Revision 518115 of "Munich" on testwiki

{{other uses of|Munich" or "München|Munich (disambiguation)}}
{{short description|Capital and most populous city of Bavaria, Germany}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox German location
|imagesize             = 300px
|image_caption         = 
|Bürgermeistertitel    = Oberbürgermeister
|Gemeindeschlüssel     = 09 1 62 000
|Stand                 = 2015-10-31
|pop_urban             = 2606021
|pop_metro      = 5,991,144<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/daten-und-fakten-der-metropolregion-muenchen/ |title=Daten und Fakten aus der Metropolregion München |trans-title=Data and facts about the Munich Metropolitan Region |work=Europäische Metropolregion München e.V. |accessdate=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620161149/https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/daten-und-fakten-der-metropolregion-muenchen/ |archive-date=20 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|name                  = Munich
|German_name           = München
|image_photo={{Photomontage|position=center
| photo1a = Stadtbild_München.jpg
| photo3a = Schloss Nymphenburg Münich.jpg
| photo3b = Englischer_Garten_München.jpg
| photo5a = BMW Welt Night cropped.jpg
| photo5b = Feldherrnhalle_-_Odeonsplatz.jpg
| photo6a = Allianz_arena_golden_hour_Richard_Bartz.jpg
| size = 270
| spacing = 2
| color = white
| border = 0
| foot_montage = {{nobreak|From top: [[Marienplatz]] with [[New Town Hall (Munich)|Neues Rathaus]]<br /> and [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] in the background,}}<br />[[Nymphenburg Palace]], [[Englischer Garten]], [[BMW Welt]], [[Feldherrnhalle]] and [[Allianz Arena]]<br />}}
|type                  = Stadt
|image_coa             = Muenchen Kleines Stadtwappen.svg
|image_flag            = Flag of Munich (striped).svg
|coordinates           = {{coord|48|08|N|11|34|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|Höhe                  = 520
|state                 = Bavaria
|region                = Upper Bavaria
|district              = urban
|elevation             = 519r
|area                  = 310.43
|population            = 100001<!-- for categorization as city, real value fetched via Gemeindeschlüssel -->
|postal_code           = 80331–81929
|area_code             = 089
|licence               = M
|borough               = {{Collapsible list
 |titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
 |title='''[[Boroughs of Munich|25 boroughs]]'''
|{{nowrap|[[Altstadt-Lehel]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Maxvorstadt]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Schwabing-West]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Au-Haidhausen]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Sendling]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Sendling-Westpark]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Schwanthalerhöhe]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Neuhausen-Nymphenburg]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Moosach (Munich)|Moosach]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Milbertshofen-Am Hart]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Schwabing-Freimann]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Bogenhausen]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Berg am Laim]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Trudering-Riem]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Ramersdorf-Perlach]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Obergiesing]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Untergiesing-Harlaching]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Hadern]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Pasing-Obermenzing]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Allach-Untermenzing]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Feldmoching-Hasenbergl]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Laim]]}}
}}
|website               = [http://www.muenchen.de/ www.muenchen.de]
|mayor                 = [[Dieter Reiter]]
|party                 = SPD
|ruling_party1         = Green
|ruling_party2         = SPD
|year_of_first_mention = 1158
}}

[[File:MariensaeuleMuenchen.jpg|thumb|Mariensäule at [[Marienplatz]]]]
[[File:Www.gerhard-blank.de_münchen_ansicht_von_oben.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Munich]]
[[File:Lions at the Feldherrnhalle in Munich.JPG|thumb|Lion sculptures by [[Wilhelm von Rümann]] at the [[Feldherrnhalle]]]]

'''Munich''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|juː|n|ɪ|k}} {{respell|MEW|nik}}; {{lang-de|München}} {{IPA-de|ˈmʏnçn̩||De-München.ogg}}; {{lang-bar|Minga}} {{IPA-bar|ˈmɪŋ(ː)ɐ|}}; {{lang-la|Monachium}}) is the capital and most populous city of [[Bavaria]], the second most populous [[German state]]. With a population of around 1.5&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtinfos/Statistik/Bev-lkerung.html|title=Landeshauptstadt München – Bevölkerung|author=Landeshauptstadt München, Redaktion|work=Landeshauptstadt München|accessdate=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219143154/http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtinfos/Statistik/Bev-lkerung.html|archive-date=19 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> it is the [[List of cities in Germany by population|third-largest city]] in Germany, after [[Berlin]] and [[Hamburg]], and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state, as well as the [[List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits|11th-largest city]] in the [[European Union]]. The city's [[Munich Metropolitan Region|metropolitan region]] is home to 6 million people.<ref name="mmr_official_site">{{cite web |url=https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/ |title=The Munich Metropolitan Region |publisher=Europäische Metropolregion München e.V. |accessdate=17 April 2017 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531145114/https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/ |archive-date=31 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Straddling the banks of the [[River Isar]] (a [[tributary]] of the [[Danube]]) north of the [[Northern Limestone Alps|Bavarian Alps]], it is the seat of the Bavarian [[Regierungsbezirk|administrative region]] of [[Upper Bavaria]], while being the [[population density|most densely populated]] municipality in Germany (4,500 people per km²). Munich is the second-largest city in the [[Bavarian dialects|Bavarian dialect area]], after the [[Austria]]n capital of [[Vienna]].

The city was first mentioned in 1158. Catholic Munich strongly resisted the [[Reformation]] and was a political point of divergence during the resulting [[Thirty Years' War]], but remained physically untouched despite an occupation by the Protestant [[Swedes]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ofredsår|last=Englund|first=Peter|publisher=Atlantis|year=1993|isbn=|location=Stockholm|pages=}}</ref> Once Bavaria was established as [[Kingdom of Bavaria|a sovereign kingdom]] in 1806, Munich became a major European centre of arts, architecture, culture and science. In 1918, during the [[German Revolution of 1918–19|German Revolution]], the ruling [[house of Wittelsbach]], which had governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich and a short-lived [[Bavarian Soviet Republic|socialist republic]] was declared. In the 1920s, Munich became home to several political factions, among them the [[Nazi Party|NSDAP]]. After the Nazis' rise to power, Munich was declared their "Capital of the Movement". The city was heavily bombed during [[World War II]], but restored most of its traditional cityscape. After the end of postwar American occupation in 1949, there was a great increase in population and economic power during the years of ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]'', or "economic miracle". The city hosted the [[1972 Summer Olympics]] and was one of the host cities of the [[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]] and [[2006 FIFA World Cup]]s.

Today, Munich is a global centre of [[art]], [[science]], [[technology]], [[finance]], [[publishing]], [[culture]], [[innovation]], [[education]], [[business]], and [[tourism]] and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living, reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey,<ref>{{cite web|title = Quality of Living City Rankings|url = https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Portals/0/Content/Rankings/rankings/qol2018k852147/index.html|accessdate = 28 June 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190404081202/https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Portals/0/Content/Rankings/rankings/qol2018k852147/index.html|archive-date = 4 April 2019|url-status = live}}</ref> and being rated the world's most liveable city by the [[Most livable cities in the world#Monocle's Quality of Life Survey|Monocle's Quality of Life Survey 2018]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Munich Named The Most Livable City In The World | magazine = [[Forbes]] | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/bishopjordan/2018/06/25/monocle-most-livable-city-quality-life-survey-2018-munich/#5e1cb4886153 | date = 25 June 2018 | accessdate = 2 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180703022046/https://www.forbes.com/sites/bishopjordan/2018/06/25/monocle-most-livable-city-quality-life-survey-2018-munich/#5e1cb4886153 | archive-date = 3 July 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref> According to the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute]], Munich is considered an [[Global city|alpha-world city]], {{As of|2015|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/alpha-beta-and-gamma-cities|title=Alpha, Beta and Gamma cities (updated 2015)|work=Spotted by Locals|date=11 March 2019|access-date=28 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221095224/http://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/alpha-beta-and-gamma-cities/|archive-date=21 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the most prosperous<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wiwo.de/finanzen/vorsorge/studie-zum-wohlstand-wo-die-reichsten-und-aermsten-staedte-deutschlands-liegen/24245424.html |title=Wo die reichsten und ärmsten Städte Deutschlands liegen |website=WirtschaftsWoche |language=de |date=2019-04-19 |accessdate=2020-05-19}}</ref> and fastest growing<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/demografie-wo-deutschland-schrumpft-und-wo-es-waechst-a-1261262.html |title=Wo Deutschland schrumpft oder wächst |website=Spiegel Online |language=de |date=2019-04-06 |accessdate=2020-05-19}}</ref> cities in Germany.

Munich's economy is based on [[high tech]], [[automobiles]], the [[service sector]] and [[creative industries]], as well as [[IT]], [[biotechnology]], [[engineering]] and [[electronics]] among many others. The city houses many multinational companies, such as [[BMW]], [[Siemens]], [[MAN SE|MAN]], [[The Linde Group|Linde]], [[Allianz SE|Allianz]] and [[Munich Re|MunichRE]]. It is also home to two research universities, a multitude of scientific institutions, and world class technology and science museums like the [[Deutsches Museum]] and [[BMW Museum]].<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1038/d41586-018-07208-0|pmid = 30382228|title = A European heavyweight|journal = Nature|volume = 563|issue = 7729|pages = S14–S15|year = 2018|last1 = Boytchev|first1 = Hristio|bibcode = 2018Natur.563S..14B|doi-access = free}}</ref> Munich's numerous architectural and cultural attractions, sports events, exhibitions and its annual [[Oktoberfest]] attract considerable [[tourism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/tourism.html|title=Munich Travel Tourism Munich|publisher=muenchen.de|accessdate=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214135103/http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/tourism.html|archive-date=14 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is home to more than 530,000 people of foreign background, making up 37.7% of its population.<ref>{{cite web|title = Ausländeranteil in der Bevölkerung: In München ist die ganze Welt zu Hause – Abendzeitung München|url = http://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/inhalt.auslaenderanteil-in-der-bevoelkerung-in-muenchen-ist-die-ganze-welt-zu-hause.1bbca6db-2896-4aa6-9d99-79255a614e5a.html|website = www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de|accessdate = 31 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151231231732/http://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/inhalt.auslaenderanteil-in-der-bevoelkerung-in-muenchen-ist-die-ganze-welt-zu-hause.1bbca6db-2896-4aa6-9d99-79255a614e5a.html|archive-date = 31 December 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Munich|Timeline of Munich}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2019}}
[[File:DEU München gross COA.svg|thumb|Munich city large [[Coat of arms of Munich|coat of arms]]]]

===Etymology===
The name of the city is usually interpreted as deriving from the [[Old High German|Old]]/[[Middle High German]] term ''Munichen'', meaning "by the monks". It derives from the monks of the [[Benedictine order]], who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich.<ref>{{cite web |title=Munich |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/munich |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |language=en}}</ref> A monk is also depicted on [[Coat of arms of Munich|the city's coat of arms]].

The town is first mentioned as ''forum apud Munichen'' in the [[:de:Augsburger Schied|Augsburg arbitration]] of June 14, 1158 by Holy Roman Emperor [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Friedrich I]].<ref name="Reitzenstein2006">{{citation|surname1=[[:de:Wolf-Armin von Reitzenstein|Wolf-Armin Freiherr von Reitzenstein]]|title=Lexikon bayerischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung. Oberbayern, Niederbayern, Oberpfalz|publisher=[[Verlag C.H.Beck|C.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Beck]]|publication-place=München|at=p.&nbsp;171|contribution=München|isbn=978-3-406-55206-9|date=2006|language=German
}}</ref><ref>''Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch.'' Hrsg. von Manfred Niemeyer. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2012, S.&nbsp;420.</ref>

The name in modern German is {{lang|de|München|italics=no}}, but this has been variously translated in different languages: in English, French and various other languages as "Munich", in Italian as "Monaco di Baviera", in Portuguese as "Munique".{{refn|A more complete list is available on [https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen#%C3%9Cbersetzungen Wiktionary].}}

===Origin of medieval town===
[[File:Stadtansicht 1572.jpg|thumb|left|Munich in the 16th century]]
[[File:Muenchen_merian.jpg|thumb|left|Plan of Munich in 1642]]

The first known settlement in the area was of Benedictine monks on the [[Salt road]]. The foundation date is not considered the year 1158, the date the city was first mentioned in a document. The document was signed in [[Augsburg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stmf.bayern.de/ueber_uns/ausstellung_foyer/muenchner_pfennig/ |title=Ausstellung im Foyer |publisher=Stmf.bayern.de |accessdate=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306014325/http://www.stmf.bayern.de/ueber_uns/ausstellung_foyer/muenchner_pfennig/ |archivedate=6 March 2012 }}</ref> By then, the [[House of Welf|Guelph]] [[Henry the Lion]], [[Duchy of Saxony|Duke of Saxony]] and [[List of rulers of Bavaria|Bavaria]], had built a toll bridge over the river Isar next to the monks' settlement and on the salt route. But during the archaeological excavations at Marienhof in advance of the expansion of the S-Bahn from 2012, shards of vessels from the 11th century were found, which prove again that the settlement of Munich must be older than their first documentary mention in 1158.

In 1175 Munich received city status and fortification. In 1180 with the trial of Henry the Lion, [[Otto I of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto I Wittelsbach]] became Duke of Bavaria, and Munich was handed to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|Bishop of Freising]]. (Wittelsbach's heirs, the [[House of Wittelsbach|Wittelsbach dynasty]], ruled Bavaria until 1918.) In 1240, Munich was transferred to [[Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto II Wittelsbach]] and in 1255, when the [[Duchy of Bavaria]] was split in two, Munich became the ducal residence of [[Upper Bavaria]].

Duke [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]], a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1328. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income. In the late 15th century, Munich underwent a revival of [[Gothic art]]s: the Old Town Hall was enlarged, and Munich's largest [[gothic architecture|Gothic]] church – the [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] – now a cathedral, was constructed in only 20 years, starting in 1468.

===Capital of reunited Bavaria===
[[File:Marcktzumuenchen.png|thumb|left|[[Marienplatz]], Munich about 1650]]
[[File:Mun flags frauenkirche.jpg|thumb|upright|Banners with the colours of Munich (left) and Bavaria (right) with the [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] in the background]]

When Bavaria was reunited in 1506, Munich became its capital. The arts and politics became increasingly influenced by the court (see [[Orlande de Lassus|Orlando di Lasso]] and [[Heinrich Schütz]]). During the 16th century, Munich was a centre of the German [[Counter-Reformation|counter reformation]], and also of [[renaissance]] arts. Duke [[William V, Duke of Bavaria|Wilhelm V]] commissioned the Jesuit [[St. Michael's Church, Munich|Michaelskirche]], which became a centre for the counter-reformation, and also built the [[Hofbräuhaus]] for brewing brown beer in 1589. The [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]] was founded in Munich in 1609.

In 1623, during the [[Thirty Years' War]], Munich became an electoral residence when [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria]] was invested with the [[prince-elector|electoral dignity]], but in 1632 the city was occupied by [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustav II Adolph of Sweden]]. When the [[bubonic plague]] broke out in 1634 and 1635, about one third of the population died. Under the regency of the Bavarian electors, Munich was an important centre of [[Baroque]] life, but also had to suffer under [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] occupations in 1704 and 1742.

In 1806 the city became the capital of the new [[Kingdom of Bavaria]], with the state's parliament (the ''[[Landtag]]'') and the new [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|archdiocese of Munich and Freising]] being located in the city. Twenty years later, [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|Landshut University]] was moved to Munich. Many of the city's finest buildings belong to this period and were built under the first three Bavarian kings. Especially [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]] rendered outstanding services to Munich's status as a centre of the arts, attracting numerous artists and enhancing the city's architectural substance with grand boulevards and buildings. On the other hand, [[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Ludwig II]], known the world over as the fairytale king, was mostly aloof from his capital and focused more on his fanciful castles in the Bavarian countryside. Nevertheless, his patronage of [[Richard Wagner]] secured his posthumous reputation, as do his castles, which still generate significant tourist income for Bavaria. Later, Prince Regent [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria|Luitpold]]'s years as regent were marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Munich, enhancing its status as a cultural force of global importance (see [[Franz Stuck|Franz von Stuck]] and [[Der Blaue Reiter]]).

===World War I to World War II===
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486,_Hitler-Putsch,_München,_Marienplatz.jpg|thumb|Unrest during the [[Beer Hall Putsch]]]]

Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the Allied blockade of Germany led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in 1916, three bombs fell on Munich.

After World War I, the city was at the centre of substantial political unrest. In November 1918, on the eve of the German revolution, [[Ludwig III of Bavaria|Ludwig III]] and his family fled the city. After the murder of the first republican [[List of Ministers-President of Bavaria|premier of Bavaria]] [[Kurt Eisner]] in February 1919 by [[Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley]], the [[Bavarian Soviet Republic]] was proclaimed. When Communists took power, [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], who had lived in Munich some years before, sent a congratulatory telegram, but the Soviet Republic was ended on 3 May 1919 by the [[Freikorps]]. While the republican government had been restored, Munich became a hotbed of extremist politics, among which [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazism|National Socialists]] soon rose to prominence.

[[File:wardamage2.jpg|thumb|Bombing damage to the Altstadt. Note the roofless and pockmarked Altes Rathaus looking up the Tal. The roofless [[Heiliggeistkirche (Munich)|Heilig-Geist-Kirche]] is on the right of the photo. Its spire, without the copper top, is behind the church. The [[Talburgtor|Talbruck gate tower]] is missing completely.]]

