Revision 800403 of "మొంటానా" on tewiki

{{అనువాదం}}
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{{US state
| Name                = Montana
| Fullname            = State of Montana
| Flag                = Flag of Montana.svg
| Flaglink            = [[Flag of Montana|Flag]]
| Seal                = Montana-StateSeal.svg
| Song                = "Montana"
| Flower              = Bitteroot
| Tree                = Ponderosa Pine
| Bird                = Western Meadowlark
| Map                 = Montana in United States.svg
| Nickname            = Big Sky Country, The Treasure State
| Motto               = Oro y Plata<br /><small>(Spanish: Gold and Silver)</small>
| MottoEnglish        = Gold and silver
| Former              = Montana Territory
| Demonym             = Montanan
| Capital             = [[Helena, Montana|Helena]]
| OfficialLang        = English
| LargestCity         = [[Billings, Montana|Billings]]
| LargestMetro        = [[Billings Metropolitan Area]]
| Governor            = [[Brian Schweitzer]] (D)
| Lieutenant Governor = [[John Bohlinger]] (R)
| Legislature         = [[Montana Legislature]]
| Upperhouse          = [[Montana Senate|Senate]]
| Lowerhouse          = [[Montana House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| Senators            = [[Max Baucus]] (D)<br />[[Jon Tester]] (D)
| Representative      = [[Denny Rehberg]] (R)
| PostalAbbreviation  = MT
| AreaRank            = 4th
| TotalAreaUS         = 147,042
| TotalArea           = 381,154
| LandAreaUS          = 145,552
| LandArea            = 377,230
| WaterAreaUS         = 1,491
| WaterArea           = 3,862
| PCWater             = 1
| PopRank             = 44th
| 2000Pop             = 998,199
| DensityRank         = 48th
| 2010DensityUS       = 6.86
| 2000Density         = 2.65
| AdmittanceOrder     = 41st
| AdmittanceDate      = November 8, 1889
| Latitude            = 44° 21′ N to 49° N
| Longitude           = 104° 2′ W to 116° 3′ W
| LengthUS            = 255
| Length              = 410
| WidthUS             = 630
| Width               = 1,015
| HighestPoint        = [[Granite Peak (Montana)|Granite Peak]]<ref>{{cite ngs|id=QW0616|designation=Granite Peak|accessdate=October 24, 2011}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|year=2001|accessdate=October 24, 2011}}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref>
| HighestElevUS       = 12,807
| HighestElev         = 3903.5
| MeanElevUS          = 3,400
| MeanElev            = 1040
| LowestPoint         = [[Kootenai River]] at {{nobreak|[[Idaho]] border}}<ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88/>
| LowestElevUS        = 1,804
| LowestElev          = 550
| TimeZone            = [[Mountain Time Zone|Mountain]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] [[Mountain Standard Time|-7]]/[[Mountain Daylight Time|-6]]
| area_code           = [[Area code 406|406]] Entire State
| PostalAbbreviation  = MT
| TradAbbreviation    = Mont.
| ISOCode             = US-MT
| Website             = www.mt.gov
}}
'''మోంఠానా''' [[పశ్చిమ అమెరికా సంయుక్త రాష్ట్రాల]] లోని ఒక రాష్ట్రం. This geographical fact is reflected in the state's name, derived from the Spanish word {{lang|es|''montaña''}} (mountain). మోంఠానా has several nicknames, none official,<ref name=mtcode>{{cite web|url=http://data.opi.mt.gov/bills/mca_toc/1_1_5.htm|title=Montana Code Annotated 2009 – Title 1, chapter 1, Part 5 "State Symbols – Official Designations"|publisher=State of Montana|accessdate=July 21, 2011}}</ref> including: "Big Sky Country" and "The Treasure State", and slogans that include "Land of the Shining Mountains" and more recently, "The Last Best Place".<ref name=nicks>{{cite web|url=http://travel.mt.gov/history/Montana_the_Magazine_of_Western_History/Spring03/treasurestate.htm|title=Montana Episodes|publisher=Montana Department of Tourism|accessdate=August 28, 2011|last=Shovers|first=Brian|year=2003}}</ref><ref name=nicks2>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/us/18trademark.html?em|title=In Montana, a Popular Expression Is Taken Off the Endangered List|newspaper=New York Times|accessdate=August 28, 2011|last=Robbins|first=Jim|date=August 17, 2008}}</ref>  Montana is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|4th-most extensive]], but the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|7th-least populous]] and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population density|3rd-least densely populated]] of the [[50 United States]].  The economy is primarily based on services, with [[ranching]], wheat farming, oil and coal mining in the east, and [[lumber]], tourism, and hard rock mining in the west.<ref name=economy>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.mt.htm|title=Montana|publisher=United States Department of Labor – Bureau of Labor Statistics|accessdate=July 21, 2011}}</ref> Millions of tourists annually visit [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]], the [[Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument]], and three of the five entrances to [[Yellowstone National Park]].<ref name=parks>{{cite news|url=http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/article_a9e53dca-badc-11de-9615-001cc4c03286.html|title=National-park visitors boost Montana’s tourism stats|newspaper=Billings Gazette|date=October 17, 2009|last=Thackeray|first=Lorna|accessdate=July 21, 2011}}</ref>

