French State in front of such a huge agglomeration and the desire to tap its wealth. {{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} Since the Middle Ages and particularly since the 1649 troubles (La Fronde), Paris has been considered as a source of danger. The authoritarian king Louis the XIVth built Versailles as a new political center, away from the dangerous city crowds. The conflict between the State and the City reached a climax with the Revolution of 1871 (La Commune) : the French Assembly in Bordeaux decided Paris would no longer be the capital city, while the Paris Commune discussed declaring Paris independent of France. Since then, one of the foundations of the centralized French State has been to widely distribute Paris wealth while depriving the agglomeration and keeping it divided into 8 departments and 1 200 communes. (For an analysis of the long hostility against Paris, see [http://www-ohp.univ-paris1.fr/] {{Verify source|date=April 2011}} ). Of the 22 metropolitan French regions, 19 are regularly subsidized — mostly by Paris resources — while Paris suburbs lack necessary equipment.

==Education==
In the early 9th century, the emperor [[Charlemagne]] mandated all churches to give lessons in reading, writing and basic arithmetic to their parishes, and cathedrals to give a higher-education in the finer arts of language, [[physics]], [[music]], and [[theology]]; at that time, Paris was already one of France's major cathedral towns and beginning its rise to fame as a scholastic centre. By the early 13th century, the [[Île de la Cité]] [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]] cathedral school had many famous teachers, and the controversial teachings of some of these led to the creation of a separate Left-Bank [[Genevieve|Sainte-Genevieve]] University that would become the centre of Paris' scholastic [[Latin Quarter, Paris|Latin Quarter]] best represented by the [[Sorbonne]] university.

Twelve centuries later, education in Paris and the Paris region ([[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] ''[[région in France|région]]'') employs approximately 330,000 persons, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors teaching approximately 2.9&nbsp;million children and students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.<ref name="idf_education">{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm|author=La Préfecture de la Région d'Île-de-France|title=L'enseignement|accessdate=2007-10-09 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070824203147/http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm |archivedate = 24 August 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Rue St Jacques Louis Le Grand DSC09316.jpg|thumb|The [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]].]]

===Primary and secondary education===
Paris is home to several of France's most prestigious high-schools such as [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]], [[Lycée Henri-IV]] and [[Lycée Condorcet]]. Other high-schools of international renown in the Paris area include the [[Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye]] and the [[École Active Bilingue Jeannine Manuel]].

===Higher-education===
As of the academic year 2004–2005, the Paris Region's 17 public universities, with its 359,749 registered students,<ref name="StudentNumbers">{{cite web|author=Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Paris – Île-de-France|year=2006|url=http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/pdf/eco_regionale/chiffres_cles/2006/anglais/cc_2006_en_15-21.pdf|title=Paris Region : key figures 2006|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-07-04 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060722235423/http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/pdf/eco_regionale/chiffres_cles/2006/anglais/cc_2006_en_15-21.pdf |archivedate = 22 July 2006}}</ref> comprise the largest concentration of university students in Europe.<ref name="EuropeanStudents">{{Fr icon}} {{cite web|author=Céline Rozenblat, Patricia Cicille, Delegation for Spatial Planning and Regional Action (Datar)|year=2006|url=http://www.diact.gouv.fr/Datar_Site/DATAR_Metropoles.nsf/76f84e7666af90b6c125655a0046b83c/30207c6b28edd873c1256e59003d0619/$FILE/Villes%20europ%C3%A9ennes.pdf|title=Les villes européennes – Analyse comparative (page 42)|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-07-04}}{{dead link|date=February 2012}}</ref> The Paris Region's prestigious ''[[grandes écoles]]'' and scores of university-independent private and public schools have an additional 240,778 registered students, that, together with the university population, creates a grand total of 600,527 students in higher education that year.<ref name="StudentNumbers" />

===Universities===
[[File:Sorbonne-2002.jpg|thumb|[[Paris-Sorbonne University]].]]
The cathedral of [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]] was the first centre of higher-education before the creation of the [[University of Paris]]. The ''universitas'' was chartered by King [[Philip II of France|Philip Augustus]] in 1200, as a corporation granting teachers (and their students) the right to rule themselves independently from crown law and taxes. At the time, many classes were held in open air. Non-Parisian students and teachers would stay in hostels, or "colleges", created for the ''boursiers'' coming from afar. 