In 1923, Adolf Hitler and his supporters, who were concentrated in Munich, staged the [[Beer Hall Putsch]], an attempt to overthrow the [[Weimar Republic]] and seize power. The revolt failed, resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the [[Nazi Party]] (NSDAP). The city again became important to the Nazis when they took power in Germany in 1933. The party created its first [[Nazi concentration camp|concentration camp]] at [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]], {{convert|16|km|abbr=off}} north-west of the city. Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the ''Hauptstadt der Bewegung'' ("Capital of the Movement"). The NSDAP headquarters were in Munich and many ''Führerbauten'' ("''Führer'' buildings") were built around the [[Königsplatz, Munich|Königsplatz]], some of which still survive.

The city is known as the site of the culmination of the policy of [[Munich Agreement|appeasement]] by Britain and France leading up to World War II. It was in Munich that British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] assented to the annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland region into Greater Germany in the hope of satisfying the desires of Hitler's [[Third Reich]].

Munich was the base of the [[White Rose]], a student [[resistance movement]] from June 1942 to February 1943. The core members were arrested and executed following a distribution of leaflets in [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|Munich University]] by Hans and Sophie Scholl.

The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing during World War II, with 71 air raids over five years.

===Postwar===
After US occupation in 1945, Munich was completely rebuilt following a meticulous plan, which preserved its pre-war street grid. In 1957, Munich's population surpassed one million. The city continued to play a highly significant role in the German economy, politics and culture, giving rise to its nickname ''Heimliche Hauptstadt'' ("secret capital") in the decades after World War II.{{cn|date=February 2020}}

Munich was the site of the [[1972 Summer Olympics]], during which 11 [[Israel|Israeli]] athletes were murdered by [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] terrorists in the [[Munich massacre]], when gunmen from the Palestinian "[[Black September (group)|Black September]]" group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team.{{cn|date=February 2020}} Mass murders also occurred in Munich [[Oktoberfest bombing|in 1980]] [[2016 Munich shooting|and 2016]].

Most Munich residents enjoy a high quality of life. Mercer HR Consulting consistently rates the city among the top 10 cities with the highest quality of life worldwide – a 2011 survey ranked Munich as 4th.<ref>[http://www.mercer.com/qualityoflivingpr#city-rankings] Mercer Human Resource Consulting {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311043219/http://www.mercer.com/qualityoflivingpr#city-rankings|date=11 March 2014}}</ref> In 2007 the same company also ranked Munich as the 39th most expensive in the world and most expensive major city in Germany.<ref>[http://www.mercerhr.com/costofliving 2007 Cost of Living Report Munich] Mercer Human Resource Consulting {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410072417/http://www.mercerhr.com/costofliving |date=10 April 2014 }}</ref> Munich enjoys a thriving economy, driven by the information technology, biotechnology, and publishing sectors. Environmental pollution is low, although {{As of|2006|lc=y}} the city council is concerned about levels of [[particulate matter]] (PM), especially along the city's major thoroughfares. Since the enactment of [[particulate#EU legislation|EU legislation concerning the concentration of particulate]] in the air, environmental groups such as [[Greenpeace]] have staged large protest rallies to urge the city council and the State government to take a harder stance on pollution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace-muenchen.de/index.php/archiv/aktuelle-themen/358-gesunde-luft-fuer-gesunde-buerger-stoppt-dieselruss-greenpeace-misst-feinstaub-und-dieselruss-in-muenchen.html |title=Gesunde Luft für Gesunde Bürger – Stoppt Dieselruß! – Greenpeace misst Feinstaub und Dieselruß in München |publisher=Greenpeace-Munich branch |date=28 June 2005 |accessdate=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724163530/http://www.greenpeace-muenchen.de/index.php/archiv/aktuelle-themen/358-gesunde-luft-fuer-gesunde-buerger-stoppt-dieselruss-greenpeace-misst-feinstaub-und-dieselruss-in-muenchen.html |archivedate=24 July 2012}}</ref> Today, the crime rate is low compared with other large German cities, such as [[Hamburg]] or [[Berlin]]. For its high quality of life and safety, the city has been nicknamed "Toytown"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toytowngermany.com|title=Toytown Germany – English language news and chat|work=toytowngermany.com|access-date=24 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614204915/http://www.toytowngermany.com/|archive-date=14 June 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> among the English-speaking residents. German inhabitants call it "Millionendorf", an expression which means "village of a million people". Due to the high standard of living in and the thriving economy of the city and the region, there was an influx of people and Munich's population surpassed 1.5 million by June 2015, an increase of more than 20% in 10 years.{{cn|date=February 2020}}

==Geography==<!-- This section has many images -->

===Topography===
[[File:Vista panorámica desde Olympiapark, Múnich, Alemania 2012-04-28, DD 03.JPG|thumb|[[Alps]] behind the skyline of Munich]]
Munich lies on the elevated plains of [[Upper Bavaria]], about {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=on}} north of the northern edge of the [[Alps]], at an altitude of about {{convert|520|m|0|abbr=on}} [[Above mean sea level|ASL]]. The local rivers are the [[Isar]] and the [[Würm]].
Munich is situated in the Northern [[Foothills|Alpine Foreland]]. The northern part of this sandy plateau includes a highly fertile [[flint]] area which is no longer affected by the [[fold (geology)|folding]] processes found in the Alps, while the southern part is covered with [[moraine|morainic]] hills. Between these are fields of [[fluvio-glacial]] out-wash, such as around Munich. Wherever these deposits get thinner, the [[Groundwater|ground water]] can permeate the gravel surface and flood the area, leading to [[marsh]]es as in the north of Munich.

===Climate===
By [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]] templates and updated data the climate is [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] (''Cfb''), independent of the isotherm but with some [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] (''Dfb'') features like warm to hot summers and cold winters, but without permanent snow cover.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66801&cityname=Munich,+Bavaria,+Germany&units=metric|title=Munich, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2019-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020130/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66801&cityname=Munich,+Bavaria,+Germany&units=metric|archive-date=7 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=0RUfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=-3+%C2%B0c+snow+cover+continental+climate|title=The European Culture Area: A Systematic Geography|last=Jordan-Bychkov|first=Terry G.|last2=Jordan|first2=Bella Bychkova|last3=Murphy|first3=Alexander B.|date=2008-08-28|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9780742579064|language=en}}</ref> The proximity to the [[Alps]] brings higher volumes of rainfall and consequently greater susceptibility to [[flood]] problems. Studies of adaptation to climate change and extreme events are carried out, one of them is the Isar Plan of the [[European Union|EU]] Adaptation Climate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/eu-adaptation-policy/covenant-of-mayors/city-profile/munich|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319071718/https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/eu-adaptation-policy/covenant-of-mayors/city-profile/munich|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-03-19|title=Munich — Climate-ADAPT|date=2018-03-19|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>

The city center lies between both climates, while the [[Munich Airport|airport of Munich]] has a [[humid continental climate]]. The warmest month, on average, is July. The coolest is January.

Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation in late spring and throughout the summer. The most precipitation occurs in July, on average. Winter tends to have less precipitation, the least in February.

The higher elevation and proximity to the Alps cause the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways too; for example, the warm downhill wind from the Alps ([[föhn wind]]), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours even in the winter.

Being at the centre of Europe, Munich is subject to many climatic influences, so that weather conditions there are more variable than in other European cities, especially those further west and south of the Alps.

At Munich's official [[weather station]]s, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are {{convert|37.5|C|F|0}}, on 27 July 1983 in Trudering-Riem, and {{convert|-31.6|C|F|1}}, on 12 February 1929 in Botanic Garden of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/Extremwertetafel2|title=Extremwertetafel (München-Riem)|website=SKlima.de|access-date=February 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sklima.de/datenbank/monat_extrem.php|title=Extremwertetafel (München-Botanischer Garten)|website=SKlima.de|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/Extremwertetafel|archive-date=February 12, 2019|url-status=|access-date=February 12, 2019}}</ref><!-- The archiving was done in addition to preserving the data facilitate access, since it only works by filling out the form of the site, without direct access to it.
The archived version was made in an upload version since this type of link would only return the form page and could be lost as often, see data from some Swiss stations. -->
{{Weather box
|location = Munich (Dreimühlenviertel), elevation: 515 m and 535 m, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1954–present{{efn|Two meteorological stations are responsible for the climatological data so that they are interpolated.<ref>[ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_germany/climate/annual/kl/historical/jahreswerte_KL_03379_19550101_20171231_hist.zip Stationsgeschichte der Messgeräte]{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[Deutscher Wetterdienst|DWD]]. Retrieved 12 February 2019.</ref>}}
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 18.9
|Feb record high C = 21.4
|Mar record high C = 24.0
|Apr record high C = 32.2
|May record high C = 31.8
|Jun record high C = 35.2
|Jul record high C = 37.5
|Aug record high C = 37.0
|Sep record high C = 31.8
|Oct record high C = 28.2
|Nov record high C = 24.2
|Dec record high C = 21.7
|Jan high C = 3.5
|Feb high C = 5.0
|Mar high C = 9.5
|Apr high C = 14.2
|May high C = 19.1
|Jun high C = 21.9
|Jul high C = 24.4
|Aug high C = 23.9
|Sep high C = 19.4
|Oct high C = 14.3
|Nov high C = 7.7
|Dec high C = 4.2
|year high C = 13.9
|Jan mean C= 0.3
|Feb mean C= 1.4
|Mar mean C= 5.3
|Apr mean C= 9.4
|May mean C= 14.3
|Jun mean C= 17.2
|Jul mean C= 19.4
|Aug mean C= 18.9
|Sep mean C= 14.7
|Oct mean C= 10.1
|Nov mean C= 4.4
|Dec mean C= 1.3
|year mean C= 9.7
|Jan low C = -2.5
|Feb low C = -1.9
|Mar low C = 1.6
|Apr low C = 4.9
|May low C = 9.4
|Jun low C = 12.5
|Jul low C = 14.5
|Aug low C = 14.2
|Sep low C = 10.5
|Oct low C = 6.6
|Nov low C = 1.7
|Dec low C = -1.2
|year low C = 5.9
|Jan record low C = -22.2
|Feb record low C = -25.4
|Mar record low C = -16.0
|Apr record low C = -6.0
|May record low C = -2.3
|Jun record low C = 1.0
|Jul record low C = 6.5
|Aug record low C = 4.8
|Sep record low C = 0.6
|Oct record low C = -4.5
|Nov record low C = -11.0
|Dec record low C = -20.7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 48
|Feb precipitation mm = 46
|Mar precipitation mm = 65
|Apr precipitation mm = 65
|May precipitation mm = 101
|Jun precipitation mm = 118
|Jul precipitation mm = 122
|Aug precipitation mm = 115
|Sep precipitation mm = 75
|Oct precipitation mm = 65
|Nov precipitation mm = 61
|Dec precipitation mm = 65
|year precipitation mm = 944
|Jan sun = 79
|Feb sun = 96
|Mar sun = 133
|Apr sun = 170
|May sun = 209
|Jun sun = 210
|Jul sun = 238
|Aug sun = 220
|Sep sun = 163
|Oct sun = 125
|Nov sun = 75
|Dec sun = 59
|source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst|DWD]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html;jsessionid=AB2FD90DB16A31B55E20AD406ED1D066.live21063 |title=CDC (Climate Data Center) |publisher=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst|DWD]] |accessdate=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114025310/http://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html;jsessionid=AB2FD90DB16A31B55E20AD406ED1D066.live21063 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source 2 = SKlima.de<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2 |title=Monatsauswertung |website=sklima.de |publisher=SKlima |language=de |accessdate=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607181253/http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2 |archive-date=7 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}
|date = May 2016</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location= Munich ([[Munich Airport]]), elevation: 447 m, 1971–2000 normals
|collapsed = yes
|metric first= Y
|single line= Y
|Jan record high C=17.2
|Feb record high C=21.1
|Mar record high C=23.3
|Apr record high C=32.2
|May record high C=31.2
|Jun record high C=35.2
|Jul record high C=36.2
|Aug record high C=37.1
|Sep record high C=31.7
|Oct record high C=27.0
|Nov record high C=22.9
|Dec record high C=20.5
|Jan high C=  2.7
|Feb high C=  4.3
|Mar high C=  9.0
|Apr high C= 12.5
|May high C= 18.0
|Jun high C= 20.5
|Jul high C= 23.1
|Aug high C= 23.0
|Sep high C= 18.8
|Oct high C= 13.2
|Nov high C=  6.9
|Dec high C=  3.7

|Jan low C= −3.7
|Feb low C= −3.2
|Mar low C=  0.1
|Apr low C=  2.8
|May low C=  7.2
|Jun low C= 10.4
|Jul low C= 12.6
|Aug low C= 12.3
|Sep low C=  8.9
|Oct low C=  4.7
|Nov low C=  0.2
|Dec low C= −2.3

|Jan record low C= −30.5
|Feb record low C= −31.6
|Mar record low C= −15.5
|Apr record low C=  −6.1
|May record low C=  −2.7
|Jun record low C=  −2.7
|Jul record low C=   3.8
|Aug record low C=   3.8
|Sep record low C=   0.0
|Oct record low C=  −6.1
|Nov record low C= −14.4
|Dec record low C= −21.1
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm=  48
|Feb precipitation mm=  45
|Mar precipitation mm=  58
|Apr precipitation mm=  70
|May precipitation mm=  93
|Jun precipitation mm= 128
|Jul precipitation mm= 132
|Aug precipitation mm= 111
|Sep precipitation mm=  86
|Oct precipitation mm=  65
|Nov precipitation mm=  71
|Dec precipitation mm=  61
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days= 10.0
|Feb precipitation days=  8.6
|Mar precipitation days= 10.5
|Apr precipitation days= 10.9
|May precipitation days= 11.6
|Jun precipitation days= 13.8
|Jul precipitation days= 12.0
|Aug precipitation days= 11.4
|Sep precipitation days=  9.6
|Oct precipitation days=  9.1
|Nov precipitation days= 10.7
|Dec precipitation days= 11.2
|Jan humidity=80
|Feb humidity=74
|Mar humidity=62
|Apr humidity=57
|May humidity=55
|Jun humidity=58
|Jul humidity=55
|Aug humidity=55
|Sep humidity=61
|Oct humidity=71
|Nov humidity=80
|Dec humidity=81
|year humidity=
|Jan sun=  61
|Feb sun=  84
|Mar sun= 128
|Apr sun= 157
|May sun= 199
|Jun sun= 209
|Jul sun= 237
|Aug sun= 213
|Sep sun= 173
|Oct sun= 129
|Nov sun=  69
|Dec sun=  49
|source 1=[[World Meteorological Organisation|WMO]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00058.htm |website=World Weather Information Service |title=Munich |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organisation|WMO]] |date=June 2011 |access-date=10 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211172557/http://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00058.htm |archive-date=11 February 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source 2=Climatedata.eu<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.climatedata.eu/climate.php?loc=gmxx0087&lang=en |website=climatedata.eu |title=Climate Munich – Germany |publisher=Climate Data |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323004547/http://www.climatedata.eu/climate.php?loc=gmxx0087&lang=en |archive-date=23 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/d/DL10870.php |website=Climate-Charts.com |title=Muenchen-Flughafen, Germany |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615184849/http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/d/DL10870.php |archive-date=15 June 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
| width        = auto <!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it -->
| collapsed    = y <!-- y, if you have normal updates -->
| open         = 
| metric first = y <!-- always, except UK or US cities -->
| single line  = y
| location     = Munich ([[Munich Airport]]), elevation: 447 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes
<!--in the order as it appears in the table, not all of the following data may be available, especially records and days of precipitation -->
| Jan mean C  =-2.2
| Feb mean C  =-0.4
| Mar mean C  =3.4
| Apr mean C  =7.6
| May mean C  =12.2
| Jun mean C  =15.4
| Jul mean C  =17.3
| Aug mean C  =16.6
| Sep mean C  =13.4
| Oct mean C  =8.2
| Nov mean C  =2.8
| Dec mean C  =-0.9
| Jan high C  =1.1
| Feb high C  =3.5
| Mar high C  =8.4
| Apr high C  =13.3
| May high C  =18.0
| Jun high C  =21.4
| Jul high C  =23.3
| Aug high C  =22.9
| Sep high C  =19.4
| Oct high C  =13.6
| Nov high C  =6.5
| Dec high C  =2.3
| Jan record high C =14.0
| Feb record high C =20.1
| Mar record high C =23.7
| Apr record high C =27.4
| May record high C =30.0
| Jun record high C =33.6
| Jul record high C =36.7
| Aug record high C =33.9
| Sep record high C =31.0
| Oct record high C =26.2
| Nov record high C =20.0
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan low C  =-5.0
| Feb low C  =-3.7
| Mar low C  =0.4
| Apr low C  =2.9
| May low C  =7.1
| Jun low C  =10.4
| Jul low C  =12.0
| Aug low C  =11.7
| Sep low C  =8.8
| Oct low C  =4.5
| Nov low C  =0.2
| Dec low C  =-3.5
| Jan record low C  =-28.0
| Feb record low C  =-29.0
| Mar record low C  =-21.8
| Apr record low C  =-5.6
| May record low C  =-3.2
| Jun record low C  =1.0
| Jul record low C  =4.0
| Aug record low C  =2.6
| Sep record low C  =-2.6
| Oct record low C  =-7.0
| Nov record low C  =-15.1
| Dec record low C  =-27.0
| precipitation colour  = green
| Jan precipitation mm  =45
| Feb precipitation mm  =42
| Mar precipitation mm  =47
| Apr precipitation mm  =88
| May precipitation mm  =109
| Jun precipitation mm  =100
| Jul precipitation mm  =98
| Aug precipitation mm  =68
| Sep precipitation mm  =49
| Oct precipitation mm  =55
| Nov precipitation mm  =55
| Dec precipitation mm  =49
| Jan sun  =47.8
| Feb sun  =77.0
| Mar sun  =128.2
| Apr sun  =160.7
| May sun  =203.2
| Jun sun  =209.3
| Jul sun  =232.4
| Aug sun  =210.4
| Sep sun  =166.9
| Oct sun  =119.9
| Nov sun  =60.1
| Dec sun  =44.0
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days  =10
| Feb precipitation days  =9
| Mar precipitation days  =9
| Apr precipitation days  =10
| May precipitation days  =11
| Jun precipitation days  =12
| Jul precipitation days  =11
| Aug precipitation days  =11
| Sep precipitation days  =9
| Oct precipitation days  =7
| Nov precipitation days  =10
| Dec precipitation days  =10
| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name = noaa>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10870.TXT
| title = Munich (10870) - WMO Weather Station
| accessdate = February 7, 2019
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]}} [https://archive.org/details/@kauan_kubaski Archived] February 4, 2019, at the [[Wayback Machine]]</ref>
}}