== శబ్దవ్యుత్పత్తి మరియు నామకరణ చరిత్ర ==
మోంఠానా అను పేరు స్పానిషు భాషలోని "మోంఠానా" అంటే పర్వతం, అను పదం నుంచి వచ్చింది.<ref name=RockyMtn>Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana, Volume 7, Rocky Mountain Publishing Co., 1910</ref> ఆది స్పానిషు అన్వేషకులు ఈ పశ్చిమాన ఉన్న మొత్తం పర్వత ప్రాంతాన్ని వర్ణించే విధంగా ఈ ప్రాంతానికి "మోంఠానా డెల్ నార్టె" అని నామకరణం చేశారు. <ref name=RockyMtn/>  చరిత్రాకారులు ప్రకారం, భూభాగాల సెనేట్ మండలి అధ్యక్షుడు [[స్టెఫెన్ డాగ్లస్]] అనేక భూభాగాల ప్రణాళికా రచన చేస్తూ జనరల్ మరియు మాజీ [[కాన్సాస్ భూభాగ]] గవర్నరు అయిన [[జేమ్స్ W. డెన్వర్]] ను ఈ భూభాగాల కొరకు పేరును అడిగినప్పుడు ఆ పైన పేర్కొన్న వాస్తవం ఆయనకు తెలిసినదిగా భావిస్తారు.<ref name=RockyMtn/>  డాగ్లసు ఈ పేరుతో బిల్లు ప్రవేశపెట్టనప్పటికి, ఈ పేరుని పరిచయం చసిన ఘనత ఆయనకు దక్కింది.<ref name=RockyMtn/>  చివరకు, [[అమెరికా రాష్ట్రాల భూభాగాల సభా సంఘం]] అధ్యక్షుడైన ఒహాయొ ప్రతినిధి [[జేమ్స్ మిచ్చెల్ ఆశ్లీ|జేమ్స్ ఆశ్లీ]] [[ఇడాహొ భూభాగం]]గా మారబోయె ఈ ప్రాంతానికి ఆ పేరు జోడించారు.<ref name=RockyMtn/>  The name was successfully changed by Representatives [[Henry Wilson]] (Massachusetts) and [[Benjamin F. Harding]] (Oregon) both complained that Montana had "no meaning".<ref name=RockyMtn/>  When Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864, for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose [[Montana Territory]].<ref name=LOC>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=065/llcg065.db&recNum=194 Congressional Globe, 38th Cong., 1st sess., (March 17, 1864)]</ref>  This time Rep. [[Samuel S. Cox|Samuel Cox]], also of Ohio, objected to the name.<ref name=LOC/>  He complained that the name was a misnomer given that most of the territory was not at all mountainous and that an Indian name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one.<ref name=LOC/>  To this Rep. [[Elihu B. Washburne|Elihu Washburne]] of Illinois jokingly suggested [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]].<ref name=LOC/>  Cox suggested Shoshone, but its translated meaning of "snake" elicited laughter and a remark that the bill had progressed too far to have the territory's name changed without unanimous consent.<ref name=LOC/>  Cox then suggested that the new territory be called 'Jefferson', to which Ashley responded, "Oh, well, we are opposed to that."<ref name=LOC/> This astounded Cox, "Opposed to Jefferson!  I propose that we name the new territory, by unanimous consent, 'Douglas Territory.' I think the gentleman opposite will agree to that," to which Ashley replied, "Oh, no, we cannot do that."<ref name=LOC/>  Rep. [[John V. L. Pruyn|John Pruyn]] then commented that the Governor [[Caleb Lyon|Lyon]] of [[Idaho Territory]] said he thought the names for the two territories should be reversed given Idaho was more mountainous than Montana.<ref name=LOC/>  Finally, Rep. [[Edwin Hanson Webster|Edwin Webster]] of Maryland stepped in and suggested that every father has the right to name his own child, and since the bill was the progeny of the Committee on Territories, the committee could name it whatever they wanted.<ref name=LOC/>  After more laughter the name was settled.<ref name=LOC/>

== భౌగోళిక ==
{{See also|Regional designations of Montana|Ecological systems of Montana|List of mountain ranges in Montana|List of Forests in Montana}}
[[దస్త్రం:Montana Map.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Map of Montana]]

With a land area of {{convert|147046|sqmi|km2}}, Montana is slightly larger than Japan and slightly smaller than [[Paraguay]]. It is the fourth largest state in the United States (after [[Alaska]], Texas, and California), the largest landlocked U.S. state, and the 56th largest national state/province subdivision in the world. To the north, Montana shares a {{convert|545|mi|km|adj=on}} border with three Canadian [[Provinces of Canada|provinces]]: [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], and [[Saskatchewan]]. To the east, the state borders [[North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota]]. To the south lies [[Wyoming]] and to the west and southwest is [[Idaho]].

=== స్ధలాక్రుతి ===
The [[topography]] of the state is diverse and roughly defined by the [[Continental Divide]], which runs on an approximate diagonal line through the state from northwest to south-central, splitting it into two distinct eastern and western regions.  Montana is well known for its mountainous western region, most of which is geologically and geographically part of the Northern [[Rocky Mountains]].  The [[Absaroka Mountains|Absaroka]] and [[Beartooth Mountains|Beartooth]] ranges in the south are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains. About 60% of the state is [[prairie]], part of the northern [[Great Plains]]. Nonetheless, even east of the [[Continental Divide]] and the [[Rocky Mountain Front]], there are a number of isolated "island ranges" that dot the prairie landscape. This island range region covers most of the central third of the state.

The [[Bitterroot Mountains]]—one of the longest continuous ranges in the entire Rocky Mountain chain from Alaska to [[Mexico]]—divide the state from Idaho to the west, with the southern third of the range blending into the Continental Divide. Mountain ranges between the Bitterroots and the top of the Continental Divide include the [[Cabinet Mountains]], the [[Anaconda Range]] (informally called the "Pintlars"), the [[Mission Range|Missions]], the [[Garnet Range]], [[Sapphire Mountains]], and [[Flint Creek Range]].

[[దస్త్రం:Montana Relief 1.jpg|thumb|right|Montana terrain]]
The northern section of the Divide, where the mountains give way rapidly to prairie, is known collectively as the [[Rocky Mountain Front]]. The front is most pronounced in the [[Lewis Range]], located primarily in [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]]. Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the [[Northern Divide]] (which begins in Alaska's [[Seward Peninsula]]) crosses this region and turns east in Montana at [[Triple Divide Peak (Montana)|Triple Divide Peak]]. It causes the [[Waterton River]], [[Belly River|Belly]], and [[St. Mary River (Montana-Alberta)|Saint Mary]] rivers to flow north into [[Alberta]], Canada. There they join the [[Saskatchewan River]], which ultimately empties into [[Hudson Bay]].

East of the divide, several parallel ranges march across the southern half of the state, including the [[Gravelly Range]], the [[Tobacco Root Mountains|Tobacco Roots]], the [[Madison Range]], [[Gallatin Range]], [[Big Belt Mountains]], [[Bridger Mountains (Montana)|Bridger Mountains]], [[Absaroka Mountains]], and the [[Beartooth Mountains]]. The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous land mass over {{convert|10000|ft|m}} high in the continental United States.  It contains the highest point in the state, [[Granite Peak (Montana)|Granite Peak]], {{convert|12799|ft|m}} high.
[[దస్త్రం:Glacier np.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[St. Mary Lake]] in Glacier National Park]]
Between the mountain ranges are many scenic valleys, rich in agricultural resources and rivers, and possessing multiple opportunities for tourism and recreation. Among the best-known areas are the Big Hole Valley, [[Bitterroot Valley]], [[Gallatin Valley]], [[The Flathead|Flathead Valley]], and [[Paradise Valley (Montana)|Paradise Valley]].