Already famous by the 13th century, the University of Paris had students from all of Europe. Paris' [[Rive Gauche]] [[Scholasticism|scholastic]] centre, dubbed "[[Latin Quarter]]" as classes were taught in Latin then, would eventually regroup around the college created by [[Robert de Sorbon]] from 1257, the [[Collège de Sorbonne]]. The University of Paris in the 19th century had six faculties: law, science, medicine, pharmaceutical studies, literature, and theology. 

Following the [[May 1968 in France|1968 student riots]], there was an extensive reform of the University of Paris, in an effort to disperse the centralised student body. The following year, the former unique University of Paris was split between thirteen autonomous universities ("Paris I" to "Paris XIII") located throughout the City of Paris and its suburbs. Each of these universities inherited only some of the departments of the old University of Paris, and are not generalist universities. Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne, Paris II Pantheon-Assas, Paris-Descartes, and Paris-Nanterre, inherited the Law School; [[Paris Descartes University]] inherited the School of Medicine as well; Pierre and Marie Curie University and Paris-Diderot the scientific departments, the [[Paris-Sorbonne University]] inherited the Arts and Humanities, etc.

In 1991, four more universities were created in the suburbs of Paris, reaching a total of seventeen public universities for the Paris ([[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]) ''[[région in France|région]]''. These new universities were given names (based on the name of the suburb in which they are located) and not numbers like the previous thirteen: [[University of Cergy-Pontoise]], [[University of Évry Val d'Essonne]], [[University of Marne la Vallée|University of Marne-la-Vallée]], École supérieure Robert De Sorbon and [[Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University|University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]].

===''Grandes écoles''===
The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the prestigious ''[[grandes écoles]]'' – specialised centres of higher-education outside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered ''[[grands établissements]]''. Most of the ''grandes écoles'' were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded city of Paris, though the [[École Normale Supérieure]] has remained on rue d'Ulm in the [[5th arrondissement of Paris|5th arrondissement]]. 

The Paris area has a high number of engineering schools, led by the prestigious Paris Institute of Technology ([[ParisTech]]) which comprises several colleges such as ''[[École Polytechnique]]'', ''[[École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris|École des Mines]]'', ''[[AgroParisTech]]'', ''[[École nationale supérieure des télécommunications|Télécom Paris]]'', ''[[École nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers|Arts et Métiers]]'', and ''[[École nationale des ponts et chaussées|École des Ponts et Chaussées]]''. There are also many business schools, including [[INSEAD]], [[École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales|ESSEC]], [[HEC School of Management|HEC]] and [[ESCP Europe]]. The administrative school such as [[École nationale d'administration|ENA]] has been relocated to [[Strasbourg]], the political science school [[Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris|Sciences-Po]] is still located in Paris' [[Rive Gauche|Left bank]] [[7th arrondissement of Paris|7th arrondissement]]. The Parisian school of journalism [[CELSA]] department of the [[Paris-Sorbonne University]] is located in Neuilly-sur-Seine .

The ''grandes écoles'' system is supported by a number of preparatory schools that offer courses of two to three years' duration called [[Classes Préparatoires]], also known as ''classes prépas'' or simply ''prépas''. These courses provide entry to the grandes écoles. Many of the best prépas are located in Paris, including [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]], [[Lycée Henri-IV]], [[Lycée Saint-Louis]], [[Lycée Janson de Sailly]], and [[Lycée Stanislas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letudiant.fr/palmares/classement-prepa/maths-spe-mp.html?crit_region=&crit_ecole=Panier|title=L'étudiant League Table 2008|publisher=Letudiant.fr|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref> Two other top-ranking ''prépas'' ([[Lycée Hoche]] and [[Lycée privé Sainte-Geneviève]]) are located in [[Versailles, Yvelines|Versailles]], near Paris. Student selection is based on school grades and teacher remarks. ''Prépas'' are known to be very demanding in terms of work load and psychological stress.

===Libraries===
The [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] (BnF) operates libraries in Paris, among them François-Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and Arsenal Library.<ref>"[http://www.bnf.fr/pages/zNavigat/frame/version_anglaise.htm?ancre=english.htm How to find us]." ''[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]''. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.</ref>

The American Library in Paris opened in 1920. It is a part of a private, non-profit organization.<ref>"[http://www.youseemore.com/alip/about.asp?p=1 History of the Library]{{dead link|date=February 2012}}." ''American Library in Paris''. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.</ref> The modern library originated from cases of books sent by the American Library Association to U.S. soldiers in France.<ref>"[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20A12FE3C55147A93CBAB178DD85F448385F9 The American Library in Paris]." ''[[The New York Times]]''. 29 June 1930. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.</ref> An incarnation existed in the 1850s.<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A02E0D61530EE34BC4B51DFB566838E649FDE American Library in Paris]." ''[[The New York Times]]''. 23 March 1855. Retrieved on 21 January 2009.</ref>