==== Climate change ====
In Munich the general trend of [[global warming]] with a rise of medium yearly temperatures of about 1°C in Germany over the last 120 years can be observed as well. In November 2016 the city council concluded officially that a further rise in medium temperature, a higher number of heat extremes, a rise in the number of hot days and nights with temperatures higher than 20°C ([[Tropical night|tropical nights]]), a change in [[Precipitation|precipitation patterns]] as well as a rise in the number of local instances of heavy [[rain]] is to be expected as part of  the ongoing climate change.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anpassung an den Klimawandel|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Referat-fuer-Gesundheit-und-Umwelt/Stadtklima/Anpassung_an_Klimawandel.html|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=Landeshauptstadt München Redaktion|date=|year=|language=de|pages=|quote=}}</ref> The city administration decided to support a joint study from its own Referat für Gesundheit und Umwelt (department for health and environmental issues) and the [[Deutscher Wetterdienst|German Meteorological Service]] that will gather data on local weather. The data is supposed to be used to create a plan for action for adapting the city to better deal with climate change as well as an integrated action program for climate protection in Munich. With the help of those programs issues regarding [[spatial planning]] and settlement density, the development of buildings and green spaces as well as plans for functioning ventilation in a cityscape can be monitored and managed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stadtklima und Klimawandel|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Referat-fuer-Gesundheit-und-Umwelt/Stadtklima/DWD.html|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=Landeshauptstadt München Redaktion|date=|year=|language=de|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Population growth of Munich}}

{{historical populations
|1500|13447
|1600|21943
|1750|32000
|1880|230023
|1890|349024
|1900|499932
|1910|596467
|1920|666000
|1930|728900
|1940|834500
|1950|823892
|1960|1055457
|1970|1311978
|1980|1298941
|1990|1229026
|2000|1210223
|2005|1259584
|2010|1353186
|2011|1364920
|2012|1388308
|2013|1402455
|2015|1450381
| align = right
}}

From only 24,000 inhabitants in 1700, the city population doubled about every 30 years. It was 100,000 in 1852, 250,000 in 1883 and 500,000 in 1901. Since then, Munich has become Germany's third largest city. In 1933, 840,901 inhabitants were counted, and in 1957 over 1 million.

===Immigration===
{{Expand section|date=June 2017}}
In July 2017, Munich had 1.42&nbsp;million inhabitants; 421,832 foreign nationals resided in the city as of 31 December 2017 with 50.7% of these residents being citizens of EU member states, and 25.2% citizens in European states not in the EU (including Russia and Turkey).<ref>{{cite web |title=Die ausländische Bevölkerung nach der Staatsangehörigkeit 2017 |url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:89a2dcdb-76bb-427d-8930-61a956092c08/jt180115_korr.pdf |accessdate=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214002/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:89a2dcdb-76bb-427d-8930-61a956092c08/jt180115_korr.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest groups of foreign nationals were [[Turkish people|Turks]] (39,204), [[Croats]] (33,177), [[Italian people|Italians]] (27,340), [[Greeks]] (27,117), [[Poles]] (27,945), [[Austrians]] (21,944), and [[Romanians]] (18,085).

The largest foreign resident groups by 31 December 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=Die ausländische Bevölkerung nach der Staatsangehörigkeit 2017 |url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:89a2dcdb-76bb-427d-8930-61a956092c08/jt180115_korr.pdf |accessdate=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214002/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:89a2dcdb-76bb-427d-8930-61a956092c08/jt180115_korr.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{|
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}}||38,137
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}||37,876
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}||27,821
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}||26,560
|-
|{{flag|Austria}}||21,046
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}||19,692
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}||19,101
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}||17,980
|-
|{{flag|Serbia}}||14,115
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}||12,575
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}||12,237
|-
|{{flag|Kosovo}}||11,428
|-
|{{flag|France}}||10,239
|-
|{{flag|India}}||9,071
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}||8,899
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}||8,860
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}||8,586
|-
|{{flag|China}}||8,400
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}||7,246
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}||6,964
|-
|{{flag|USA}}||6,647
|-
|{{flag|UK}}||4,993
|-
|{{flag|Syria}}||4,382
|}

===Religion===
About 45% of Munich's residents are not affiliated with any religious group; this ratio represents the fastest growing segment of the population. As in the rest of Germany, the Catholic and Protestant churches have experienced a continuous decline in membership. As of 31 December 2017, 31.8% of the city's inhabitants were [[Catholic]], 11.4% [[Protestantism|Protestant]], 0.3% [[Jewish]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:0f95bf6f-3c4d-46e6-bad2-b435c8ccf7be/jt180120.pdf |title=Landeshauptstadt München: Bevölkerungsbestand - Aktuelle Jahreszahlen: Die Bevölkerung in den Stadtbezirken nach ausgewählten Konfessionen am 31.12.2017 |publisher=muenchen.de |accessdate=2018-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324101812/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:0f95bf6f-3c4d-46e6-bad2-b435c8ccf7be/jt180120.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and 3.6% were members of an Orthodox Church ([[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] or [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:091620000000,BEG_4_2_6,m,table |title=Bevölkerung im regionalen Vergleich nach Religion (ausführlich) in % |publisher=Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder |date=2014 |accessdate=2018-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621101339/https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:091620000000,BEG_4_2_6,m,table |archive-date=21 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> About 1% adhere to other Christian denominations. There is also a small Old Catholic parish and an English-speaking parish of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] in the city. According to Munich Statistical Office, in 2013 about 8.6% of Munich's population was [[Islam|Muslim]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muslime-in-muenchen-extremisten-sind-eine-kleine-minderheit-1.2156016 |title=Extremisten sind eine kleine Minderheit |publisher=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |date=2014 |accessdate=2019-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828094728/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muslime-in-muenchen-extremisten-sind-eine-kleine-minderheit-1.2156016 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Governance==
[[File:Bayerische Staatskanzlei Munich 2014 02.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bayerische Staatskanzlei|Bavarian State Chancellery]]]]

Munich's current mayor is [[Dieter Reiter]] of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]]. Munich has been governed by the SPD for all but six years since 1948.  This is atypical because Bavaria – and particularly southern Bavaria – has long been identified with conservative politics, with the [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|Christian Social Union]] gaining [[absolute majority|absolute majorities]] among the Bavarian electorate in many elections at the communal, state, and federal levels, and leading the Bavarian state government for all but three years since 1946. Bavaria's second most populous city, [[Nuremberg]], is also one of the very few Bavarian cities governed by an SPD-led coalition.

[[File:Münchens Partnerstädte.jpg|thumb|Plaque in the [[New Town Hall, Munich|Neues Rathaus]] (New City Hall) showing Munich's twin towns and sister cities]]

As the capital of the Free State of Bavaria, Munich is an important political centre in Germany and the seat of the [[Landtag of Bavaria|Bavarian State Parliament]], the [[Bayerische Staatskanzlei|Staatskanzlei]] (the State Chancellery) and of all state departments.

Several national and international authorities are located in Munich, including the [[Federal Finance Court of Germany]] and the [[European Patent Office]].

Munich is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with the following cities (date of agreement shown in parentheses):<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerstädte |url=http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtpolitik/Partnerstaedte.html |publisher=Landeshauptstadt München |type=official website |website=Muenchen.de |language=German |accessdate=17 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008070302/http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtpolitik/Partnerstaedte.html |archive-date=8 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Edinburgh]], Scotland  <small> ''(1954)''<ref name="Edinburgh">{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |title=''Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities'' |accessdate=21 December 2008 |publisher=2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |archivedate=28 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="Edinburgh twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3 |title=Twin and Partner Cities |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council |accessdate=16 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614133841/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3 |archivedate=14 June 2012 }}</ref></small>, [[Verona]], Italy <small>''(1960)''<ref name="Verona">{{cite web|title=''Verona – Gemellaggi''|url=http://www.comune.verona.it/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=5485|accessdate=3 April 2013|publisher=Council of Verona, Italy|language=Italian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523164118/http://www.comune.verona.it/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=5485|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref></small>, [[Bordeaux]], France <small>''(1964)''<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international|title=Bordeaux – Rayonnement européen et mondial|accessdate=29 July 2013|work=Mairie de Bordeaux|language=French|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207154903/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international|archivedate =7 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14|title=Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures |accessdate=29 July 2013|work=Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères)|language=French|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207152951/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14|archivedate=7 February 2013}}</ref></small>, [[Sapporo]], Japan <small>''(1972)''</small>, [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, United States <small>''(1989)''</small>, [[Kiev]], Ukraine <small>''(1989)''</small> and [[Harare]], Zimbabwe <small>''(1996)''</small>.

===Subdivisions===
{{Main|Boroughs of Munich}}
[[File:Stadtbezirke Lage in München.png|thumb|right|Munich's Boroughs]]

Since the administrative reform in 1992, Munich is divided into 25 [[borough]]s or ''Stadtbezirke'', which themselves consist of smaller quarters.

[[Allach-Untermenzing]] (23), [[Altstadt-Lehel]] (1), [[Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied]]  (22), [[Au-Haidhausen]]  (5), [[Berg am Laim]] (14), [[Bogenhausen]]  (13), [[Feldmoching-Hasenbergl]]  (24), [[Hadern]]  (20), [[Laim]] (25), [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]] (2), [[Maxvorstadt]] (3), [[Milbertshofen-Am Hart]] (11), [[Moosach (District of Munich)|Moosach]] (10), [[Neuhausen-Nymphenburg]]  (9), [[Obergiesing]]  (17), [[Pasing-Obermenzing]] (21), [[Ramersdorf-Perlach]] (16), [[Schwabing-Freimann]] (12), [[Schwabing-West]] (4), [[Schwanthalerhöhe]] (8), [[Sendling]] (6), [[Sendling-Westpark]]  (7), [[Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln]] (19), [[Trudering-Riem]] (15) and [[Untergiesing-Harlaching]]  (18).

==Architecture==
{{Main|Architecture of Munich}}
[[File:Rathaus and Marienplatz from Peterskirche - August 2006.jpg|thumb|The [[New Town Hall (Munich)|New Town Hall]] and [[Marienplatz]]]]

[[File:Frauenkirche Munich - View from Peterskirche Tower2.jpg|thumb|[[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]]]]

[[File:München, Viktualienmarkt met das Alte Rathaus D-1-62-000-4289 positie2 2012-08-05 15.29.jpg|Viktualienmarkt with the Altes Rathaus|thumb]]
The city has an eclectic mix of historic and modern architecture, because historic buildings destroyed in World War II were reconstructed, and new landmarks were built. A survey by the Society's Centre for Sustainable Destinations for the [[National Geographic Traveller]] chose over 100 historic destinations around the world and ranked Munich 30th.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://traveler.nationalgeographic.com/2008/11/historic-destinations-rated/list-text |title=Best 110 historic places worldwide |publisher=Traveler.nationalgeographic.com |accessdate=14 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027093556/http://traveler.nationalgeographic.com/2008/11/historic-destinations-rated/list-text |archive-date=27 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Inner city===
[[File:Gierymski Aleksander-Ulica nocą.jpg|thumb|Wittelsbach Square at night, 1890, by Gierymski Aleksander]]''
At the centre of the city is the [[Marienplatz]] – a large open square named after the Mariensäule, a [[Marian and Holy Trinity columns|Marian column]] in its centre – with the [[Old Town Hall, Munich|Old]] and the [[New Town Hall, Munich|New Town Hall]]. Its tower contains the [[Rathaus-Glockenspiel]]. Three gates of the demolished medieval fortification survive – the [[Isartor]] in the east, the [[Sendlinger Tor]] in the south and the [[Karlstor]] in the west of the inner city. The Karlstor leads up to the [[Karlsplatz (Stachus)|Stachus]], a square dominated by the [[Justizpalast (Munich)|Justizpalast]] (Palace of Justice) and a fountain.

The [[St. Peter's Church, Munich|Peterskirche]] close to Marienplatz is the oldest church of the inner city. It was first built during the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] period, and was the focus of the early monastic settlement in Munich before the city's official foundation in 1158. Nearby St. Peter the Gothic hall-church [[Heiliggeistkirche (Munich)|Heiliggeistkirche]] (The Church of the Holy Spirit) was converted to baroque style from 1724 onwards and looks down upon the [[Viktualienmarkt]].

The [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] serves as the cathedral for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising]]. The nearby [[St. Michael's Church, Munich|Michaelskirche]] is the largest [[renaissance]] church north of the Alps, while the [[Theatine Church, Munich|Theatinerkirche]] is a [[basilica]] in Italianate high baroque, which had a major influence on Southern German [[baroque]] architecture. Its dome dominates the [[Odeonsplatz]]. Other baroque churches in the inner city include the [[Bürgersaalkirche (Munich)|Bürgersaalkirche]], the [[Trinity Church (Munich)|Trinity Church]] and the [[St. Anna Damenstiftskirche (Munich)|St. Anna Damenstiftskirche]]. The [[Asamkirche, Munich|Asamkirche]] was endowed and built by the Brothers [[Cosmas Damian Asam|Asam]], pioneering artists of the rococo period.

The large [[Munich Residenz|Residenz]] palace complex (begun in 1385) on the edge of Munich's Old Town, Germany's largest urban palace, ranks among Europe's most significant museums of interior decoration. Having undergone several extensions, it contains also the treasury and the splendid rococo [[Cuvilliés Theatre]]. Next door to the Residenz the neo-classical opera, the [[National Theatre Munich|National Theatre]] was erected. Among the baroque and neoclassical mansions which still exist in Munich are the [[Palais Porcia]], the [[Palais Preysing]], the [[Palais Holnstein]] and the [[Prinz-Carl-Palais]]. All mansions are situated close to the Residenz, same as the [[Alter Hof|Alte Hof]], a medieval castle and first residence of the Wittelsbach dukes in Munich.

Lehel, a middle-class quarter east of the Altstadt, is characterised by numerous well-preserved townhouses. The [[Parish Church of St. Anna (Lehel, Munich)|St. Anna im Lehel]] is the first [[rococo]] church in Bavaria. [[St. Luke's Church, Munich|St. Lukas]] is the largest Protestant Church in Munich.

===Royal avenues and squares===
[[File:LudwigstraßeMUC.jpg|thumb|[[Ludwigstraße (Munich)|Ludwigstraße]] from above, [[Highlight Towers]] in the background]]

Four grand royal avenues of the 19th century with official buildings connect Munich's inner city with its then-suburbs:

The neoclassical [[Brienner Straße (Munich)|Brienner Straße]], starting at [[Odeonsplatz]] on the northern fringe of the Old Town close to the Residenz, runs from east to west and opens into the [[Königsplatz, Munich|Königsplatz]], designed with the "[[Doric order|Doric]]" [[Propylaea (Munich)|Propyläen]], the "[[Ionic order|Ionic]]" [[Glyptothek]] and the "[[Corinthian order|Corinthian]]" [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen|State Museum of Classical Art]], behind it [[St. Boniface's Abbey, Munich|St. Boniface's Abbey]] was erected. The area around Königsplatz is home to the [[Kunstareal]], Munich's gallery and museum quarter (as described [[Munich#Museums|below]]).

[[Ludwigstraße (Munich)|Ludwigstraße]] also begins at [[Odeonsplatz]] and runs from south to north, skirting the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität]], the [[Ludwigskirche (Munich)|St. Louis church]], the [[Bavarian State Library]] and numerous state ministries and palaces. The southern part of the avenue was constructed in Italian renaissance style, while the north is strongly influenced by Italian Romanesque architecture. The
[[Siegestor]] (gate of victory) sits at the northern end of Ludwigstraße, where the latter passes over into Leopoldstraße and the district of [[Schwabing]] begins.
[[File:Königsplatz - Propyläen und Glyptothek.jpg|thumb|[[Königsplatz, Munich|Königsplatz]]]]

The neo-Gothic [[Maximilianstraße (Munich)|Maximilianstraße]] starts at [[Max-Joseph-Platz]], where the Residenz and the National Theatre are situated, and runs from west to east. The avenue is framed by elaborately structured neo-Gothic buildings which house, among others, the [[Munich Kammerspiele|Schauspielhaus]], the Building of the district government of Upper Bavaria and the [[State Museum of Ethnology|Museum of Ethnology]]. After crossing the river Isar, the avenue circles the [[Maximilianeum]], which houses the [[Landtag of Bavaria|state parliament]]. The western portion of Maximilianstraße is known for its designer shops, luxury boutiques, jewellery stores, and one of Munich's foremost five-star hotels, the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten.