East and north of this transition zone are expansive, sparsely populated [[Great Plains|Northern Plains]], with rolling [[tableland]] prairies, "island" mountain ranges, and scenic [[badlands]] extending into the Dakotas and [[Wyoming]], as well as Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. The isolated island ranges east of the Divide include the Bear Paw Mountains, [[Castle Mountains (Montana)|Castle Mountains]], [[Crazy Mountains]], Highwood Mountains, Judith Mountains, [[Little Belt Mountains]], Little Rocky Mountains, [[Snowy Mountains]], [[Sweet Grass Hills]], [[Bull Mountains]], the [[Pryor Mountains]] south of Billings, and—in the southeastern corner of the state near [[Ekalaka]]—the [[Long Pines]].

The area east of the divide in the north-central portion of the state is known for the [[Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument|Missouri Breaks]] and other significant [[rock formation]]s. Three stately [[butte]]s south of [[Great Falls, Montana|Great Falls]] are familiar landmarks. The three: Square, Shaw, and Crown buttes, are made of [[igneous rock]], which is dense and has withstood weathering for many years. The underlying surface consists of [[shale]]. Many areas around these buttes are covered with clay surface soils, which have been derived from the [[weathering]] of the [[Colorado Formation]]. Farther east, areas such as [[Makoshika State Park]] near [[Glendive]] and [[Medicine Rocks State Park]] near Ekalaka also highlight some of the most scenic [[badlands]] regions in the state.

The [[Hell Creek Formation]] is a major source of [[dinosaur]] [[fossil]]s. [[Paleontologist]] [[Jack Horner (paleontologist)|Jack Horner]], of the [[Museum of the Rockies]] in [[Bozeman, Montana|Bozeman]], brought this formation to the world's attention with several major finds.

==== నదులు ====
{{See also|List of rivers of Montana|List of lakes in Montana}}
Montana also contains numerous rivers, many of which are known for "blue-ribbon" [[trout]] fishing, while also providing most of the water needed by residents of the state, and [[hydropower]].  Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major [[Drainage basin|watersheds]] (i.e. where two [[continental divide]]s intersect). Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the [[Gulf of Mexico]], and [[Hudson Bay]], and the watershed areas are divided atop [[Triple Divide Peak (Montana)|Triple Divide Peak]] in Glacier National Park.

[[దస్త్రం:Missouri River breaks.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument|Missouri Breaks]] region in central Montana]]
West of the divide, the [[Clark Fork (river)|Clark Fork]] of the Columbia (not to be confused with the [[Clarks Fork Yellowstone River|Clarks Fork]] of the Yellowstone River) rises in the Rocky Mountains near Butte and flows northwest to [[Missoula, Montana|Missoula]], where it is joined by the [[Blackfoot River (Montana)|Blackfoot River]] and [[Bitterroot River]], and further downstream by the [[Flathead River]], before entering Idaho near [[Lake Pend Oreille]], exiting it by the [[Pend Oreille River]] which flows west, then north through Washington into Canada. Just over the border, it meets the [[Columbia River]], which flows to the Pacific Ocean. The Clark Fork discharges the greatest volume of water of any river exiting the state. The Flathead and [[Kootenai River|Kootenai]] rivers also drain major portions of the western half of the state.

East of the divide, the [[Missouri River]]—formed by the confluence of the [[Jefferson River|Jefferson]], [[Madison River|Madison]], and [[Gallatin River|Gallatin]] rivers—crosses the central part of the state, flows through the [[Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument|Missouri breaks]] and enters [[North Dakota]]. The [[Yellowstone River]] rises in Yellowstone Park in [[Wyoming]], flows north to [[Livingston, Montana]], where it then turns east and flows through Billings, continuing across the state until it joins the Missouri River a few miles east of the North Dakota boundary. The Yellowstone River is the longest undammed, free-flowing river in the contiguous United States. Other major Montana tributaries of the Missouri include the [[Milk River (Montana-Alberta)|Milk]], [[Marias River|Marias]], Tongue, and Musselshell rivers. Montana claims the disputed title of possessing the "world's shortest river," the [[Roe River]], just outside [[Great Falls, Montana]]. Through the Missouri, these rivers ultimately join the [[Mississippi River]] and flow into the [[Gulf of Mexico]].

The [[Northern Divide]] turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak. It causes the [[Waterton River]], [[Belly River|Belly]], and [[St. Mary River (Montana-Alberta)|Saint Mary]] rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada. There they join the [[Saskatchewan River]], which ultimately empties into [[Hudson Bay]].

In addition to its rivers, the state is home to [[Flathead Lake]], the largest natural fresh-water lake in the western United States. Man-made reservoirs dot Montana's rivers, the largest of which is [[Fort Peck]] Reservoir, on the Missouri river, contained by the largest earthen dam in the world.
[[దస్త్రం:Popi ownpillar.jpg|left|300px|thumb|[[Pompey's Pillar National Monument]]]]

=== Flora and fauna ===
{{See also|Monocotyledons of Montana|Coniferous plants of Montana|Lichens of Montana|Amphibians and Reptiles of Montana|List of birds of Montana|Mammals of Montana}}
Vegetation of the state includes [[lodgepole pine]], [[ponderosa pine]]; [[douglas fir]], [[larch]], [[spruce]]; [[aspen]], [[birch]], [[Thuja plicata|red cedar]], [[Tsuga|hemlock]], [[ash tree|ash]], [[alder]]; rocky mountain [[maple]] and [[Populus sect. Aegiros|cottonwood]] trees. Forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state. Flowers native to Montana include [[Aster (genus)|asters]], [[bitterroot]]s, [[Asteraceae|daisies]], [[lupin]]s, [[Papaveraceae|poppies]], [[Primula|primroses]], [[Aquilegia|columbine]], [[lily|lilies]], [[orchid]]s, and [[dryas (plant)|dryads]]. Several species of [[sagebrush]] and [[cacti|cactus]] and many species of grasses are common. Many species of [[mushroom]]s and [[lichen]]s are also found in the state.

Montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 15 [[amphibian]], 85 fish, 110 [[mammal]], 17 [[reptile]] and 420 bird species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/wildthings/ |title=Wild Things-Species of Montana |publisher=Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks |accessdate=November 30, 2010}}{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref>  Additionally, there are over 10,000 [[invertebrate]] species, including 180 [[mollusk]]s and 30 [[crustacean]]s. Montana has the largest [[grizzly bear]] population in the lower 48 states.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}

=== ఉద్యానవనాలు ===
{{See also|List of Montana state parks}}
Montana contains [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]], "The Crown of the Continent"; and portions of [[Yellowstone National Park]], including three of the Park's five entrances.  Other federally recognized sites include the [[Battle of the Little Bighorn|Little Bighorn National Monument]], [[Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area]], [[Big Hole National Battlefield]], [[Lewis and Clark Caverns]], and the [[National Bison Range]]. Montana has ten [[United States National Forest|National Forests]] and more than 20 [[National Wildlife Refuge]]s. The Federal government administers {{convert|36000000|acre|km2}}. {{convert|275000|acre|km2}} are administered as [[state park]]s and forests.
[[దస్త్రం:Quakelakemontana.jpg|thumb|right|[[Quake Lake]] was created by a landslide during the 1959 Yellowstone Earthquake]]

Areas managed by the [[National Park Service]] include:<ref>{{cite web | title = Montana | publisher=National Park Service | accessdate =October 6, 2010 | url = http://www.nps.gov/state/mt/index.htm}}</ref>
* [[Big Hole National Battlefield]] near [[Wisdom, Montana|Wisdom]]
* [[Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area]] near [[Fort Smith, Montana|Fort Smith]]
* [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]]
* [[Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site]] at [[Deer Lodge, Montana]]
* [[Lewis & Clark National Historic Trail]]
* [[Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument]] near [[Crow Agency, Montana|Crow Agency]]
* [[Nez Perce National Historical Park]]
* [[Yellowstone National Park]]

=== శీతోష్ణస్దితి ===
[[దస్త్రం:Helena, Montana 1961-1990 Climate data.gif|thumb|300px|Left|Temperature and precipitation for [[Helena, Montana|Montana's capital city, Helena]]]]
Montana is a large state with considerable variation in geography, and the climate is, therefore, equally varied. The state spans from 'below' the [[45th parallel north|45th parallel]] (the halfway line between the equator and the north pole) to the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]], and elevations range from under {{convert|2000|ft|m}} to nearly {{convert|13000|ft|m}} above sea level. The western half is mountainous, interrupted by numerous large valleys. Eastern Montana comprises plains and badlands, broken by hills and isolated mountain ranges, and has a [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], [[Continentality|continental]] climate ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''[[Cold steppe|''BSk'']]''). The [[Continental Divide]] runs north-south through the western mountainous half, and has a great effect on the climate. It restricts the flow of warmer air from the Pacific from moving east, and cooler, drier continental moving west. West of the divide, the climate is described as modified northern Pacific coast climate, with milder winters, cooler summers, less wind, and a longer growing season.<ref name = "MT Climate Narrative">{{cite web | url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/MONTANA.htm | title=Western Regional Climate Center "Climate of Montana" | publisher=Desert Research Institute | date=Accessed October 6, 2010}}</ref> In the winter, valley fog and low clouds often form in the valleys west of the divide, but this is rarely seen in the east.<ref name = "MSU - MT Climate">{{cite web | url=http://www.animalrangeextension.montana.edu/articles/forage/MIPMH-chptr-1.htm#Temperature | title=Climate in Montana | publisher=Animal Range and Sciences, Extension Service, Montana State University | date=Accessed October 6, 2010}}</ref>

Average daytime temperatures vary from {{convert|28|°F|°C}} in January to {{convert|84.5|°F|°C}} in July.<ref name = "MT Facts">{{cite web | url=http://www.visitmt.com/virtualvisitor/faq.htm | publisher=Visit MT.com | title=Montana Facts | date=Accessed October 6, 2010}}</ref> The variation in geography leads to great variation in temperature. Hot weather occurs in the eastern plains on occasion, the highest observed being {{convert|117|°F|°C|abbr=on}} at [[Glendive]] on July 20, 1893, and Medicine Lake on July 5, 1937. Throughout the state, summer nights are generally cool and pleasant. Temperatures decrease as altitude increases, and extremely hot weather is relatively unknown above {{convert|4000|ft|m|abbr=on}}.  Snowfall is not unknown in any month of the year in parts of Montana, namely in the more mountainous areas of central & western Montana, but is rare in July and August.<ref name = "MT Climate Narrative"/>

[[దస్త్రం:Big Drift.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[Big Drift]] covering the [[Going-to-the-Sun Road]] in [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]] as photographed on March 23, 2006.]]
The coldest temperature on record for Montana is also the coldest temperature for the entire contiguous U.S. On January 20, 1954, {{convert|-70|°F|°C|abbr=on}} was recorded at a gold mining camp near Rogers Pass. Temperatures vary greatly on such cold nights, and [[Helena, Montana|Helena]], {{convert|40|mi|km}} to the southeast had a low of only {{convert|-36|°F|°C|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "MT Climate Narrative"/>  Winter cold spells last a week or so, and are usually the result of [[cold front|cold continental air]] coming south from Canada. The front is often well defined, causing a large temperature drop in a 24-hour period. Conversely, air flow from the southwest results in "[[Chinook wind|Chinooks]]". These steady 25–50&nbsp;mph (or more) winds can suddenly warm parts of Montana, especially areas just to the east of the mountains, where temperatures sometimes rise up to 50&nbsp;°F (10&nbsp;°C) – 60&nbsp;°F (15&nbsp;°C).<ref name = "MT Climate Narrative"/>

[[Loma, Montana]] is the location of the most extreme recorded temperature change in a 24-hour period in the United States. On January 15, 1972, the temperature rose from {{convert|-54|°F|°C|abbr=on}} to {{convert|49|°F|°C|annr=on}}.<ref>Andrew H. Horvitz, et al. [http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/54387.pdf A National Temperature Record at Loma, Montana], National Weather Service, 2002. Retrieved November 2, 2008.</ref>
[[దస్త్రం:Grinnell overlook.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The [[Grinnell Glacier]] receives {{convert|105|in|mm}} of precipitation per year.]]