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Paris}}
{{See also|List of railway stations in Paris}}

[[File:Gare du Nord night Paris FRA 002.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Gare du Nord]] train station is the busiest in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/02/07/saint-lazare-terminus-des-mecontents_1152202_3224.html#ens_id=628859 |title=Recherche |publisher=LeMonde.fr |date= |accessdate=2011-09-15}}{{dead link|date=February 2012}}</ref>]]
Paris is the head of barge and ship navigation on the Seine and is the fourth most important port in France (after Marseille, Le Havre, and Dunkerque). The Loire, Rhine, Rhone, Meuse and Scheldt rivers can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine. Paris is also a major rail, highway, and air transportation hub. Three international airports, [[Paris-Orly Airport|Orly]], [[Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport|Roissy]] and [[Paris – Le Bourget Airport|le Bourget]], serve the city. The city's subway system, the {{lang|fr|[[Paris Métro|''métro'']]}}, was opened in 1900.

Paris has been building its transportation system throughout history and continuous improvements are on-going. The Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France (STIF), formerly ''Syndicat des transports parisiens'' (STP) oversees the transit network in the region.<ref name="stif">{{cite web|url=http://www.stif-idf.fr|title=Le web des voyageurs franciliens|author=Syndicat des Transports d'Île-de-France (STIF)|accessdate=2006-04-10|language=French}}</ref>

The members of this syndicate are the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France region]] and the eight departments of this region. The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the [[Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens|RATP]] (operating 654 [[Bus (RATP)|bus]] lines, the [[Paris Métro|Métro]], three [[Tramways in Île-de-France|tramway]] lines, and sections of the [[RER]]), the [[SNCF]] (operating [[Transilien|suburban rails]], one [[Tramways in Île-de-France|tramway]] line and the other sections of the RER) and the [[Optile]] consortium of private operators managing 1,070 minor bus lines.

The [[Paris Métro|Métro]] is Paris' most important transportation system. The system, with 300 stations (384 stops) connected by {{convert|214|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} of rails, comprises 16 lines, identified by numbers from 1 to 14, with two minor lines, 3bis and 7bis, so numbered because they used to be branches of their respective original lines, and only later became independent. In October 1998, the new [[Paris Métro Line 14|line 14]] was inaugurated after a 70‑year hiatus in inaugurating fully new métro lines. Because of the short distance between stations on the Métro network, lines were too slow to be extended further into the suburbs, as is the case in most other cities. As such, an additional express network, the [[RER]], has been created since the 1960s to connect more-distant parts of the urban area. The RER consists in the integration of modern city-centre subway and pre-existing suburban rail. Nowadays, the RER network comprises five lines, 257 stops and {{convert|587|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of rails.

In addition, the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]] is served by a light rail network of four lines, the [[Tramways in Île-de-France|tramway]]: [[Île-de-France tramway Line 1|Line T1]] runs from [[Saint-Denis]] to [[Noisy-le-Sec]], [[Île-de-France tramway Line 2|line T2]] runs from [[La Défense]] to Porte de Versailles, [[Paris tramway Line 3|line T3]] runs from Pont du Garigliano to Porte d'Ivry, [[Île-de-France tramway Line 4|line T4]] runs from [[Bondy]] to [[Aulnay-sous-Bois]]. Six new light rail lines are currently in various stages of development.

[[File:Station Velib DSC 3497.JPG|thumb|right|[[Vélib']] at [[Place de la Bastille]].]]
The new ferry service [[Voguéo]] was inaugurated in June 2008, on the rivers Seine and Marne.
Paris is a central hub of the national rail network. The six major railway stations — [[Gare du Nord]], [[Gare Montparnasse]], [[Gare de l'Est]], [[Gare de Lyon]], [[Gare d'Austerlitz]], and [[Gare Saint-Lazare]] — are connected to three networks: The [[TGV]] serving four [[High-speed rail]] lines, the normal speed [[Corail (train)|Corail]] trains, and the suburban rails ([[Transilien]]).
Paris is served by two major airports: [[Orly Airport (Paris)|Orly Airport]], which is south of Paris; and the [[Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport]], in [[Roissy-en-France]], which is one of the busiest in the world and is the hub for the unofficial [[flag carrier]] [[Air France]]. A third and much smaller airport, [[Beauvais-Tillé Airport|Beauvais Tillé Airport]], located in the town of [[Beauvais]], {{convert|70|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} to the north of the city, is used by charter and low-cost airlines. The fourth airport, [[Le Bourget airport|Le Bourget]], nowadays hosts only business jets, air trade shows and the aerospace museum.