[[Prinzregentenstraße (Munich)|Prinzregentenstraße]] runs parallel to Maximilianstraße and begins at [[Prinz-Carl-Palais]]. Many museums are on the avenue, such as the [[Haus der Kunst]], the [[Bavarian National Museum]] and the [[Schackgalerie]]. The avenue crosses the Isar and circles the [[Angel of Peace|Friedensengel]] monument, then passing the [[Villa Stuck]] and Hitler's old apartment. The [[Prinzregententheater]] is at Prinzregentenplatz further to the east.

===Other boroughs===
[[File:Leopoldstraße_153_(München-Schwabing).JPG|thumb|Building in Schwabing]]
In [[Schwabing]] and [[Maxvorstadt]], many beautiful streets with continuous rows of [[Gründerzeit]] buildings can be found. Rows of elegant town houses and spectacular urban palais in many colours, often elaborately decorated with ornamental details on their façades, make up large parts of the areas west of [[Leopoldstraße]] (Schwabing's main shopping street), while in the eastern areas between Leopoldstraße and [[Englischer Garten]] similar buildings alternate with almost rural-looking houses and whimsical mini-castles, often decorated with small towers. Numerous tiny alleys and shady lanes connect the larger streets and little plazas of the area, conveying the legendary artist's quarter's flair and atmosphere convincingly like it was at the turn of the 20th century. The wealthy district of [[Bogenhausen]] in the east of Munich is another little-known area (at least among tourists) rich in extravagant architecture, especially around Prinzregentenstraße. One of Bogenhausen's most beautiful buildings is [[Villa Stuck]], famed residence of painter [[Franz von Stuck]].
[[File:Image-Schloss Nymphenburg Munich CC edit3.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|[[Nymphenburg Palace]]]]
Two large baroque palaces in [[Nymphenburg]] and [[Oberschleissheim]] are reminders of Bavaria's royal past. Schloss Nymphenburg ([[Nymphenburg Palace]]), some {{convert|6|km|0|abbr=on}} north west of the city centre, is surrounded by an park and is considered{{by whom|date=December 2019}} to be one of Europe's most beautiful royal residences. {{convert|2|km|0|abbr=on}} northwest of Nymphenburg Palace is Schloss Blutenburg ([[Blutenburg Castle]]), an old ducal country seat with a late-Gothic palace church. Schloss Fürstenried ([[Fürstenried Palace]]), a baroque palace of similar structure to Nymphenburg but of much smaller size, was erected around the same time in the south west of Munich.

[[File:Schloss oberschleissheim-wikipedia.jpg|thumb|325x325px|[[Schleissheim Palace]]]]

The second large baroque residence is Schloss Schleissheim ([[Schleissheim Palace]]), located in the suburb of [[Oberschleißheim|Oberschleissheim]], a palace complex encompassing three separate residences: Altes Schloss Schleissheim (the old palace), Neues Schloss Schleissheim (the new palace) and Schloss Lustheim (Lustheim Palace). Most parts of the palace complex serve as museums and art galleries. [[Deutsches Museum]]'s Flugwerft Schleissheim flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field. The [[Bavaria statue]] before the neo-classical [[Ruhmeshalle (Munich)|Ruhmeshalle]] is a monumental, bronze sand-cast 19th-century statue at [[Theresienwiese]]. The [[Grünwald castle]] is the only medieval castle in the Munich area which still exists.
[[File:BMW Vierzylinder Tower Munich 2014 01.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[BMW Headquarters]]]]

[[St Michael in Berg am Laim (Munich)|St Michael in Berg am Laim]] is a church in the suburbs. Another church of [[Johann Michael Fischer]] is St George in Bogenhausen. Most of the boroughs have parish churches which originate from the Middle Ages, such as the church of pilgrimage [[St. Mary's Church, Ramersdorf|St Mary in Ramersdorf]]. The oldest church within the city borders is [[Holy Cross Church, Munich|Heilig Kreuz]] in Fröttmaning next to the Allianz-Arena, known for its Romanesque fresco.

Especially in its suburbs, Munich features a wide and diverse array of modern architecture, although strict culturally sensitive height limitations for buildings have limited the construction of skyscrapers to avoid a loss of views to the distant Bavarian Alps. Most high-rise buildings are clustered at the northern edge of Munich in the skyline, like the [[Hypo-Haus]], the [[Arabella High-Rise Building]], the [[Highlight Towers]], [[Uptown Munich]], Münchner Tor and the [[BMW Headquarters]] next to the [[Olympiapark (Munich)|Olympic Park]]. Several other high-rise buildings are located near the city centre and on the [[Siemens]] campus in southern Munich. A landmark of modern Munich is also the architecture of the sport stadiums (as described [[Munich#Sports|below]]).

In Fasangarten is the former [[McGraw Kaserne]], a former US army base, near [[Stadelheim Prison]].
{{clear}}

===Parks===
[[File:München Hofgartentempel.jpg|thumb|Hofgarten with the dome of the state chancellery near the [[Munich Residenz|Residenz]]]]
Munich is a densely-built city but has numerous public parks. The [[Englischer Garten]], close to the city centre and covering an area of {{convert|3.7|km²|1|abbr=on}}, is larger than Central Park in New York City, and is one of the world's largest urban public parks. It contains a [[Naturism|naturist]] (nudist) area, numerous bicycle and jogging tracks as well as bridle-paths. It was designed and laid out by [[Benjamin Thompson]], Count Rumford, both for pleasure and as a work area for the city's vagrants and homeless. Nowadays it is entirely a park, its southern half being dominated by wide open areas, hills, monuments and beach-like stretches (along the streams Eisbach and Schwabinger Bach). In contrast, its less-frequented northern part is much quieter, with many old trees and thick undergrowth. Multiple [[beer garden]]s can be found in both parts of the Englischer Garten, the most well known being located at the [[Englischer Garten#Chinese Tower|Chinese Pagoda]].

Other large green spaces are the modern [[Olympiapark, Munich|Olympiapark]], the [[Westpark (Munich)|Westpark]], and the parks of [[Nymphenburg Palace]] (with the [[Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg]] to the north), and [[Schleissheim Palace]]. The city's oldest park is the [[Hofgarten (Munich)|Hofgarten]], near the Residenz, dating back to the 16th century. The site of the largest beer garden in town, the former royal Hirschgarten was founded in 1780 for deer, which still live there.

The city's [[zoo]] is the [[Tierpark Hellabrunn]] near the Flaucher Island in the Isar in the south of the city. Another notable park is [[Ostpark (Munich)|Ostpark]] located in the [[Ramersdorf-Perlach]] borough which also houses the Michaelibad, the largest water park in Munich.

==Sports==
{{Main|Sport in Munich|}}
[[File:Allianz Arena zu verschiedenen Zeiten.jpg|thumb|[[Allianz Arena]], the home stadium of [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]]]
[[File:München - Olympische Bauten.jpg|thumb|Olympiasee in Olympiapark, Munich]]

===Football===
{{Main|Football in Munich}}
Munich is home to several professional [[Association football|football]] teams including [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]], Germany's most successful club and a multiple [[UEFA Champions League]] winner. Other notable clubs include [[TSV 1860 Munich|1860 Munich]], who were long time their rivals on a somewhat equal footing, but currently play in the 3rd Division [[3. Liga]] along with another former Bundesliga club [[SpVgg Unterhaching]].

===Basketball===
[[FC Bayern Munich (basketball)|FC Bayern Munich Basketball]] is currently playing in the Beko Basket Bundesliga. The city hosted the final stages of the FIBA [[EuroBasket 1993]], where the [[German national basketball team]] won the gold medal.

===Ice hockey===
The city's ice hockey club is [[EHC Red Bull München]] who play in the [[Deutsche Eishockey Liga]]. The team has won three DEL Championships, in 2016, 2017 and 2018.

===Olympics===

Munich hosted the [[1972 Summer Olympics]]; the [[Munich massacre|Munich Massacre]] took place in the [[Olympic Village, Munich|Olympic village]]. It was one of the host cities for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 Football World Cup]], which was not held in Munich's [[Olympic Stadium (Munich)|Olympic Stadium]], but in a new [[Soccer-specific stadium|football specific stadium]], the [[Allianz Arena]]. Munich bid to host the [[2018 Winter Olympic Games]], but lost to [[Pyeongchang County|Pyeongchang]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Olympia 2018 in Südkorea, München chancenlos|url=https://www.welt.de/sport/article13471894/Olympia-2018-in-Suedkorea-Muenchen-chancenlos.html|accessdate=6 July 2011|newspaper=[[Die Welt]]|date=6 July 2011|language=German|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709030938/http://www.welt.de/sport/article13471894/Olympia-2018-in-Suedkorea-Muenchen-chancenlos.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2011 the [[DOSB]] President [[Thomas Bach]] confirmed that Munich would bid again for the Winter Olympics in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/future-winter-bids/munich-to-bid-once-again/|title=Munich To Bid Once Again|date=27 September 2011|publisher=Games Bids|accessdate=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008083258/http://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/future-winter-bids/munich-to-bid-once-again/|archive-date=8 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Road Running===
[[File:Muenchenmarathon_2013_Marienplatz_003.JPG|thumb|[[Munich Marathon]]]]
Regular annual road running events in Munich are the [[Munich Marathon]] in October, the Stadtlauf end of June, the company run B2Run in July, the New Year's Run on 31 December, the [[Spartan Race]] Sprint, the Olympia Alm Crosslauf and the Bestzeitenmarathon.

===Swimming===

Public sporting facilities in Munich include ten indoor swimming pools<ref name="publicindoorpools" >{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/indoorpools.html|title=Public Indoor Swimming Pools in Munich|publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal|accessdate=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917180333/http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/indoorpools.html|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and eight outdoor swimming pools,<ref name="publicoutdoorpools" >{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/pools.html|title=Public Outdoor Swimming Pools in Munich|publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal|accessdate=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917183549/http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/pools.html|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> which are operated by the [[Stadtwerke München|Munich City Utilities (SWM)]] communal company.<ref name="SWM">{{cite web |title=Munich: Swimming pools |url=https://www.swm.de/english/m-baeder/ |accessdate=5 September 2016 |publisher=Munich City Utilities Company (SWM) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918054644/https://www.swm.de/english/m-baeder/ |archive-date=18 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Popular indoor swimming pools include the [[Olympia Schwimmhalle]] of the [[1972 Summer Olympics]], the wave pool Cosimawellenbad, as well as the Müllersches Volksbad which was built in 1901. Further, swimming within Munich's city limits is also possible in several artificial lakes such as for example the [[Riemer See]] or the [[Langwieder lake district]].<ref name="lakesinmunich" >{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht.html|title=Lakes in Munich|publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal|accessdate=6 September 2016|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917183546/http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht.html|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Eisbach die Welle Surfer.JPG|thumb|Surfer on the [[Eisbach (Isar)|Eisbach]] river wave]]

===River surfing===
Munich has a reputation as a surfing hotspot, offering the world's best known [[river surfing]] spot, the [[Eisbach (Isar)|Eisbach]] wave, which is located at the southern edge of the [[Englischer Garten]] park and used by surfers day and night and throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web|title=River Surfing Spots: Eisbach|url=http://riverbreak.com/spots/eisbach-river-surfing-munich/|accessdate=7 August 2016|publisher=Riverbreak: The International River Surf Magazine|author=Riverbreak Editorial Team|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806121404/http://riverbreak.com/spots/eisbach-river-surfing-munich/|archive-date=6 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Half a kilometre down the river, there is a second, easier wave for beginners, the so-called Kleine Eisbachwelle. Two further surf spots within the city are located along the river [[Isar]], the wave in the Floßlände channel and a wave downstream of the Wittelsbacherbrücke bridge.<ref>{{cite web|title=River surfing in Munich|url=http://www.toytowngermany.com/forum/topic/73618-river-surfing-in-munich/|accessdate=7 August 2016|publisher=The Local Europe GmbH|author=Toytown Germany|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804165526/http://www.toytowngermany.com/forum/topic/73618-river-surfing-in-munich/|archive-date=4 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture==

===Language===
{{Main|Bavarian language}}
The [[Bavarian dialects]] are spoken in and around Munich, with its variety West Middle Bavarian or Old Bavarian (''Westmittelbairisch'' / ''Altbairisch''). Austro-Bavarian has no official status by the Bavarian authorities or local government, yet is recognised by the [[SIL International|SIL]] and has its own ISO-639 code.

===Museums===
[[File:Deutsches Museum in the Evening.JPG|thumb|right|[[Deutsches Museum]]]]
[[File:Glyptothek in München in 2013.jpg|thumb|The [[Glyptothek]]]]
[[File:Bayerisches Nationalmuseum - Muenchen - 2013.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Bavarian National Museum]]]]
The [[Deutsches Museum]] or German Museum, located on an island in the River Isar, is the largest and one of the oldest science museums in the world. Three redundant exhibition buildings that are under a protection order were converted to house the Verkehrsmuseum, which houses the land transport collections of the Deutsches Museum. Deutsches Museum's Flugwerft Schleissheim flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field. Several non-centralised museums (many of those are public collections at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität) show the expanded state collections of [[Paläontologisches Museum München|palaeontology]], geology, [[mineralogy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Mineralogische.Staatssammlung/ |title=Museum Reich der Kristalle München |publisher=Lrz-muenchen.de |accessdate=5 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415161904/http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Mineralogische.Staatssammlung/ |archivedate=15 April 2009 }}</ref> [[Zoologische Staatssammlung München|zoology]], botany and anthropology.

The city has several important [[art museum|art galleries]], most of which can be found in the [[Kunstareal]], including the [[Alte Pinakothek]], the [[Neue Pinakothek]], the [[Pinakothek der Moderne]] and the [[Museum Brandhorst]]. The Alte Pinakothek contains a treasure trove of the works of European masters between the 14th and 18th centuries. The collection reflects the eclectic tastes of the Wittelsbachs over four centuries, and is sorted by schools over two floors. Major displays include [[Albrecht Dürer]]'s Christ-like [[Self-Portrait (Dürer, Munich)|''Self-Portrait'' (1500)]], his ''[[The Four Apostles|Four Apostles]]'', [[Raphael]]'s paintings'' [[Canigiani Holy Family (Raphael)|The Canigiani Holy Family]]'' and'' [[Tempi Madonna (Raphael)|Madonna Tempi]]'' as well as [[Peter Paul Rubens]] large ''Judgment Day''. The gallery houses one of the world's most comprehensive Rubens collections. The [[Lenbachhaus]] houses works by the group of Munich-based modernist artists known as [[Der Blaue Reiter]] (The Blue Rider). 
[[File:BMW Welt, Múnich, Alemania16.jpg|thumbnail| [[BMW Welt]] ]]
An important collection of Greek and Roman art is held in the [[Glyptothek]] and the [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen|Staatliche Antikensammlung]] (State Antiquities Collection). King Ludwig I managed to acquire such pieces as the [[Medusa Rondanini]], the [[Barberini Faun]] and figures from the [[Temple of Aphaea]] on [[Aegina]] for the Glyptothek. Another important museum in the [[Kunstareal]] is the [[Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst|Egyptian Museum]].

The gothic [[Morris dance]]rs of [[Erasmus Grasser]] are exhibited in the [[Munich Stadtmuseum|Munich City Museum]] in the old gothic arsenal building in the inner city.

Another area for the arts next to the Kunstareal is the [[Altstadt-Lehel|Lehel]] quarter between the old town and the river Isar: the [[Museum Five Continents]] in Maximilianstraße is the second largest collection in Germany of artefacts and objects from outside Europe, while the [[Bavarian National Museum]] and the adjoining [[Bavarian State Archaeological Collection]] in Prinzregentenstraße rank among Europe's major art and cultural history museums. The nearby [[Schackgalerie]] is an important gallery of German 19th-century paintings.

The former [[Dachau concentration camp]] is {{convert|16|km|0|abbr=on}} outside the city.

===Arts and literature===
[[File:Nationaltheater München 2.jpg|thumb|[[National Theatre Munich|National Theatre]]]]
Munich is a major international cultural centre and has played host to many prominent composers including [[Orlande de Lassus|Orlando di Lasso]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|W.A. Mozart]], [[Carl Maria von Weber]], [[Richard Wagner]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Richard Strauss]], [[Max Reger]] and [[Carl Orff]]. With the [[Munich Biennale]] founded by [[Hans Werner Henze]], and the ''[[A*Devantgarde|A*DEvantgarde]]'' festival, the city still contributes to modern music theatre. Some of classical music's best-known pieces have been created in and around Munich by composers born in the area, for example Richard Strauss's tone poem ''[[Also sprach Zarathustra (Strauss)|Also sprach Zarathustra]]'' or Carl Orff's ''[[Carmina Burana]]''.

At the [[National Theatre Munich|Nationaltheater]] several of [[Richard Wagner]]'s operas were premiered under the patronage of [[Ludwig II of Bavaria]]. It is the home of the [[Bavarian State Opera]] and the [[Bavarian State Orchestra]]. Next door, the modern [[Residenz Theatre]] was erected in the building that had housed the [[Cuvilliés Theatre]] before World War II. Many operas were staged there, including the premiere of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart's]] ''[[Idomeneo]]'' in 1781. The [[Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz|Gärtnerplatz Theatre]] is a ballet and musical state theatre while another opera house, the [[Prinzregententheater]], has become the home of the Bavarian Theatre Academy and the [[Munich Chamber Orchestra]].