Average annual precipitation is {{convert|15|in|mm}}, but great variations are seen. The mountain ranges block the moist Pacific air, holding moisture in the western valleys, and creating [[rain shadow]]s to the east. [[Heron, Montana|Heron]], in the west, receives the most precipitation, {{convert|34.70|in|mm}}. On the eastern ([[leeward]]) side of a mountain range, the valleys are much drier; [[Lonepine, Montana|Lonepine]] averages {{convert|11.45|in|mm}}, and [[Deer Lodge, Montana|Deer Lodge]] {{convert|11.00|in|mm}} of precipitation. The mountains themselves can receive over {{convert|100|in|mm}}, for example the [[Grinnell Glacier]] in [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]] gets {{convert|105|in|mm}}.<ref name = "MSU - MT Climate"/>  Perhaps the driest is an area southwest of Belfry that averaged only {{convert|6.59|in|mm}} over a sixteen-year period. Most of the larger cities get {{convert|30|to|50|in|mm}} of snow each year. Mountain ranges themselves can accumulate {{convert|300|in|mm}} of snow during a winter. Heavy snowstorms may occur as early as September or as late as May, though most snow falls from November to March.<ref name = "MT Climate Narrative"/>

The climate has become warmer in Montana and continues to do so.<ref name = "ClimateExpert">{{cite news | url=http://www.billingsgazette.net/articles/2007/08/27/news/state/24-fry.txt | work=Billings Gazette | title=UM climate expert says triple-digit Julys will be norm | date=August 27, 2007}}</ref>  The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades.<ref name="monitoring">{{cite web| title=Glacier Monitoring Research |work=Monitoring and Assessing Glacier Changes and Their Associated Hydrologic and Ecologic Effects in Glacier National Park | publisher=U.S. Geological Survey | url=http://www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/research/glaciers.htm | accessdate=June 27, 2007}}</ref>  Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana.<ref name = "ClimateExpert"/><ref name = "NOAA">{{cite web | url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2007/jul/jul07.html NOAA | work=National Climatic Data Center | title=Climate of 2007 – July in Historical Perspective | date=August 15, 2007}}</ref> Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously these cold spells had killed off [[bark beetle]]s which are now attacking the forests of western Montana.<ref name = "BeetleAttack">{{cite news | url=http://www.missoulian.com/articles/2005/07/31/news/mtregional/news02.tx | work=The Missoulian | title=Beetles shaping Montana's forest lands | date=July 31, 2005}}{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref><ref name = "BarkBeetle">{{cite news | url=http://www.missoulian.com/articles/2007/02/14/news/mtregional/news07.txt | work=The Missoulan | title=Forest Service finds varied beetle activity | date=February 14, 2010}}</ref>  The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of [[forest fires]] in Montana.<ref name = "ClimateExpert"/><ref name = "BarkBeetle"/>  According to a study done for the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency‎|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency‎]] by the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science, portions of Montana will experience a 200% increase in area burned by wildland fires, and an 80% increase in air pollution from those fires.<ref>{{cite news | work=Billings Gazette | date=July 29, 2009 | title=Forecast: More air pollution, Study predicts global warming will increase fires in Northern Rockies | url=http://www.billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/article_d3d32b14-7cc6-11de-b4e3-001cc4c03286.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Journal of Geophysical Research |title=Impacts of climate change from 2000 to 2050 on wildfire activity and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in the western United States |url=http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/publications/spracklen_2008.pdf }}</ref>

== చరిత్ర ==
{{Main|History of Montana}}
[[దస్త్రం:Assinniboine2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Assiniboine people|Assiniboine]] family, Montana, 1890–91]]
[[దస్త్రం:SunRiver.JPG|thumb|200px|The headwaters of the [[Sun River]], just below [[Gibson Reservoir]]]]

Various [[indigenous peoples]] lived in the territory of the present-day state of Montana for thousands of years.  Historic tribes encountered by Europeans and settlers from the United States included the [[Crow tribe|Crow]] in the south-central area; the [[Cheyenne]] in the southeast; the [[Blackfeet]], [[Assiniboine people|Assiniboine]] and [[Gros Ventres]] in the central and north-central area; and the [[Ktunaxa|Kootenai]] and [[Salish people|Salish]] in the west.  The smaller [[Pend d'Oreille]] and [[Pend d'Oreilles (tribe)|Kalispel]] tribes lived near [[Flathead Lake]] and the western mountains, respectively.

The land in Montana east of the [[continental divide]] was part of the [[Louisiana Purchase]] in 1803. Subsequent to the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] and after the finding of gold and copper (see the [[Copper Kings]]) in the area in the late 1850s, Montana became a [[Political divisions of the United States|United States territory]] ([[Montana Territory]]) on May 26, 1864. Prior to the creation of [[Montana Territory]] (1864–1889), various parts of what is now Montana were parts of [[Oregon Territory]] (1848–1859), [[Washington Territory]] (1853–1863), [[Idaho Territory]] (1863–1864), and [[Dakota Territory]] (1861–1864).

The Army established a series of posts in the late 1860s, including [[Fort Shaw, Montana|Fort Shaw]], Camp Cooke on the [[Judith River]] and Fort C.F. Smith on the [[Bozeman Trail]].

Montana was the scene of warfare as the Native Americans struggled to maintain control of their land. The [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]] was fought near the present-day town of Hardin. Montana was also the location of the final battles of the [[Nez Perce War]]s.

A series of major mining discoveries in the western third of the state starting in 1862 found gold, silver, copper lead, coal (and later oil) that attracted tens of thousands of miners to the area. The richest of all gold placer diggings was discovered at Alder Gulch, where the town of [[Virginia City, Montana|Virginia City]] was established. Other rich placer deposits were found at Last Chance Gulch, where the city of Helena now stands, [[Confederate Gulch and Diamond City|Confederate Gulch]], Silver Bow, Emigrant Gulch, and Cooke City. Gold output from 1862 through 1876 reached $144 million; silver then became even more important. The largest mining operations were in the city of [[Butte, Montana|Butte]], which had important silver deposits and gigantic copper deposits.