The city is also the most important hub of France's [[motorway]] network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the [[Périphérique (Paris)|Périphérique]], which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the [[A86 autoroute|A86]] motorway in the inner suburbs, and finally the [[Francilienne]] motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over {{convert|2000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of highways and motorways. By road, Brussels can be reached in three hours, Frankfurt in six&nbsp;hours and Barcelona in 12&nbsp;hours. By train, London is now just two hours and 15 minutes away, Brussels can be reached in 1 hour and 22 minutes (up to 26 departures/day), Amsterdam in 3 hours and 18 minutes (up to 10 departures/day), Cologne in 3 hours and 14 minutes (6 departures/day), and Marseille, Bordeaux, and other cities in southern France in three hours.

=== Cycling ===
{{main|Cycling in Paris}}

[[File:P1010452 Paris V Val de Grâce reductwk.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Val-de-Grâce]] military hospital.]]
Paris offers a [[community bicycle program|bike sharing]] system called [[Vélib']] with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,450 parking stations, which can be rented for short and medium distances including [[One-way traffic|one way]] trips.

==International relations==
{{Main|List of sister and partner cities of Paris}}
Paris has [[List of sister and partner cities of Paris|numerous partner cities]],<ref name="partners1">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974|work=Mairie de Paris|title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération|accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref><ref name="partners2">{{cite web
|url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|work=Mairie de Paris|title=International relations : special partners|accessdate=2007-10-14}}{{dead link|date=February 2012}}</ref> but according to the motto "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris.",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784|title=Twinning with Rome
|accessdate=2010-05-27}}</ref><ref name="Paris1">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |work=Mairie de Paris |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref><ref name="Paris2">{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |work=Mairie de Paris |title=International relations: special partners |accessdate=2007-10-14}}{{Dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref> the only [[Town twinning|sister city]] of Paris is [[Rome]].

==Gallery==
{{Panorama simple
|image      = File:IMA-Ile-St-Louis.jpg
|fullwidth  = 4486
|fullheight = 315
|caption    = Panoramic view of the [[Île Saint-Louis]] with Notre Dame in the background
|height     = 220
}}

==See also==
{{satop|Geography|Eurasia|Europe|Western Europe|European Union|France|Paris}}
*[[Outline of France]]
* [[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]]
* [[Megacity]]
* [[Paris chronology]]
* [[Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes|Paris Exposition]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=[[Vincent Cronin]]|title=Paris on the Eve, 1900–1914|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York|year=1989|isbn=0-312-04876-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Vincent Cronin|title=Paris:City of Light, 1919–1939|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|year=1994|isbn=0-00-215191-X }}
* {{cite book|author=Jean Favier|title=Paris|publisher=[[Fayard]]|date=1997-04-23|isbn=2-213-59874-6|language=French}}
* {{cite book|author=Jacques Hillairet|title=Connaissance du Vieux Paris|publisher=Rivages|date=2005-04-22|isbn=2-86930-648-2|language=French}}
* {{cite book|author=Colin Jones|title=Paris: The Biography of a City|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin Viking]]|location=New York|year=2004|isbn=0670033936}}
* {{cite book|author=Bernard Marchand|title=Paris, histoire d'une ville : XIXe-XXe siècle|publisher=Le Seuil|location=Paris|year=1993|isbn=978-2020128643|language=French}}
* {{cite book|author=Rosemary Wakeman|title=The Heroic City: Paris, 1945–1958|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2009|isbn=9780226870236}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
*[http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8118 Official Paris website]
*{{Dmoz|Regional/Europe/France/Regions/Ile-de-France/Paris|Paris}}
*{{Wikivoyage}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Administrative structures
|list =
{{Paris Metropolitan Area}}
{{Prefectures of departments of France}}
{{Prefectures of regions of France}}
{{Departments of France}}
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{{Navboxes
|title = Paris in the European Union
|list =
{{List of European capitals by region}}
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{{World's most populated urban areas}}

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[[Category:3rd-century BC establishments]]
[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in France]]
[[Category:European Capitals of Culture]]
[[Category:Companions of the Liberation]]

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