[[File:Gasteig_Philharmonie_14.jpg|thumb|[[Gasteig]]]]
The modern [[Gasteig]] centre houses the [[Munich Philharmonic|Munich Philharmonic Orchestra]]. The third orchestra in Munich with international importance is the [[Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra]]. Its primary concert venue is the Herkulessaal in the former city royal residence, the [[Munich Residenz]]. Many important conductors have been attracted by the city's orchestras, including [[Felix Weingartner]], [[Hans Pfitzner]], [[Hans Rosbaud]], [[Hans Knappertsbusch]], [[Sergiu Celibidache]], [[James Levine]], [[Christian Thielemann]], [[Lorin Maazel]], [[Rafael Kubelík]], [[Eugen Jochum]], Sir [[Colin Davis]], [[Mariss Jansons]], [[Bruno Walter]], [[Georg Solti]], [[Zubin Mehta]] and [[Kent Nagano]]. A stage for shows, big events and musicals is the [[Deutsches Theater München|Deutsche Theater]]. It is Germany's largest theatre for guest performances.
[[File:FriedensengelMunchen.JPG|thumb|The Golden Friedensengel]]

Munich's contributions to modern popular music are often overlooked in favour of its strong association with classical music, but they are numerous: the city has had a strong music scene in the 1960s and 1970s, with many internationally renowned bands and musicians frequently performing in its clubs. Furthermore, Munich was the centre of [[Krautrock]] in southern Germany, with many important bands such as [[Amon Düül II]], [[Embryo (band)|Embryo]] or [[Popol Vuh (band)|Popol Vuh]] hailing from the city. In the 1970s, the [[Musicland Studios]] developed into one of the most prominent recording studios in the world, with bands such as the [[Rolling Stones]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Deep Purple]] and [[Queen (band)|Queen]] recording albums there. Munich also played a significant role in the development of electronic music, with genre pioneer [[Giorgio Moroder]], who invented [[synth]] [[disco]] and [[electronic dance music]], and [[Donna Summer]], one of disco music's most important performers, both living and working in the city. In the late 1990s, [[Electroclash]] was substantially co-invented if not even invented in Munich, when [[DJ Hell]] introduced and assembled international pioneers of this musical genre through his [[International DeeJay Gigolo Records]] label here.<ref name="mjunikdisco"/> Other examples of notable musicians and bands from Munich are [[Konstantin Wecker]], [[:de:Willy Astor|Willy Astor]], [[Spider Murphy Gang]], [[Münchener Freiheit]], [[Lou Bega]], [[Megaherz]], [[FSK (band)|FSK]], [[Colour Haze]] and [[Sportfreunde Stiller]].

Music is so important in the Bavarian capital that the city hall gives permissions every day to ten musicians for performing in the streets around Marienplatz. This is how performers such as [[Olga Kholodnaya]] and [[Alex Jacobowitz]] are entertaining the locals and the tourists every day.

Next to the Bavarian Staatsschauspiel in the Residenz Theatre (Residenztheater), the [[Munich Kammerspiele]] in the Schauspielhaus is one of the most important German language theatres in the world. Since [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]]'s premieres in 1775 many important writers have staged their plays in Munich such as [[Christian Friedrich Hebbel]], [[Henrik Ibsen]] and [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]].

The city is known as the second largest publishing centre in the world (around 250 publishing houses have offices in the city), and many national and international publications are published in Munich, such as Arts in Munich, LAXMag and Prinz.

[[File:Vassily_Kandinsky,_1908_-_Houses_in_Munich.jpg|thumb|[[Vassily Kandinsky]]'s ''Houses in Munich'' (1908)]]
At the turn of the 20th century, Munich, and especially its suburb of [[Schwabing]], was the preeminent cultural metropolis of Germany. Its importance as a centre for both literature and the fine arts was second to none in Europe, with numerous German and non-German artists moving there. For example, [[Wassily Kandinsky]] chose Munich over Paris to study at the [[Akademie der Bildenden Künste München]], and, along with many other painters and writers living in Schwabing at that time, had a profound influence on [[modern art]].

Prominent literary figures worked in Munich especially during the final decades of the Kingdom of Bavaria, the so-called ''Prinzregentenzeit'' (literally "prince regent's time") under the reign of [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria]], a period often described as a cultural Golden Age for both Munich and Bavaria as a whole. Among them were luminaries such as [[Thomas Mann]], [[Heinrich Mann]], [[Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse|Paul Heyse]], [[Rainer Maria Rilke]], [[Ludwig Thoma]], [[Fanny zu Reventlow]], [[Oskar Panizza]], [[Gustav Meyrink]], [[Max Halbe]], [[Erich Mühsam]] and [[Frank Wedekind]]. For a short while, [[Vladimir Lenin]] lived in Schwabing, where he wrote and published his most important work, ''[[What Is to Be Done?]]'' Central to Schwabing's bohemian scene (although they were actually often located in the nearby Maxvorstadt quarter) were ''Künstlerlokale'' (artist's cafés) like [[Café Stefanie]] or Kabarett [[Simpl (Munich)|Simpl]], whose liberal ways differed fundamentally from Munich's more traditional localities. The Simpl, which survives to this day (although with little relevance to the city's contemporary art scene), was named after Munich's anti-authoritarian satirical magazine ''[[Simplicissimus]]'', founded in 1896 by [[Albert Langen]] and [[Thomas Theodor Heine]], which quickly became an important organ of the ''Schwabinger Bohème''. Its caricatures and biting satirical attacks on [[Wilhelminism|Wilhelmine]] German society were the result of countless of collaborative efforts by many of the best visual artists and writers from Munich and elsewhere.

[[File:Schrimpf_oskar_maria_graf.png|thumb|upright|Portrait of [[Oskar Maria Graf]] by [[Georg Schrimpf]] (1927)]]
The period immediately before World War I saw continued economic and cultural prominence for the city. [[Thomas Mann]] wrote in his novella ''Gladius Dei'' about this period: "München leuchtete" (literally "Munich shone"). Munich remained a centre of cultural life during the Weimar period, with figures such as [[Lion Feuchtwanger]], [[Bertolt Brecht]], [[Peter Paul Althaus]], [[Stefan George]], [[Ricarda Huch]], [[Joachim Ringelnatz]], [[Oskar Maria Graf]], [[Annette Kolb]], [[Ernst Toller]], [[Hugo Ball]] and [[Klaus Mann]] adding to the already established big names. [[Karl Valentin]] was Germany's most important cabaret performer and comedian and is to this day well-remembered and beloved as a [[cultural icon]] of his hometown. Between 1910 and 1940, he wrote and performed in many absurdist sketches and short films that were highly influential, earning him the nickname of "Charlie Chaplin of Germany". Many of Valentin's works wouldn't be imaginable without his congenial female partner [[Liesl Karlstadt]], who often played male characters to hilarious effect in their sketches. After World War II, Munich soon again became a focal point of the German literary scene and remains so to this day, with writers as diverse as [[Wolfgang Koeppen]], [[Erich Kästner]], [[Eugen Roth]], [[Alfred Andersch]], [[Elfriede Jelinek]], [[Hans Magnus Enzensberger]], [[Michael Ende]], [[Franz Xaver Kroetz]], [[Gerhard Polt]], [[John Vincent Palatine]] and [[Patrick Süskind]] calling the city their home.

From the Gothic to the Baroque era, the fine arts were represented in Munich by artists like [[Erasmus Grasser]], [[Jan Polack]], [[Johann Baptist Straub]], [[Ignaz Günther]], [[Hans Krumpper]], [[Ludwig Michael Schwanthaler|Ludwig von Schwanthaler]], [[Cosmas Damian Asam]], [[Egid Quirin Asam]], [[Johann Baptist Zimmermann]], [[Johann Michael Fischer]] and [[François de Cuvilliés]]. Munich had already become an important place for painters like [[Carl Rottmann]], [[Lovis Corinth]], [[Wilhelm von Kaulbach]], [[Carl Spitzweg]], [[Franz von Lenbach]], [[Franz Stuck|Franz von Stuck]], [[Karl Piloty]] and [[Wilhelm Leibl]] when [[Der Blaue Reiter]] (The Blue Rider), a group of expressionist artists, was established in Munich in 1911. The city was home to the Blue Rider's painters [[Paul Klee]], [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[Alexej von Jawlensky]], [[Gabriele Münter]], [[Franz Marc]], [[August Macke]] and [[Alfred Kubin]]. Kandinsky's first abstract painting was created in Schwabing.

Munich was (and in some cases, still is) home to many of the most important authors of the [[New German Cinema]] movement, including [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]], [[Werner Herzog]], [[Edgar Reitz]] and [[Herbert Achternbusch]]. In 1971, the [[Filmverlag der Autoren]] was founded, cementing the city's role in the movement's history. Munich served as the location for many of Fassbinder's films, among them ''[[Ali: Fear Eats the Soul]]''. The Hotel [[Deutsche Eiche]] near Gärtnerplatz was somewhat like a centre of operations for Fassbinder and his "clan" of actors. New German Cinema is considered by far the most important artistic movement in German cinema history since the era of [[German Expressionism]] in the 1920s.

[[File:Bavaria_Film-_und_Fernsehstudios_logo.svg|thumb|Logo of [[Bavaria Film]]]]
In 1919, the [[Bavaria Film Studios]] were founded, which developed into one of Europe's largest film studios. Directors like [[Alfred Hitchcock]], [[Billy Wilder]], [[Orson Welles]], [[John Huston]], [[Ingmar Bergman]], [[Stanley Kubrick]], [[Claude Chabrol]], [[Fritz Umgelter]], [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]], [[Wolfgang Petersen]] and [[Wim Wenders]] made films there. Among the internationally well-known films produced at the studios are ''[[The Pleasure Garden (1925 film)|The Pleasure Garden]]'' (1925) by Alfred Hitchcock, ''[[The Great Escape (film)|The Great Escape]]'' (1963) by [[John Sturges]], ''[[Paths of Glory]]'' (1957) by Stanley Kubrick, ''[[Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory]]'' (1971) by [[Mel Stuart]] and both ''[[Das Boot]]'' (1981) and ''[[The Neverending Story (film)|The Neverending Story]]'' (1984) by [[Wolfgang Petersen]]. Munich remains one of the centres of the German film and entertainment industry.

===Festivals===
[[File:Hippodrom Zelt Oktoberfest.jpg|thumb|[[Oktoberfest]]]]
Annual "[[High End]] Munich" trade show.<ref>[https://www.highendsociety.de/high-end-44.html HIGH END Munich] - HIGH END Society</ref>

====Starkbierfest====
March and April, city-wide:<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.inside-munich.com/munich-festivals.html|title=Munich Festivals|last=Zimmermann|first=Marion Kummerow, Tobias|website=www.inside-munich.com|access-date=2019-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331084540/http://www.inside-munich.com/munich-festivals.html|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Starkbierfest is held for three weeks during [[Lent]], between [[Carnival]] and [[Easter]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://paulaner-nockherberg.com/strong-beer-festival/|title=Strong Beer Festival|website=Paulaner-Nockherberg|access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref> celebrating Munich's “strong [[beer]]”. Starkbier was created in 1651 by the local [[Paulinerkirche, Leipzig|Paulaner]] [[monk]]s who drank this 'Flüssiges Brot', or ‘liquid bread’ to survive the fasting of [[Lent]].<ref name=":3" /> It became a public festival in 1751 and is now the second largest beer festival in Munich.<ref name=":3" /> Starkbierfest is also known as the “fifth season”, and is celebrated in beer halls and restaurants around the city.<ref name=":2" />

====Frühlingsfest====
April and May, [[Theresienwiese]]:<ref name=":2" />
Held for two weeks from the end of April to the beginning of May,<ref name=":2" /> Frühlingsfest celebrates [[Spring (season)|spring]] and the new local spring beers, and is commonly referred to as the "little sister of Oktoberfest".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panaceapublishinginternational.com/content/business-traveller-editions|title=What's on? We round up some top events happening around the world in April|author=Business Traveler|date=April 2012|website=Business Traveler|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001052123/http://www.panaceapublishinginternational.com/content/business-traveller-editions|archive-date=1 October 2009|access-date=May 2, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are two beer tents, Hippodrom and Festhalle Bayernland, as well as one roofed [[beer garden]], Münchner Weißbiergarten.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.inside-munich.com/fruehlingsfest.html|title=Frühlingsfest - Spring Festival|last=Zimmermann|first=Tobias|last2=Kummerow|first2=Marion|date=2019|website=www.inside-munich.com|access-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512031338/http://www.inside-munich.com/fruehlingsfest.html|archive-date=12 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also [[roller coaster]]s, [[Funhouse|fun houses]], [[Playground slide|slides]], and a [[Ferris wheel]]. Other attractions of the festival include a [[flea market]] on the festival's first Saturday, a “Beer Queen” contest, a [[vintage]] [[Auto show|car show]] on the first Sunday, [[fireworks]] every Friday night, and a "Day of Traditions" on the final day.<ref name=":4" />

====Auer Dult====
{{main|Auer Dult}}
May, August, and October, [[Mariahilfplatz]]:<ref name=":2" /> Auer Dult is Europe's largest [[jumble sale]], with fairs of its kind dating back to the 14th century.<ref name="MünchenBetriebs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.muenchen.de/int/en/shopping/markets/auer-dult.html|title=Auer Dult Munich|author=München Betriebs-GmbH & Co|date=2019|website=muenchen.de|access-date=2019-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514180807/https://www.muenchen.de/int/en/shopping/markets/auer-dult.html|archive-date=14 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Auer Dult is a traditional market with 300 stalls selling handmade crafts, [[household goods]], and [[local food]]s, and offers carnival [[List of amusement rides|rides]] for children. It has taken place over nine days each, three times a year. since 1905.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="MünchenBetriebs" />

====Kocherlball====
July, [[English Garden (Munich)|English Garden]]:<ref name=":2" />
Traditionally a [[Ballroom dance|ball]] for Munich's [[Domestic worker|domestic servants]], cooks, [[Nanny|nannies]], and other household staff, Kocherlball, or ‘cook’s ball’ was a chance for the [[Social class|lower classes]] to take the morning off and dance together before the families of their households woke up.<ref name=":2" /> It now runs between 6 and 10 am the third Sunday in July at the Chinese Tower in Munich's English Garden.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.destination-munich.com/kocherlball.html|title=Kocherlball|author=Destination Munich|date=2019|website=Destination Munich|access-date=May 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512031333/https://www.destination-munich.com/kocherlball.html|archive-date=12 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Tollwood====
[[File:Tollwood Winterfestival Munich 2010.jpg|thumb|[[Tollwood Festival|Tollwood]] Winterfestival]]
July and December, Olympia Park:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Business Traveller|date=December 2010|title=Munich Tollwood Winter Festival: until December 31|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A244279399/ITOF?sid=ITOF&xid=58807ebe|journal=General OneFile|pages=14}}</ref> For three weeks in July, and then three weeks in December, [[Tollwood Festival|Tollwood]] showcases fine and [[performing arts]] with live music, [[List of circus skills|circus acts]], and several lanes of booths selling handmade crafts, as well as [[Organic food|organic]] [[Fusion cuisine|international cuisine]].<ref name=":2" /> According to the festival's website, Tollwood's goal is to promote [[culture]] and the [[Environmentalism|environment]], with the main themes of "[[wikt:tolerance|tolerance]], internationality, and openness".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tollwood.de/|title=Tollwood München: Veranstaltungen, Konzerte, Theater, Markt|website=Tollwood München: Veranstaltungen, Konzerte, Theater, Markt|language=de-DE|access-date=2019-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506183258/https://www.tollwood.de/|archive-date=6 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> To promote these ideals, 70% of all Tollwood events and attractions are free.<ref name=":5" />

====Oktoberfest====
September and October, [[Theresienwiese]]:<ref name=":2" /> The largest [[beer festival]] in the world, Munich's [[Oktoberfest]] runs for 16–18 days from the end of September through early October.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Harrington|first=Robert J|last2=Von Freyberg|first2=Burkhard|date=October 2017|title=The different effects of dis-satisfier, satisfier and delighter attributes: Implications for Oktoberfest and beer festivals|journal=Tourism Management Perspectives|volume=24|pages=166–176|doi=10.1016/j.tmp.2017.09.003}}</ref> Oktoberfest is a celebration of the [[wedding]] of [[Bavaria]]n [[Crown prince|Crown Prince]] [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig]] to [[Princess]] [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen|Therese]] of [[Saxony]]-[[Hildburghausen (district)|Hildburghausen]] which took place on October 12, 1810.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://oktoberfestbeerfestivals.com/oktoberfest-munich-2016-2017-dates-location-map/oktoberfest-facts-trivia-stats/|title=Oktoberfest Facts, Trivia and Stats for 2018|last=Prost All Things Oktoberfest|date=2019|website=Prost All Things Oktoberfest|access-date=May 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512031333/http://oktoberfestbeerfestivals.com/oktoberfest-munich-2016-2017-dates-location-map/oktoberfest-facts-trivia-stats/|archive-date=12 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the last 200 years the festival has grown to span 85 [[acre]]s and now welcomes over 6 million visitors every year.<ref name=":6" /> There are 14 beer tents which together can seat 119,000 attendees at a time,<ref name=":6" /> and serve beer from the six major [[Brewery|breweries]] of Munich: [[Augustiner-Bräu|Augustiner]], [[Hacker-Pschorr Brewery|Hacker-Pschorr]], [[Löwenbräu Brewery|Löwenbräu]], [[Paulaner Brewery|Paulaner]], [[Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu|Spaten]] and [[Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München|Staatliches Hofbräuhaus]].<ref name=":7" /> Over 7 million liters of [[beer]] are consumed at each Oktoberfest.<ref name=":6" /> There are also over 100 rides ranging from [[bumper cars]] to full-sized [[roller coaster]]s, as well as the more traditional [[Ferris wheel]]s and [[Swing ride|swings]].<ref name=":7" /> Food can be bought in each tent, as well as at various stalls throughout the fairgrounds. Oktoberfest hosts 144 [[Catering|caterers]] and employees 13,000 people.<ref name=":6" />

====Christkindlmarkt====
November and December, city-wide:<ref name=":2" /> Munich's [[Christmas]] Markets, or [[Christmas market|Christkindlmärkte]], are held throughout the city from late November until [[Christmas Eve]], the largest spanning the [[Marienplatz]] and surrounding streets.<ref name=":2" /> There are hundreds of stalls selling handmade goods, [[Christmas ornament]]s and [[Christmas decoration|decorations]], and Bavarian Christmas foods including [[Pastry|pastries]], roasted [[Peanut|nuts]], and [[Mulled wine|gluwein]].<ref name=":2" />

===Culinary specialities===
[[File:Weisswurst.jpg|thumb|[[Weisswurst]] with sweet mustard and a pretzel]]
The Munich cuisine contributes to the [[Bavarian cuisine]]. Münchner [[Weisswurst]] ("white sausage") was invented here in 1857. It is a Munich speciality. Traditionally eaten only before noon – a tradition dating to a time before refrigerators – these morsels are often served with [[sweet mustard]] and freshly baked [[pretzel]]s.