Cattle ranching has been central to Montana's history and economy since the late-19th century. The [[Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site]] in Deer Lodge Valley is maintained as a link to the ranching style of the late 19th century. Operated by the [[National Park Service]], it is a {{convert|1900|acre|km2}} working ranch.

The railroads arrived in the 1880s, including the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railroad]] (1889) and its rival, the [[Northern Pacific Railway|Northern Pacific Railroad]] (1883) from Minneapolis, and the [[Union Pacific Railroad]] (1881) from Denver. Montana railroading, with two transcontinentals to the Pacific coast and extensive operations to the mines, became a major industry, with centers in Billings and Havre. Montana became a state in 1889 in an omnibus package together with North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington. In 1888, [[Helena, Montana|Helena]] (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other city in the world.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}

The revised [[Homestead Act]] of 1909 greatly affected the settlement of Montana. This act expanded the amount of free land from {{convert|160|acre|km2|1}} to {{convert|320|acre|km2|1}} per family. Tens of thousands of inexperienced homesteaders arrived, lured by free land and high wheat prices, but they were unprepared for the climate, which usually had little rainfall and required special dry farming techniques. The droughts of 1917–1919 proved devastating, as many left, and half the banks in the state went bankrupt after providing mortgages that could not be repaid. The [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] caused further hardship for farmers and ranchers and miners, but the economy bounced back in the 1940s. The wheat farms in eastern Montana make the state a major producer; the wheat has a relatively high protein content and thus commands premium prices. After 1940 tourism became the state's third largest industry with Yellowstone and Glacier national parks as the largest tourist attractions.

The planned [[battleship]] [[USS Montana|USS ''Montana'']] was named in honor of the state. However, the battleship was never completed, making Montana the only one of the 48 states during World War II not to have a battleship named after it. Additionally, [[Alaska]] and Hawaii have both had nuclear submarines named after them. As such Montana is the only state in the union without a modern naval ship named in its honor. However, in August 2007 Senator [[Jon Tester]] made a request to the Navy that a [[submarine]] be christened USS ''Montana''.<ref>[http://tester.senate.gov/News/record.cfm?id=281083 Press Release Detail]{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref>

Politics in the state has been competitive, with the Democrats usually holding an edge, thanks to the support among unionized miners and railroad workers. Large scale battles revolved around the giant [[Anaconda Copper]] company, based in Butte and controlled by Rockefeller interests, until it closed in the 1970s. Until 1959, the company owned five of the state's six largest newspapers.

== American Indian reservations ==

[[దస్త్రం:Montana Indian Reservations.svg|thumb|left|350px|Seven Indian reservations in Montana (borders are not exact).]]
Seven [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American Indian]] reservations are located in Montana: [[Fort Peck Indian Reservation]], [[Fort Belknap Indian Reservation]], [[Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation]], [[Crow Indian Reservation]], [[Rocky Boy Indian Reservation|Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation]], [[Blackfeet Indian Reservation]], and the [[Flathead Indian Reservation]].

== నగరాలు మరియు పట్టణాలు ==
{{See also|List of cities and towns in Montana|List of counties in Montana}}

Montana has 56 [[County#United States|counties]] with the [[United States Census Bureau]] stating Montana's contains 364 [[Place (United States Census Bureau)|"places"]], broken down into 129 [[Place (United States Census Bureau)#Incorporated place|incorporated places]] and 235 [[census-designated places]]. Incorporated places consist of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two [[Consolidated city–county|consolidated city-counties]].<ref name="2010 Census Geography">{{cite web|author= U.S. Census Bureau|url= http://www.census.gov/geo/www/guidestloc/st30_mt.html|title= 2010 U.S. Census Geography summary|publisher= U.S. Census Bureau|year=2010 |accessdate=January 31, 2012}}</ref>  Montana has one city, [[Billings, Montana|Billings]], with a population over 100,000; and two cities with populations over 50,000, [[Missoula, Montana|Missoula]] and [[Great Falls, Montana|Great Falls]]. These three communities are considered the centers of Montana's three [[Metropolitan Statistical Areas]].  The state also has five [[United States Micropolitan Statistical Area|Micropolitan Statistical Areas]] centered on [[Bozeman, Montana|Bozeman]], [[Butte-Silver Bow, Montana|Butte]], [[Helena, Montana|Helena]], [[Kalispell, Montana|Kalispell]] and [[Havre, Montana|Havre]]*.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>  These communities, excluding Havre, are colloquially known as the "big 7" Montana cities, as they are consistently the seven largest communities in Montana, with a significant population difference when these communities are compared to those that are 8th and lower on the list,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.krtv.com/news/census-2010-20-largest-montana-cities-counties/ |title=Census 2010:20 largest Montana cities, counties|publisher=KRTV | date=March 16, 2011|accessdate=February 2, 2012}}</ref> and the only communities to host major airports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://montanafilm.com/airlines.htm|title=Airlines Serving Montana|publisher=Montana film officeaccessdate=2012-2-2}}</ref> Based on 2000 census numbers, they collectively contain 34 percent of Montana's population.<ref name=Setting>{{cite web|url=http://mhs.mt.gov/education/studentguide/Setting.asp |title=The Setting Montana |publisher=Historical Society|accessdate=February 2, 2012}}</ref> and the counties containing these communities hold more than 60 percent of the state's population.<ref name=FWP>{{cite web|url=http://fwp.mt.gov/doingBusiness/reference/montanaChallenge/reports/economics.html |author=Swanson, Larry|title=Economics|date=December 2004|publisher=Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks}}</ref>
<!--significant note that as of 2010 census, Ravalli county has now topped Butte-Silver Bow as 7th largest county, but Hamilton only 20th in city population, not sure what to do with that--><!--You would do nothing, Ravalli County is one entity Hamilton is another, they are not consolidated-->

== జనవిఙ్ణానాలు ==
[[దస్త్రం:Montana population map.png|thumb|right|200px|Montana population density map]]
{{USCensusPop
|1870= 20595
|1880= 39159
|1890= 142924
|1900= 243329
|1910= 376053
|1920= 548889
|1930= 537606
|1940= 559456
|1950= 591024
|1960= 674767
|1970= 694409
|1980= 786690
|1990= 799065
|2000= 902195
|2010= 989415
|2011= 998199
|footnote= Source: 1910–2010<ref>{{cite web|author=Resident Population Data |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010.census.gov |publisher=2010.census.gov |accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref>
}}
The [[United States Census Bureau]] estimates that the population of Montana was 998,199 on July 1, 2011, a 0.89% increase since the [[2010 United States Census]].<ref name=PopEstUS>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011|format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]]|work=2011 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=December 2011|accessdate=December 21, 2011}}</ref> On January 3, 2012, Governor Schweitzer announced that the Census and Economic Information Center (CEIC) at the Montana Department of Commerce estimated Montana had hit the one million mark sometime between November and December, 2011.<ref>http://governor.mt.gov/news/pr.asp?ID=1001</ref>  