===Beers and breweries===
[[File:BIER IM EG.jpg|thumb|left|[[Helles]] beer]]
[[File:MUC Westend AugustinerbrauereiA.jpg|thumb|[[Augustiner-Bräu|Augustiner brewery]]]]
Munich is known for its breweries and the ''[[Weissbier]]'' (or ''Weißbier'' / ''Weizenbier'', wheat beer) is a speciality from Bavaria. [[Helles]], a [[pale lager]] with a translucent gold colour is the most popular Munich beer today, although it's not old (only introduced in 1895) and is the result of a change in beer tastes. Helles has largely replaced Munich's dark beer, [[Dunkel|Dunkles]], which gets its colour from roasted malt. It was the typical beer in Munich in the 19th century, but it is now more of a speciality. Starkbier is the strongest Munich beer, with 6%–9% alcohol content. It is dark amber in colour and has a heavy malty taste. It is available and is sold particularly during the Lenten ''Starkbierzeit'' (strong beer season), which begins on or before St. Joseph's Day (19 March). The beer served at [[Oktoberfest]] is a special type of Märzen beer with a higher alcohol content than regular Helles.
[[File:Biergarten_at_Night_2.JPG|thumb|left|Beer garden in Munich]]
There are countless ''Wirtshäuser'' (traditional Bavarian ale houses/restaurants) all over the city area, many of which also have small outside areas. ''Biergärten'' ([[beer garden]]s) are popular fixtures of Munich's gastronomic landscape. They are central to the city's culture and serve as a kind of melting pot for members of all walks of life, for locals, expatriates and tourists alike. It is allowed to bring one's own food to a beer garden, however, it is forbidden to bring one's own drinks. There are many smaller beer gardens and around twenty major ones, providing at least a thousand seats, with four of the largest in the [[Englischer Garten]]: Chinesischer Turm (Munich's second largest beer garden with 7,000 seats), Seehaus, Hirschau and Aumeister. Nockherberg, Hofbräukeller (not to be confused with the [[Hofbräuhaus]]) and Löwenbräukeller are other beer gardens. Hirschgarten is the largest beer garden in the world, with 8,000 seats.

There are six main breweries in Munich: [[Augustiner-Bräu]], [[Hacker-Pschorr Brewery|Hacker-Pschorr]], [[Hofbräuhaus|Hofbräu]], [[Löwenbräu]], [[Paulaner]] and [[Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu]] (separate brands Spaten and Franziskaner, the latter of which mainly for Weissbier).

Also much consumed, though not from Munich and thus without the right to have a tent at the Oktoberfest, are [[Tegernseer]] and [[Schneider Weisse]], the latter of which has a major beer hall in Munich.  Smaller breweries are becoming more prevalent in Munich, such as [[Giesinger Bräu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.giesinger-braeu.de|title=Giesinger Bräu München|website=Giesinger Bräu München|language=de|access-date=2017-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206065642/http://www.giesinger-braeu.de/|archive-date=6 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>  However, these breweries do not have tents at Oktoberfest.

===Circus===
The [[Circus Krone]] based in Munich is one of the largest circuses in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.munichfound.com/sightseeing/all_landmarks/circuskrone/ |title=Circus Krone: Europe's largest traditional circus |publisher=Munichfound.com |date=December 2005 |accessdate=1 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531021339/http://www.munichfound.com/sightseeing/all_landmarks/circuskrone/ |archive-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the first and still is one of only a few in Western Europe to also occupy a [[Circus Krone Building|building]] of its own.

===Nightlife===
[[File:Alte Utting 6144.jpg|thumb|The party ship [[Alte Utting]]]]
[[Nightlife]] in Munich is located mostly in the city centre ([[Altstadt-Lehel]]) and the boroughs [[Maxvorstadt]], [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]], [[Au-Haidhausen]] and [[Schwabing]]. Between [[Sendlinger Tor]] and [[Maximiliansplatz]] lies the so-called Feierbanane (party banana), a roughly banana-shaped unofficial party zone spanning {{convert|1.3|km|1|abbr=off}} along Sonnenstraße, characterised by a high concentration of clubs, bars and restaurants. The Feierbanane has become the mainstream focus of Munich's nightlife and tends to become crowded, especially at weekends. It has also been the subject of some debate among city officials because of alcohol-related security issues and the party zone's general impact on local residents as well as day-time businesses.

[[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]]'s two main quarters, Gärtnerplatzviertel and Glockenbachviertel, are both considered decidedly less mainstream than most other nightlife hotspots in the city and are renowned for their many hip and laid back bars and clubs as well as for being Munich's main centres of gay culture. On warm spring or summer nights, hundreds of young people gather at Gärtnerplatz to relax, talk with friends and drink beer.

[[File:Bahnwärter Thiel Nightclub Munich Subway Floor 1.jpg|thumb|[[Bahnwärter Thiel]]]]
[[Maxvorstadt]] has many smaller bars that are especially popular with university students, whereas [[Schwabing]], once Munich's first and foremost party district with legendary clubs such as Big Apple, PN, Domicile, Hot Club, Piper Club, Tiffany, Germany's first large-scale disco [[Blow Up (club)|Blow Up]] and the underwater nightclub Yellow Submarine,<ref name="mjunikdisco">{{cite book |last1=Hecktor |first1=Mirko |last2=von Uslar |first2=Moritz |last3=Smith |first3=Patti |last4=Neumeister |first4=Andreas |date=1 November 2008 |title=Mjunik Disco – from 1949 to now|isbn=978-3936738476|language=de}}</ref> as well as many bars such as [[Schwabinger 7]] or Schwabinger Podium, has lost much of its nightlife activity in the last decades, mainly due to gentrification and the resulting high rents. It has become the city's most coveted and expensive residential district, attracting affluent citizens with little interest in partying.

Since the mid-1990s, the Kunstpark Ost and its successor Kultfabrik, a former industrial complex that was converted to a large party area near [[München Ostbahnhof]] in [[Berg am Laim]], hosted more than 30 clubs and was especially popular among younger people and residents of the metropolitan area surrounding Munich.<ref name="munichfoundcom">{{cite web|title=Corpus Techno: The music of the future will soon be history|url=http://www.munichfound.com/archives/id/27/article/496/|publisher=MUNICHfound.com|accessdate=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206184555/http://www.munichfound.com/archives/id/27/article/496/|archive-date=6 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kultfabrik was closed at the end of the year 2015 to convert the area into a residential and office area. Apart from the Kultfarbik and the smaller Optimolwerke, there is a wide variety of establishments in the urban parts of nearby [[Haidhausen (Munich)|Haidhausen]]. Before the Kunstpark Ost, there had already been an accumulation of internationally known nightclubs in the remains of the abandoned former [[Munich-Riem Airport#Reuse|Munich-Riem Airport]].

Munich nightlife tends to change dramatically and quickly. Establishments open and close every year, and due to gentrification and the overheated housing market many survive only a few years, while others last longer. Beyond the already mentioned venues of the 1960s and 1970s, nightclubs with international recognition in recent history included Tanzlokal Größenwahn, Atomic Cafe and the techno clubs Babalu, [[Ultraschall]], {{nowrap|[[KW – Das Heizkraftwerk]]}}, {{nowrap|Natraj Temple}} and {{nowrap|[[MMA Club|MMA Club (Mixed Munich Arts)]]}}.<ref name="zeitmagazin">{{cite web |first=Paulina |last=Thillmann |url=https://www.zeit.de/zeit-magazin/2017/49/technoclubs-schliessung-bundeslaender-deutschlandkarte |title=Deutschlandkarte: Legendäre Clubs |trans-title=Germany map: legendary clubs |publisher=[[Die Zeit|Zeitmagazin]] |date=29 November 2017 |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411005217/http://www.zeit.de/zeit-magazin/2017/49/technoclubs-schliessung-bundeslaender-deutschlandkarte |archive-date=11 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> From 1995 to 2001, Munich was also home to the [[Union Move]], one of the largest [[technoparade]]s in Germany.

[[File:Blitz Club Munich.jpg|thumb|[[Blitz Club]]]]
Munich has two directly connected gay quarters, which basically can be seen as one: Gärtnerplatzviertel and Glockenbachviertel, both part of the [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]] district. [[Freddie Mercury]] had an apartment near the Gärtnerplatz and transsexual icon [[Romy Haag]] had a club in the city centre for many years.

Munich has more than 100 night clubs and thousands of bars and restaurants within city limits.<ref name="Munich bars">{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/essen-trinken/gaststaetten-bars.html|title=List of bars in Munich|publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal|accessdate=6 September 2016|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917175716/http://www.muenchen.de/essen-trinken/gaststaetten-bars.html|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Munich nightclubs">{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/veranstaltungen/veranstaltungsorte-discos-und-clubs.html|title=List of nightclubs in Munich|publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal|accessdate=6 September 2016|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917175847/http://www.muenchen.de/veranstaltungen/veranstaltungsorte-discos-und-clubs.html|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some notable nightclubs are: popular techno clubs are [[Blitz Club]], Harry Klein, Rote Sonne, [[Bahnwärter Thiel]], Bob Beaman, Pimpernel, Charlie and Palais. Popular mixed music clubs are Call me Drella, Cord, Wannda Circus, Tonhalle, Backstage, Muffathalle, Ampere, Pacha, P1, [[Zenith (building)|Zenith]], Minna Thiel and the party ship [[Alte Utting]]. Some notable bars (pubs are located all over the city) are Charles Schumann's Cocktail Bar, Havana Club, Sehnsucht, Bar Centrale, Ksar, Holy Home, Eat the Rich, Negroni, Die Goldene Bar and Bei Otto (a bavarian-style pub).

==Education==

===Colleges and universities===
[[File:Geschwister-Scholl-Platz-1.jpg|thumb|Main building of the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|LMU]]]]
[[File:TU München GO-1.jpg|thumb|Main building of the [[Technical University of Munich|Technical University]]]]
[[File:Hochschule Muenchen Ansicht Lothstrasse.jpg|thumb|[[Munich University of Applied Sciences|University of Applied Sciences (HM)]]]]
[[File:Tech_Univ_Munich,_Location_Garching.jpg|thumb|[[Technical University of Munich|TU Munich]]'s Garching Campus]]
[[File:München_Akademie_der_Künste_12.JPG|thumb|[[Academy of Fine Arts, Munich|Academy of Fine Arts Munich]]]]
[[File:Staatliches_Museum_Ägyptischer_Kunst_und_HFF.jpg|thumb|[[University of Television and Film Munich|University of Television and Film]]]]
Munich is a leading location for science and research with a long list of Nobel Prize laureates from [[Wilhelm Röntgen|Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]] in 1901 to [[Theodor W. Hänsch|Theodor Hänsch]] in 2005. Munich has become a spiritual centre already since the times of Emperor Louis IV when philosophers like [[Michael of Cesena]], [[Marsilius of Padua]] and [[William of Ockham]] were protected at the emperor's court. The Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) and the Technische Universität München (TU or TUM), were two of the first three German universities to be awarded the title ''elite university'' by a selection committee composed of academics and members of the Ministries of Education and Research of the Federation and the German states (Länder). Only the two Munich universities and the Technical University of Karlsruhe (now part of [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]]) have held this honour, and the implied greater chances of attracting research funds, since the first evaluation round in 2006.

* [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] (LMU), founded in 1472 in [[Ingolstadt]], moved to Munich in 1826
* [[Technical University of Munich]] (TUM), founded in 1868
* [[Academy of Fine Arts Munich|Akademie der Bildenden Künste München]], founded in 1808
* [[Bundeswehr University Munich]], founded in 1973 (located in [[Neubiberg]])
* [[German school for journalists|Deutsche Journalistenschule]], founded in 1959
* [[Bayerische Akademie für Außenwirtschaft]], founded in 1989
* [[Hochschule für Musik und Theater München]], founded in 1830
* [[International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences]], founded in 2005
* [[International School of Management (ISM)|International School of Management]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ism.de/|title=Management Studium – Private Hochschule – ISM Intern. School of Mgmt.|work=ism.de|accessdate=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214091154/http://www.ism.de/|archive-date=14 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> founded in 1980
* [[Katholische Stiftungsfachhochschule München]], founded in 1971
* [[Munich Business School]] (MBS), founded in 1991
* [[Munich Intellectual Property Law Center]] (MIPLC), founded in 2003
* [[Munich School of Philosophy]], founded in 1925 in [[Pullach]], moved to Munich in 1971
* [[Munich School of Political Science]], founded in 1950
* [[Munich University of Applied Sciences]] (HM), founded in 1971
* [[New European College]], founded in 2014
* [[Ukrainian Free University]], founded in 1921 (from 1945 – in Munich)
* [[University of Television and Film Munich]] (''Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film''), founded in 1966

===Primary and secondary schools===
Grundschule in Munich:
* [[Grundschule an der Gebelestraße]]
* [[Grund- und Mittelschule an der Hochstraße]]
* [[Grundschule an der Kirchenstraße]] 
* [[Grundschule Flurstraße]]
* [[Grundschule an der Stuntzstraße]]
* [[Ernst-Reuter-Grundschule]]
* [[Grundschule Gertrud Bäumer Straße]]
* [[Grundschule an der Südlichen Auffahrtsallee]]
Gymnasiums in Munich:
* [[Maria-Theresia-Gymnasium]]
* [[Gymnasium Max-Josef-Stift]]
* [[Luitpold Gymnasium]]
* [[Edith-Stein-Gymnasium der Erzdiözese München und Freising]]
* [[Maximiliansgymnasium]]
* [[Oskar-von-Miller-Gymnasium]]
* [[Städtisches St.-Anna-Gymnasium]]
* [[Wilhelmsgymnasium (Munich)|Wilhelmsgymnasium]]
* [[Städtisches Luisengymnasium]]
* [[Wittelsbacher-Gymnasium München|Wittelsbacher Gymnasium]]
Realschule in Munich:
* [[Städt. Fridtjof-Nansen-Realschule]]
* [[Städtische Adalbert-Stifter-Realschule]]
* [[Maria Ward Mädchenrealschule]]
* [[Städtische Ricarda-Huch-Realschule]]
* [[Isar Realschule München]]
* [[Städtische Hermann-Frieb Realschule]]

International schools in Munich:
* [[Lycée Jean Renoir (Munich)|Lycée Jean Renoir]] (French school)
* [[Japanische Internationale Schule München]]
* [[Bavarian International School]]
* [[Munich International School]]
* [[European School, Munich]]

===Scientific research institutions===

[[File:MUC_Westend_FraunhoferHausA.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fraunhofer Society|Fraunhofer Headquarters]] in Munich]]

===Max Planck Society===
The [[Max Planck Society]], an independent German non-profit research organisation, has its administrative headquarters in Munich. The following institutes are located in the Munich area:
* [[Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics]], [[Garching bei München|Garching]]
* [[Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry]], [[Martinsried]]
* [[Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics]], [[Garching bei München|Garching]]
* [[Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law]], München
* [[Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition]], München
* [[Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology]], [[Martinsried]]
* [[Max Planck Institute for Ornithology]], [[Andechs]]-[[Erling, Germany|Erling]] (Biological Rhythms and Behaviour), [[Radolfzell]], [[Seewiesen]] (Reproductive Biology and Behaviour)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orn.mpg.de/|title=Startseite|work=mpg.de|access-date=7 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719063021/http://www.orn.mpg.de/|archive-date=19 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Max Planck Institute for Physics]] ([[Max Planck Institute for Physics|Werner Heisenberg Institute]]), München
* [[Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik|Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics]], [[Garching bei München|Garching]] (also in [[Greifswald]])
* [[Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry]], München
* [[Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research]], München (closed)
* [[Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics]], [[Garching bei München|Garching]]

===Fraunhofer Society===
The [[Fraunhofer Society]], the German non-profit research organization for applied research, has its headquarters in Munich. The following institutes are located in the Munich area:
* Applied and Integrated Security – [https://www.aisec.fraunhofer.de/en.html AISEC]
* Embedded Systems and Communication - [https://www.esk.fraunhofer.de/en.html ESK]
* Modular Solid-State Technologies - [https://www.emft.fraunhofer.de/en.html EMFT]
* Building Physics – [https://www.ibp.fraunhofer.de/en.html IBP]
* Process Engineering and Packaging – [https://www.ivv.fraunhofer.de/en.html IVV]

===Other research institutes===
[[File:European_Southern_Observatory’s_Headquarters_in_Garching,_near_Munich,_Germany.jpg|thumb|[[European Southern Observatory]]'s headquarter in [[Garching]]]]
* [[Botanische Staatssammlung München]], a notable [[herbarium]]
* [[Ifo Institute for Economic Research]], theoretical and applied research in economics and finance
* [[Doerner Institute]]
* [[European Southern Observatory]]
* [[Helmholtz Zentrum München]]
* [[Zoologische Staatssammlung München]]
* [[German Aerospace Center]] (GSOC), [[Oberpfaffenhofen|Oberpfaffenhofen bei München]]

==Economy==
[[File:4_Cilindros,_Múnich,_Alemania,_2013-02-11,_DD_02.JPG|thumb|[[BMW Headquarters]] building (one of the few buildings that has been built from the top to the bottom) and the bowl shaped BMW museum]]
[[File:SiemensForum.jpg|thumb|[[SiemensForum München|Siemens-Forum]] in Munich]]
[[File:Hypo-Haus.JPG|thumb|The [[HypoVereinsbank]] tower]]

Munich has the strongest economy of any German city<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icm-muenchen.de/en/Home/cn/kongressstadt/daten_fakten |title=Study conducted by INSM (New Social Market Economy Initiative) and WirtschaftsWoche magazine |publisher=Icm-muenchen.de |accessdate=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619061243/http://www.icm-muenchen.de/en/Home/cn/kongressstadt/daten_fakten |archivedate=19 June 2012 }}</ref> and the lowest unemployment rate (3.0% in June 2014) of any German city of more than a million people (the others being [[Berlin]], [[Hamburg]] and [[Cologne]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/Navigation/Statistik/Statistik-nach-Regionen/Politische-Gebietsstruktur/Bayern/Muenchen-Nav.html |title=Statistik der BA |publisher=statistik.arbeitsagentur.de |date= |accessdate=16 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228144622/http://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/Navigation/Statistik/Statistik-nach-Regionen/Politische-Gebietsstruktur/Bayern/Muenchen-Nav.html |archive-date=28 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Artikel empfehlen |url=http://www.koeln.de/koeln/die_domstadt/endlich_amtlich_koeln_ist_millionenstadt_367287.html |title=Endlich amtlich: Köln ist Millionenstadt |publisher=Koeln.de |date=27 September 2010 |accessdate=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001090822/http://www.koeln.de/koeln/die_domstadt/endlich_amtlich_koeln_ist_millionenstadt_367287.html |archive-date=1 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is also the economic centre of [[southern Germany]]. Munich topped the ranking of the magazine ''Capital'' in February 2005 for the economic prospects between 2002 and 2011 in 60 German cities.

Munich is a [[financial center]] and a [[global city]] and holds the headquarters of many companies. This includes more companies listed by the [[DAX]] than any other German city, as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as [[McDonald's]] and [[Microsoft]]. One of the best known newly established Munich companies is [[Flixbus]].

===Manufacturing===
Munich holds the headquarters of [[Siemens|Siemens AG]] (electronics), [[BMW]] (car), [[MAN SE|MAN AG]] (truck manufacturer, engineering), [[MTU Aero Engines]] (aircraft engine manufacturer), [[The Linde Group|Linde]] (gases) and [[Rohde & Schwarz]] ([[electronics]]). Among German cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants, purchasing power is highest in Munich (€26,648 per inhabitant) {{As of|2007|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.just4business.eu/2007/07/in-hesse-the-purchasing-power-is-highest-in-germany/ |title=In Hesse the purchasing power is highest in Germany – CyberPress |publisher=Just4business.eu |date= |accessdate=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916113128/http://just4business.eu/2007/07/in-hesse-the-purchasing-power-is-highest-in-germany/ |archive-date=16 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, Munich blue-collar workers enjoyed an average hourly wage of €18.62 (ca. $20).<ref>Landeshauptstadt München, Direktorium, Statistisches Amt: Statistisches Jahrbuch 2007, page 206 (Statistical Yearbook of the City of Munich 2007) http://currency.wiki/18-62eur-usd {{cite web |url=http://currency.wiki/18-62eur-usd |title=Unknown |access-date=17 March 2020}}{{dead link|date=March 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The breakdown by cities proper (not metropolitan areas) of Global 500 cities listed Munich in 8th position in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/ |title=Global 500 2008: Cities |publisher=Money.cnn.com |date=21 July 2008 |accessdate=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529093252/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/ |archive-date=29 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Munich is also a centre for [[biotechnology]], [[software]] and other [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service industries]]. Munich is also the home of the headquarters of many other large companies such as the [[injection moulding machine]] manufacturer [[Krauss-Maffei]], the camera and lighting manufacturer [[Arri]], the semiconductor firm [[Infineon Technologies]] (headquartered in the suburban town of [[Neubiberg]]), lighting giant [[Osram]], as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as [[Microsoft]].

===Finance===
Munich has significance as a [[Munich's financial community|financial centre]] (second only to [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]]), being home of [[HypoVereinsbank]] and the [[Bayerische Landesbank]]. It outranks [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] though as home of insurance companies such as [[Allianz]]  (insurance) and [[Munich Re]] ([[Reinsurance|re-insurance]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fpmi.de/en/participants/insurance.html|title=Insurance - Munich Financial Centre Initiative|website=www.fpmi.de|language=en|access-date=2018-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227094238/https://www.fpmi.de/en/participants/insurance.html|archive-date=27 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Media===
Munich is the largest publishing city in Europe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.literaturhaus-muenchen.de/english/house/index.htm |title=Munich Literature House: About Us |accessdate=17 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030404121202/http://www.literaturhaus-muenchen.de/english/house/index.htm |archivedate=4 April 2003 }}</ref> and home to the ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'', one of Germany's biggest daily newspapers. The city is also the location of the programming headquarters of Germany's largest public broadcasting network, [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]], while the largest commercial network, [[ProSieben|Pro7-Sat1 Media AG]], is headquartered in the suburb of [[Unterföhring]]. The headquarters of the German branch of [[Random House]], the world's largest publishing house, and of [[Hubert Burda Media|Burda publishing group]] are also in Munich.

The [[Bavaria Film Studios]] are located in the suburb of [[Grünwald, Bavaria|Grünwald]]. They are one of Europe's biggest film production studios.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bavaria-film.de/index.php?id=3 |title=Bavaria Film GmbH: Company Start |publisher=Bavaria-film.de |accessdate=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529141017/http://www.bavaria-film.de/index.php?id=3 |archivedate=29 May 2012 }}</ref>

==Transport==
Munich has an extensive public transport system consisting of an underground metro, trams, buses and high-speed rail. In 2015, the transport [[modal share]] in Munich was 38 percent public transport, 25 percent car, 23 percent walking, and 15 percent bicycle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mvg.de/dam/mvg/ueber/nachhaltigkeit/mvg-nachhaltigkeitsbericht-eng.pdf|title=Munich Transport Corporation (MVG) Sustainability Report 2014/2015|website=www.mvg.de|access-date=2019-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183658/https://www.mvg.de/dam/mvg/ueber/nachhaltigkeit/mvg-nachhaltigkeitsbericht-eng.pdf|archive-date=10 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Its public transport system delivered 566 million passenger trips that year.<ref name=":0" /> Munich is the hub of a well-developed regional transportation system, including the second-largest airport in Germany and the [[Berlin–Munich high-speed railway]], which connects Munich to the German capital city with a journey time of about 4 hours. The trade fair [[Transport Logistic|transport logistic]] is held every two years at the ''Neue Messe München'' (Messe München International). [[Flixmobility]] which offers intercity coach service is headquartered in Munich.

===Public transport===
[[File:Verkehrsnetz München.png|thumb|left|360px|Public transport network]]
[[File:Westfriedhof zentral.JPG|thumb|[[Westfriedhof (Munich U-Bahn)|Westfriedhof platform]] of the [[Munich U-Bahn]]]]
[[File:S-bahn-muenchen.jpg|thumb|[[Munich S-Bahn|Munich's S-Bahn]] at the [[Munich Marienplatz station|Marienplatz station]]]]

For its urban population of 2.6&nbsp;million people, Munich and its closest suburbs have a comprehensive network of public transport incorporating the [[Munich U-Bahn|Munich U-Bahn (underground railway)]], the [[Munich S-Bahn|Munich S-Bahn (suburban trains)]], trams and buses. The system is supervised by the [[Munich Transport and Tariff Association]] (''Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund [[Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung|GmbH]]''). The [[Munich tramway]] is the oldest existing public transportation system in the city, which has been in operation since 1876. Munich also has an extensive network of bus lines.

The extensive network of subway and tram lines assist and complement pedestrian movement in the city centre. The 700m-long Kaufinger Straße, which starts near the Main train station, forms a pedestrian east–west spine that traverses almost the entire centre. Similarly, Weinstraße leads off northwards to the Hofgarten. These major spines and many smaller streets cover an extensive area of the centre that can be enjoyed on foot and bike. The transformation of the historic area into a pedestrian priority zone enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. These attributes result from applying the principle of [[Permeability (spatial and transport planning)|"filtered permability"]], which selectively restricts the number of roads that run through the centre. While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths, which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip (see image). The logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts – the [[Fused Grid]].

====Munich Public Transportation Statistics====
The average amount of time people spend commuting to and from work with public transit in Munich on a weekday is 56 min. 11% of public transit users, spend more than two hours travelling each day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is ten minutes, whilst 6% of passengers wait for over twenty minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 9.2&nbsp;km, while 21% travel for over 12&nbsp;km in a single direction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Germany_Munchen-3144|title=Munich Public Transportation Statistics|publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit|accessdate=June 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901024953/https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Germany_Munchen-3144|archive-date=1 September 2017|url-status=live}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref>

===Cycling===
{{main|Cycling in Munich}}
Cycling has a strong presence in the city and is recognised as a good alternative to motorised transport. The growing number of [[Segregated cycle facilities|bicycle lanes]] are widely used throughout the year. Cycle paths can be found alongside the majority of sidewalks and streets, although the newer and/or renovated ones are much easier to tell apart from pavements than older ones. The cycle paths usually involve a longer route than by the road, as they are diverted around objects, and the presence of pedestrians can make them quite slow.

A modern [[Call a Bike|bike hire system]] is available within the area bounded by the ''Mittlerer Ring''.

===München Hauptbahnhof===
{{Main|München Hauptbahnhof}}
[[File:Morning Munich HB June 2014 - 2 (14181545380).jpg|thumb|Munich main railway station]]

[[München Hauptbahnhof]] is the main [[railway station]] located in the city centre and is one of three long distance stations in Munich, the others being [[München Ost railway station|München Ost]] (to the east) and [[München-Pasing railway station|München-Pasing]] (to the west). All stations are connected to the public transport system and serve as transportation hubs.

München Hauptbahnhof serves about 450,000 passengers a day, which puts it on par with other large stations in Germany, such as [[Hamburg Hauptbahnhof]] and [[Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof]]. It and München Ost are two of the 21 stations in Germany classified by [[Deutsche Bahn]] as a [[German railway station categories|category 1 station]]. The mainline station is a [[terminal station]] with 32 platforms. The subterranean [[Munich S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] with 2 platforms and [[Munich U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] stations with 6 platforms are through stations.<ref name=ORM>{{cite map |url=http://www.openrailwaymap.org/index.php?lang=en&lat=48.14041185482575&lon=11.559380739927292&zoom=18&style=standard |title=Map of München Hauptbahnhof |publisher=OpenRailwayMap |date=28 September 2014 |map=OpenRailwayMap |mapurl=http://www.OpenRailwayMap.org |cartography=OpenStreetMap |accessdate=2014-10-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134627/https://www.openrailwaymap.org/index.php?lang=en&lat=48.14041185482575&lon=11.559380739927292&zoom=18&style=standard |archivedate=25 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=BhfMap>{{cite web |url=http://www.bahnhof.de/file/6511088/data/M%C3%BCnchen%20Hbf_de_PDF.pdf |title=Lageplan Hauptbahnhof München |language=German |publisher=Deutsche Bahn AG |year=2014 |type=orientation map |accessdate=2014-10-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204092217/http://www.bahnhof.de/file/6511088/data/M%C3%BCnchen%20Hbf_de_PDF.pdf |archivedate=4 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

[[Intercity-Express|ICE highspeed trains]] stop at Munich-Pasing and Munich-Hauptbahnhof only. [[InterCity]] and [[EuroCity]] trains to destinations east of Munich also stop at Munich East. Since 28 May 2006 Munich has been connected to [[Nuremberg]] via [[Ingolstadt]] by the {{convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}} [[Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway]] line. In 2017, the [[Berlin–Munich high-speed railway]] opened, providing a journey time of less than 4 hours between the two German cities.

===Autobahns===
[[File:Karte Fernstraßen München.png|thumb|Munich [[Autobahn|motorway]] network]]

Munich is an integral part of the [[Autobahn|motorway]] network of southern Germany. Motorways from [[Stuttgart]] (W), [[Nuremberg]], [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] and Berlin (N), [[Deggendorf]] and [[Passau]] (E), [[Salzburg]] and [[Innsbruck]] (SE), [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen|Garmisch Partenkirchen]] (S) and [[Lindau]] (SW) terminate at Munich, allowing direct access to the different parts of Germany, Austria and Italy.

Traffic, however, is often very heavy in and around Munich. Traffic jams are commonplace during rush hour as well as at the beginning and end of major holidays in Germany. There are few "green waves" or roundabouts, and the city's prosperity often causes an abundance of obstructive construction sites. Other contributing factors are the extraordinarily high rates of car ownership per capita (multiple times that of Berlin), the city's historically grown and largely preserved centralised urban structure, which leads to a very high concentration of traffic in specific areas, and sometimes poor planning (for example bad traffic light synchronisation and a less than ideal ring road).

===Munich International Airport===
[[File:Flughafen turm.png|thumb|[[Munich Airport|Munich International Airport]] (MUC)]]
[[Munich Airport|Franz Josef Strauss International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association|IATA]]: MUC, [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]]: EDDM) is the second-largest airport in Germany and seventh-largest in Europe after [[London Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow]], [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris Charles de Gaulle]], [[Frankfurt International Airport|Frankfurt]], [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]], [[Barajas Airport|Madrid]] and [[Atatürk International Airport|Istanbul Atatürk]]. It is used by about 46 million passengers a year, and lies some {{convert|30|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} north east of the city centre. It replaced the smaller [[Munich-Riem Airport|Munich-Riem airport]] in 1992. The airport can be reached by suburban train lines from the city. From the [[München Hauptbahnhof|main railway station]] the journey takes 40–45 minutes. An express train will be added that will cut down travel time to 20–25 minutes with limited stops on dedicated tracks. A [[maglev (transport)|magnetic levitation train]] (called [[Transrapid]]), which was to have run at speeds of up to {{convert|400|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} from the central station to the airport in a travel time of 10 minutes, had been approved,<ref>{{cite news|title=Germany to build maglev railway|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7011932.stm|work=BBC News|date=25 September 2007|accessdate=7 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216162151/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7011932.stm|archive-date=16 February 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> but was cancelled in March 2008 because of cost escalation and after heavy protests.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3219174,00.html|title=Germany Scraps Transrapid Rail Plans|work=Deutsche Welle|date=27 March 2008|accessdate=27 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328175125/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0%2C2144%2C3219174%2C00.html|archive-date=28 March 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lufthansa]] opened its second hub at the airport when Terminal 2 was opened in 2003.

===Other airports===
In 2008, the Bavarian state government granted a licence to expand Oberpfaffenhofen Air Station  located west of Munich, for commercial use. These plans were opposed by many residents in the Oberpfaffenhofen area as well as other branches of local Government, including the city of Munich, which took the case to court.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merkur-online.de/nachrichten/bayern/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-rolle-rueckwaerts-mm-390304.html |title=Flughafen Oberpfaffenhofen: Rolle rückwärts – Bayern – Aktuelles – merkur-online |language=de |publisher=Merkur-online.de |date= |accessdate=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622185526/http://www.merkur-online.de/nachrichten/bayern/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-rolle-rueckwaerts-mm-390304.html |archive-date=22 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2009, the permit allowing up to 9725 business flights per year to depart from or land at Oberpfaffenhofen was confirmed by a regional judge.<ref>{{cite web |author=Süddeutsche.de GmbH, Munich, Germany |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-business-jets-willkommen-1.142886 |title=Flughafen Oberpfaffenhofen – Business-Jets willkommen – München |publisher=sueddeutsche.de |date= |accessdate=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725102101/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-business-jets-willkommen-1.142886 |archive-date=25 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite being {{convert|110|km|0|abbr=on}} from Munich, [[Memmingen Airport]] has been advertised as Airport Munich West. After 2005, passenger traffic of nearby [[Augsburg Airport]] was relocated to Munich Airport, leaving the Augsburg region of Bavaria without an air passenger airport within close reach.