The [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]] put Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 87,220 people, or 9.7 percent, since the year 2000. Growth is mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the heaviest percentile growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn85.html |title=2010.census.gov |publisher=2010.census.gov |date=March 15, 2011 |accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref> increase in its population since 2000. The city seeing the largest percentile growth was Kalispell with 40.1%.<ref name="bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com">[http://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/missoulian.com/content/tncms/assets/editorial/4/a6/ea7/4a6ea76a-4f4f-11e0-b304-001cc4c03286-revisions/4d7fe0e8755ee.pdf.pdf bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com]{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref> The city with the largest actual growth was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 since 2000.<ref name="bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com"/>

According to the 2010 Census, 89.4% of the population was White (87.8% Non-Hispanic White Alone), 0.4% Black or African American, 6.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.6% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.6% from Some Other Race, and 2.5% from Two or More Races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 2.9% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table |title=factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=factfinder2.census.gov |date=October 5, 2010 |accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref>

The largest European ancestry groups in Montana are: German (29.3%), Irish (16.4%), English (13.1%), and Norwegian (10%). In addition, 5.9% of the people identified their ancestry as "American".<ref>{{cite web|author=American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US30&-format=&-_lang=en |title=factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref>

According to 2010 U.S. Census the population of Montana's seven most populous areas are Billings, Missoula, Great Falls, Bozeman, Butte, Helena and Kalispell.<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/missoulian.com/content/tncms/assets/editorial/3/79/549/37954978-4f4f-11e0-aaa3-001cc4c03286-revisions/4d7fe0c8d7132.pdf.pdf bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com]{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref><ref name="bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com"/>

According to the [[2000 U.S. Census]], 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=30&mode=state_tops |title=Language Map Data Center |publisher=Mla.org |date=July 17, 2007 |accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref>

The [[center of population]] of Montana is located in [[Meagher County, Montana|Meagher County]], in the city of [[White Sulphur Springs, Montana|White Sulphur Springs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt|title=Population and Population Centers by State: 2000|year=2000|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=May 7, 2008}}</ref>

=== పూర్వీకులు ===
Apart from the sizable [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] population, nearly 90% of its residents are of European descent, with a large numbers of [[German American|German]], [[Irish American|Irish]], [[British American|British]], Slavic, [[Italian American|Italian]], and [[Scandinavian American|Scandinavian]] immigrants arriving between 1890–1910. About 2000–3000 Chinese miners were in Montana by 1870, and 2500 in 1890.  They were strongly opposed by labor unions, and public opinion grew increasingly negative in the 1890s and nearly half left the state by 1900.<ref>Patrick F. Morris, ''Anaconda, Montana: copper smelting boom town on the western frontier'' (1997) p 113-24</ref>

While [[German American|German]] ancestry is the largest reported [[European-American]] ancestry in Montana as a whole, residents of [[Scandinavia]]n ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming-dominated northern and eastern prairie regions, parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota. Irish and English are the second and third largest European ancestral groups in the state. There are also several predominantly Native American counties, mainly around each of the seven Indian reservations. The state has a larger Native American population (and percentage) than most US states. The seven reservations are actually made of more than twelve distinct Native American ethnolinguistic groups. The historically mining-oriented communities of western Montana such as [[Butte, Montana|Butte]] have a wider range of ethnic groups, and are particularly rich in European-American ethnicity; [[Finns]], [[Eastern European]]s and especially Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the city, as well as people originally from British mining regions such as [[Cornwall]], [[Devon]] and [[Wales]].  The nearby city of Helena, also founded as a mining camp, had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown, and the Chinese in Montana, while a low percentage today, have historically been an important presence. Montanans who claim [[Filipino American|Filipino]] ancestry amount to almost 3,000, making them the largest Asian American group in the state.<ref>http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?fpt=table</ref>  Throughout the nineteenth century, many farmers of German, Scandinavian, Irish, Scots, and English roots settled in Montana.  In addition, the [[Hutterite]]s, originally from Central Europe, settled here, and today Montana is second only to [[South Dakota]] in U.S. Hutterite population with several colonies spread across the state.  Many of Montana's historic logging communities originally attracted people of Scottish, [[Scandinavia]]n, [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]], [[English-American|English]]  and [[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] descent. Montana's [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanic]] population is concentrated around the [[Billings, Montana|Billings]] area in south-central Montana, where many of Montana's Mexican-Americans have been in the state for generations. The highest density of African-Americans is located in [[Great Falls, Montana|Great Falls]].
{{US Demographics}}

=== మతం ===
The religious affiliations of the people of Montana include:

* క్రైస్తవులు: 82%
** [[Protestant]]: 55%
*** [[Lutheranism|లూథరన్లు]]: 15%
*** [[Methodism|Methodist]]: 8%
*** [[Baptist]]: 5%
*** [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]]: 4%
*** [[United Church of Christ]]: 2%
*** Other Protestant or general Protestant: 21%
** [[Roman Catholicism in the United States|Roman Catholic]]: 24%
** [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (Mormon): 5%
* Other Religions: <1%
* Non-Religious: 18%

{{As of | 2000 | alt = As of the year 2000}}, the RCMS<ref name="thearda">{{cite web |url= http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/30_2000.asp |title=State Membership Reports |accessdate=June 15, 2010 |work=thearda.com }}</ref> reported that the three largest denominational groups in Montana are Catholic, [[Evangelical Protestant]], and [[Mainline Protestant]].