==Around Munich==

===Nearby towns===
The Munich agglomeration sprawls across the plain of the [[Foothills|Alpine foothills]] comprising about 2.6&nbsp;million inhabitants. Several smaller traditional Bavarian towns and cities like [[Dachau, Bavaria|Dachau]], [[Freising]], [[Erding]], [[Starnberg]], [[Landshut]] and [[Moosburg]] are today part of the Greater Munich Region, formed by Munich and the surrounding districts, making up the [[Munich Metropolitan Region]], which has a population of about 6 million people.<ref name="mmr_official_site"/>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Dachau Altstadt Konrad Adenauer Straße.JPG|[[Dachau, Bavaria|Dachau]]
File:Erding Schoener Turm.jpg|[[Erding]]
File:Freising Dom St. Maria & Korbinian Fassade 1.JPG|[[Freising]]
File:Klosterkirche Mariae Himmelfahrt Fuerstenfeld Fuerstenfeldbruck-13.jpg|[[Fürstenfeldbruck]]
File:Landsberg Burgberg 2.JPG|[[Landsberg am Lech|Landsberg]]
File:Ensemble Altstadt Landshut.JPG|[[Landshut]]
File:Moosburg Stadtplatz mit St. Johannes.jpg|[[Moosburg]]
File:Starnberg, HB-08.jpg|[[Starnberg]]
File:Wasserburg am Inn Kellerbergweg.jpg|[[Wasserburg am Inn]]
</gallery>

===Recreation===

South of Munich, there are numerous nearby freshwater lakes such as [[Lake Starnberg]], [[Ammersee]], [[Chiemsee]], [[Walchensee]], [[Kochelsee]], [[Tegernsee (lake)|Tegernsee]], [[Schliersee (lake)|Schliersee]], [[Simssee]], [[Staffelsee]], [[Wörthsee]], [[Kirchsee (Bavaria)|Kirchsee]] and the [[Osterseen]] (Easter Lakes), which are popular among the people of Munich for recreation, swimming and watersports and can be quickly reached by car and a few also by Munich's [[Munich S-Bahn|S-Bahn]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht/seen-umland.html|title=Lakes in Munich's vicinity|publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal|accessdate=6 September 2016|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917183544/http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht/seen-umland.html|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Starnberger See, HB-03.jpg|[[Lake Starnberg]]
File:Ammersee.JPG|[[Ammersee]]
File:Chiemsee010.jpg|[[Chiemsee]]
File:Walchensee-Teilausschnitt.jpg|[[Walchensee]]
File:Gmund Kaltenbrunn Südausblick.JPG|[[Tegernsee (lake)|Tegernsee]]
File:Osterseen Gewitterabend Grosser Ostersee 02.jpg|[[Osterseen|Großer Ostersee]]
File:Kirchsee in der Abendsonne.jpg|[[Kirchsee (Bavaria)|Kirchsee]]
File:Simssee Suedufer Wendelstein Beuerberg Riedering-1.jpg|[[Simssee]]
File:Wörthsee +.jpg|[[Wörthsee]]
</gallery>

==Notable people==
{{see also|List of honorary citizens of Munich}}

===Born in Munich===

{|width="100%" style="margin:auto;" |
|style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|
* Entertainment
** [[Herbert Achternbusch]], born in 1938, film director
** [[Percy Adlon]], born in 1935, film director
** [[Briana Banks]], born in 1978, porn actress
** [[Moritz Bleibtreu]], born in 1971, actor
** [[Harry Buckwitz]], 1904–1987, actor, theatre director and theatre manager
** [[Gedeon Burkhard]], born in 1969, actor
** [[Andy Fetscher]], born in 1980, film director, cinematographer and screenplay writer
** [[Maria Furtwängler]], born 1966, actress
** [[Therese Giehse]], 1898–1975, actress
** [[Michael Haneke]], born in 1942, filmmaker and writer
** [[Michael Herbig]], born in 1968, comedian, actor and filmmaker
** [[Werner Herzog]], born in 1942, film director
** [[Curd Jürgens]], 1915–1982, actor
** [[Rick Kavanian]], born in 1971, actor and comedian
** [[Max Neal]], 1865–1941, dramatist
** [[Christine Neubauer]], born 1962, actress
** [[Uschi Obermaier]], born in 1946, sex symbol of the late sixties
** [[Lola Randl]], born in 1980, film director and screenwriter
** [[Wolfgang Reitherman]], 1909–1985, animator and director of Disney movies
** [[Helmut Ringelmann]] (1926-2011), film producer and film director
** [[Jeri Ryan]], actress, born in 1968
** [[Julia Stegner]], born in 1984, top model
** [[Christian Tramitz]], born in 1955, actor and comedian
** [[Karl Valentin]], 1882–1948, comedian, author and film producer
** [[Fritz Wepper]], born in 1941, actor
** [[Nico Liersch]], born in 2000, actor
* Fashion designers
** [[Willy Bogner, Jr.|Willy Bogner]], born in 1942, fashion designer and director of photography
** [[Rudolph Moshammer]], 1940–2005, fashion designer
* Musicians
** [[Lou Bega]], born in 1975, singer-songwriter
** [[Harold Faltermeyer]], born in 1952, composer and record producer
** [[Julia Fischer]] (born 1983), classical violinist and pianist
** [[Joey Heindle]], born in 1993, [[Deutschland sucht den Superstar|DSDS]] participant in [[Deutschland sucht den Superstar (season 9)|season 9]].<ref>{{cite web|title=DSDS 2012: Kandidat Joey Heindle|url=http://www.rtl.de/cms/sendungen/superstar/dsds-kandidaten/joey-heindle.html|publisher=RTL|accessdate=18 April 2012|language=German|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702135812/http://www.rtl.de/cms/sendungen/superstar/dsds-kandidaten/joey-heindle.html|archive-date=2 July 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[Lubomyr Melnyk]], born in 1948, composer and pianist
** [[Nick Menza]], 1964–2016, [[Megadeth]] drummer
** [[Robert Merwald]], born in 1971, operatic baritone 
** [[Brent Mydland]], born in 1952, [[Grateful Dead]] keyboardist
** [[Charles Oberthür (composer)|Charles Oberthür]], 1819–1895, composer
** [[Carl Orff]], 1895–1982, composer
** [[Wolfgang Sawallisch]], 1923–2013, conductor and pianist
** [[Ralph Siegel]], born in 1945, composer
** [[Sportfreunde Stiller]], popular German rock band
** [[Richard Strauss]], 1864–1949, composer
* Nobel Prize laureates
** [[Eduard Buchner]], 1860–1917, chemist and Nobel Prize winner
** [[Ernst Otto Fischer]], 1918–2007, chemist and Nobel Prize winner
** [[Robert Huber]], born in 1937, chemist and Nobel Prize winner
** [[Wassily Leontief]], 1905–1999, economist and Nobel Prize winner
** [[Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen]], 1911–1979, biochemist and Nobel Prize winner
** [[Rudolf Mössbauer]], 1929–2011, physicist and Nobel Prize winner
** [[Arno Allan Penzias]], born in 1933, physicist and Nobel Prize winner
|style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|
* Nobility
** [[Elisabeth of Bavaria]], 1837–1898, Empress "Sisi" of [[Austria]]
** [[Isabeau of Bavaria]], 1371–1435, [[queen consort|queen-consort]] of France
** [[Jeannette zu Fürstenberg|Jeannette, Hereditary Princess of Fürstenberg]], born in 1982
** [[Prince Leopold of Bavaria]], 1846-1930 German field marshal
** [[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Ludwig II]] the Dream King, at [[Nymphenburg Palace|Nymphenburg]]
** [[Ludwig III of Bavaria]],  1845–1921, last king of Bavaria
** [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria]], 1573–1651, Elector of Bavaria
** [[Maximilian II of Bavaria]], 1811–1864, king of Bavaria
** [[Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria]], 1662–1726, Elector of Bavaria
** [[Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria]], 1727–1777, Elector of Bavaria
** [[Otto of Bavaria]] (1848-1916), king of Bavaria
** [[Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria]], (1869-1955) Crown Prince of Bavaria
** [[Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein]], born in 1967
* Painters
** [[Franz Marc]], 1880–1916, painter
** [[Karl von Piloty]], 1826–1886, painter
* Politicians
** [[Carl Amery]], 1922–2005, writer, President of the German PEN Center and founding member of the German Green Party
** [[Lion Feuchtwanger|Leon Feuchtwanger]], 1884–1958, writer
** [[Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg]] (born 1971), politician (CSU)
** [[Heinrich Himmler]], 1900–1945, leading member of the [[Nazi Party]], main perpetrator of the [[Holocaust]]
** [[Wilhelm Hoegner]], (1887-1980), politician
** [[:de:Carljörg Lacherbauer|Dr. Carljörg Lacherbauer]], 1902–1967, co-founder of Christian Social Union (CSU), Post-war mayor and secretary of the Department of Justice
** [[Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)|Heinrich Müller]], 1900–1945, chief of the [[Gestapo]]
** [[Fritz Schäffer]], 1888–1967, politician
** [[Franz Josef Strauss]], 1915–1988, Minister-President of the Free State of Bavaria
* Professional athletes
** [[Franz Beckenbauer]], born in 1945, former footballer and honorary president of [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]
** [[Korbinian Holzer]], born in 1988, ice hockey player who currently plays in the [[National Hockey League|NHL]] for the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]]
**[[Fabian Johnson]], born in 1987, German born soccer player who plays for Borussia Monchengladbach and the United States National Team
** [[Philipp Lahm]], born in 1983, footballer who played for [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]
** [[Christoph Schubert]], born in 1982, Ice hockey Player who currently plays in the [[National Hockey League|NHL]] for the [[Winnipeg Jets]]
** [[Frank Shorter]], born 1947, champion distance runner
* Journalists and Writers
** [[Lion Feuchtwanger]], 1884–1958, writer
** [[Bettina Gaus]] born 1956, journalist
** [[Golo Mann]], 1909–1994, writer
** [[Klaus Mann]], 1906–1949, writer
** [[Eugen Roth]], 1895–1976, writer
** [[Dieter Kronzucker]] (born 1936), journalist
** [[Maria von Welser]] (born 1946), journalist
** [[Steffen Seibert]] (born 1960), journalist
** [[Sandra Maischberger]] (born 1966), journalist
** [[Simran Sethi]], born in 1970, environmental journalist
** [[Angie Westhoff]], born 1965, children's author
** [[Marcel Mettelsiefen]], born 1978, journalist
* Others
** [[Andreas Baader]], 1943–1977, [[Red Army Faction]] leader
** [[Eva Braun]], 1912–1945, Adolf Hitler's mistress and later wife
** [[Abraham Fraenkel|Adolf Abraham Halevi Fraenkel]], 1891–1965, mathematician
** [[Franz Xaver Gabelsberger]], 1789–1849, inventor of the Gabelsberger shorthand writing system
** [[Jean Baptiste Holzmayer]], 1839–1890, teacher, archaeologist and folklorist
** [[Traudl Humps]], 1920–2002, Adolf Hitler's personal secretary during the Second World War
** [[Wolfgang Franz von Kobell]], 1803–1882, mineralogist and writer
** [[Dr. E. Lee Spence]], born in 1947, pioneer underwater archaeologist and shipwreck historian
|}

===Notable residents===
{|width="100%" style="margin:auto;" |
|style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|
* [[Max Emanuel Ainmiller]], painter
* [[Pope Benedict XVI]], born [[Pope Benedict XVI|Joseph Ratzinger]], former Archbishop of Munich-Freising
* [[Gudrun Burwitz]], daughter of Heinrich Himmler
* [[Manfred Eicher]], record producer and founder of [[ECM Records]]
* [[Albert Einstein]], 1879–1955, Nobel Prize–winning physicist, grew up in Munich
* [[Hans Magnus Enzensberger]], born 1929, author
* [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]], 1945–1982, film director
* [[Roger C. Field]], inventor, industrial designer
* [[Joseph von Fraunhofer]], optician
* [[Asger Hamerik]], composer
* [[Werner Heisenberg]], Nobel Prize–winning physicist
* [[Adolf Hitler]], 
* [[Brigitte Horney]], actress ([[Münchhausen am Christenberg|Münchhausen]])
* [[Muhammad Iqbal]], Pakistan's national poet, who received his PhD from Munich in 1907
* [[Wassily Kandinsky]], 1866–1944, painter*
* [[Erich Kästner]], author 
* [[Erich Kästner (camera designer)]], movie camera designer, chief designer at ARRI
* [[Orlande de Lassus]], composer
* [[Franz von Lenbach]], painter
* [[Vladimir Lenin]], Russian revolutionary
* [[Justus von Liebig]], chemist
* [[Ernst Mach]], physicist and philosopher
* [[Sepp Maier]], born 1944, football goalkeeper
* [[Thomas Mann]], 1875–1955, Nobel Prize–winning author
* [[Helene Mayer]], fencer
* [[Freddie Mercury]], lead singer of Queen
|style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|
* [[Wilhelm Messerschmitt|Wilhelm Emil "Willy" Messerschmitt]], German aircraft designer and manufacturer
* [[Lola Montez]], courtesan to King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]]
* [[Gerd Müller]], born 1945, footballer
* [[David Dalhoff Neal]], painter
* [[William of Ockham]], English medieval philosopher
* [[Georg Ohm]], physicist
* [[Marsilius of Padua]], Italian medieval scholar
* [[Max Planck]], Nobel Prize–winning physicist
* [[Lucia Popp]], Slovak-born opera singer
* [[Ludwig Prandtl]], father of modern aerodynamics
* [[Max Reger]], composer, organist, pianist and conductor
* [[Daniel Reichert]], hospitality professional
* [[Wilhelm Röntgen]], Nobel Prize–winning physicist
* [[Willibald Sauerländer]], art historian
* [[Max Schreck]], actor
* [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], former Governor of California, bodybuilder and actor, resided at Christophstr. 1 and worked at Rolf Putziger's gym at Schillerstr. 36 from 1966 to 1968
* [[Bastian Schweinsteiger]], footballer
* [[Franz Stuck|Franz von Stuck]], painter and sculptor
* [[Donna Summer]], 1948–2012, singer, known as the "Queen of Disco" she was the most successful musical artist of the Disco era in the late 1970s and early 1980s
* [[Vardges Sureniants]], Armenian painter
* [[Fyodor Tyutchev]], Russian Romantic poet
* [[Richard Wagner]], 1813–1883, composer
* [[Heinrich Otto Wieland]], Nobel Prize–winning chemist who successfully protected Jewish people
* [[Stepan Bandera]], Ukrainian nationalist, assassinated in October 1959
|}

==International relations==
Munich has seven sister cities.
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bordeaux]], France
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cincinnati]], USA 
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Edinburgh]], United Kingdom
* {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Harare]], Zimbabwe
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kiev]], Ukraine
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sapporo]], Japan
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Verona]], Italy

==See also==
{{Portal|Germany}}
* [[Outline of Munich]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Munich}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Munich-wikisource-12_2014.ogg|2014-12-08}}
* [http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/home_en Official website for the City of Munich]
* [http://www.mvv-muenchen.de/en/index.html Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund] – public transport network
* [http://www.muenchenwiki.de/ München Wiki] – the open city wiki for Munich with more than 15,000 articles {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.historicaleye.com/Munich1.html On the brink: Munich 1918–1919]
* [http://www.munichfound.com/ Munichfound] – magazine for English speaking Münchners
* [http://www.destination-munich.com/ Destination Munich] – An online guide
* [http://www.munich-airport.de/en/consumer/index.jsp Munich Airport] – Official Website Franz Josef Strauss Airport
* [http://www.muenchen.tv/ münchen.tv] – local TV station
* [http://www.his-muenchen.de/ Historical Atlas of Munich] {{in lang|de}}

; Photos
* [http://www.europepictures.gm/europe/germany/munich/photos Europe Pictures – Munich]
* [http://www.photrax.com/index.php?page=user.view.image&imageId=454 Geocoded Pictures of Munich]
* [http://www.panorama-cities.net/munich/munich.html Munich City Panoramas] – Panoramic Views and virtual Tours
* [http://www.globosapiens.net/germany-travel/Bayern/Munich_pictures.html Globosapiens Travel Community] – Travel Tips
* [https://www.flickr.com/groups/talesfromtoytown/pool Tales from Toytown] – Photos of Munich
* [https://photos.nomadicnotes.com/germany/munich Munich photo gallery]

{{Geographic location
|Centre =Munich
|North  =[[Nuremberg]], [[Regensburg]],<br />[[Ingolstadt]]
|Northeast= [[Prague]] ([[Czech Republic]]),<br />[[Landshut]]
|East  =[[Linz]] ([[Austria]])
|Southeast= [[Rosenheim]],<br />[[Salzburg]] ([[Austria]])
|South  =[[Innsbruck]] ([[Austria]]),<br />[[Bolzano]] ([[Italy]])
|Southwest= [[Vaduz]] ([[Liechtenstein]]),<br />[[Zürich]] ([[Switzerland]])
|West  =[[Memmingen]]
|Northwest= [[Stuttgart]], [[Ulm]], [[Augsburg]]
}}

{{Boroughs of Munich}}
{{Mayors of Munich}}
{{Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany}}
{{Germany districts bavaria}}
{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Visitor attractions in Munich}}
{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Munich| ]]<!--leave the empty space as for standard-->
[[Category:German state capitals]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 12th century]]<noinclude>

<small>This page was moved from [[:en:Munich]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Munich/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>