Large denominations (measured by numbers of adherents) include the Roman Catholic Church with 169,250 {{as of | 2000 | lc = on}}; the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] with 50,287 {{as of | 2000 | lc = on}};<ref name="thearda"/> and ({{as of | 2008 | December | 31 | lc = on}}) [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] with 45,517.<ref>Deseret News 2009 Church Almanac of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</ref>
	
A November 2011 [[Public Policy Polling]] survey found that 37% of Montana voters supported the legalization of same-sex marriage, while 51% opposed it and 12% were not sure. A separate question on the same survey found that 62% of respondents supported legal recognition for same-sex couples, with 32% supporting same-sex marriage, 30% supporting civil unions, 35% opposing all legal recognition and 3% not sure.<ref>[http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_MT_1207424.pdf Schweitzer could win Sen. nom in ’14 but maybe not MT in ‘16]</ref>

== ఆర్దిక వ్యవస్ధ ==
[[దస్త్రం:Craft Breweries Per Capita (US).svg|thumb|left|200px|Montana ranks 2nd nationally in [[brewery|craft breweries]] per capita.]]
[[దస్త్రం:First Interstate Center, Billings, MT cropped.jpg|thumb|First Interstate Center in downtown [[Billings, Montana|Billings]], the tallest building in Montana]]
[http://www.bea.gov/ The Bureau of Economic Analysis] estimates that Montana's total state product in 2003 was $26 billion. Per capita personal income in 2003 was $25,406, 47th in the nation. However, this number is rapidly increasing.

Montana is a relative hub of beer [[microbrewery|microbrewing]], ranking second in the nation in number of craft breweries per capita.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beertown.org/craftbrewing/statistics.html |title=Craft Brewing Industry Statistics |publisher=Beertown.org |accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref> There are significant industries for [[lumber]] and mineral [[mining|extraction]]; the state's resources include gold, coal, silver, [[talc]], and [[vermiculite]]. [[Ecotax]]es on resource extraction are numerous. A 1974 state [[severance tax]] on coal (which varied from 20 to 30 percent) was upheld by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in ''[[Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana]]'', 453 U.S. 609 (1981).

Tourism is also important to the economy with millions of visitors a year to [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]], [[Flathead Lake]], the [[Missouri River]] headwaters, the site of the [[Battle of Little Bighorn]] and three of the five entrances to [[Yellowstone National Park]].

Montana's personal [[income tax]] contains 7 brackets, with rates ranging from 1% to 6.9%. Montana has no [[sales tax]]. In Montana, household goods are exempt from [[property tax]]es. However, property taxes are assessed on livestock, farm machinery, heavy equipment, automobiles, trucks, and business equipment. The amount of property tax owed is not determined solely by the property's value. The property's value is multiplied by a tax rate, set by the Montana Legislature, to determine its taxable value. The taxable value is then multiplied by the [[mill levy]] established by various taxing jurisdictions—city and county government, school districts and others.

As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate is 6.8%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bls.gov/lau/ |publisher=bls.gov |title= Local Area Unemployment Statistics }}</ref>

== సంస్కృతి ==
{{See also|Music of Montana}}
Montana has variety of arts and culture as well as festivals and events.

== క్రీడలు ==
=== వృత్తిపరమైన క్రీడలు ===
There are no [[Major North American professional sports leagues|major league]] sports franchises in Montana due to the state's relatively small and dispersed population, but a number of [[minor league]] teams play in the state. Baseball is the minor-league sport with the longest heritage in the state, and Montana is currently home to four [[minor league baseball|Minor League baseball teams]], all members of the [[Pioneer Baseball League]]:
* [[Billings Mustangs]]
* [[Great Falls Voyagers]]
* [[Helena Brewers]]
* [[Missoula Osprey]]

The [[Missoula Phoenix]], [[Bitterroot Blaze]], [[Gallatin Valley Snowdevils]], [[Helena Bearcats]] and the [[Great Falls Gladiators]] are semi-pro football teams in the Rocky Mountain Football League (RMFL).

=== కళాశాలల మరియు ఔత్సాహిక క్రీడలు ===
All of Montana's four-year colleges and universities field a variety of intercollegiate sports teams. The two largest schools, the [[University of Montana-Missoula|University of Montana]] and [[Montana State University - Bozeman|Montana State University]], are members of the [[Big Sky Conference]] and have enjoyed a strong athletic rivalry since the early twentieth century. Most of the smaller four-year schools in the state belong to the [[Frontier Conference]].

[[American football|Football]] and basketball are the two most popular sports at the high school level. Montana is one of the few states where the smallest high schools participate in [[six-man football]] leagues.

Numerous other sports are played at the club and amateur level, including [[softball]], [[Rugby union|rugby]], and soccer.  In 2011, Big Sky Little League won the Northwest Region, advancing to the [[Little League World Series]] in [[South Williamsport, PA]] for the first time in state history.

From 1988–2010, the Montana High School All Class [[Wrestling]] Tournament was held in Billings at MetraPark. This event remains one of the most popular high school events each year in Montana.  The 2011 event was relocated to three different cities due to a freak tornado that tore the roof of the MetraPark building on June 20, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlGsNN7TPrc |title=youtube.com |work=youtube |date=June 20, 2010 |accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref>  The MetraPark has been repaired and expects to host the all class tournament again.

There are six junior [[hockey]] teams in Montana, all affiliated with the [[American West Hockey League]]:
* [[Billings Bulls]]
* [[Bozeman Icedogs]]
* [[Butte Roughriders]]
* [[Great Falls Americans]]
* [[Helena Bighorns]]
* [[Missoula Maulers]]

=== Ft. Shaw ===
In 1904 a group of young Native American women, after playing undefeated during their last season, went to the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]] held in St. Louis and defeated all challenging teams and were declared to be world champions. For this they received a large silver trophy with the inscription "World's Fair – St. Louis, 1904 – Basket Ball – Won by Fort Shaw Team".<ref>''Full Court Quest''. Linda Peavy and Ursula Smith. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press: 2008.</ref>

== Recreation ==
=== Ski areas ===
[[దస్త్రం:Big Sky resort.jpg|thumb|The [[Big Sky Resort]]]]
[[దస్త్రం:Red Lodge Palisades.jpg|thumb|The Palisades area on the north end of the ski area at [[Red Lodge Mountain Resort]]]]

Montana has several ski areas including:
* Bear Paw Ski Bowl near [[Havre, Montana]]
* [[Big Sky Resort]] near [[Big Sky, Montana]]
* Blacktail near [[Lakeside, Montana|Lakeside]]
* [[Bridger Bowl Ski Area]] near [[Bozeman, Montana|Bozeman]]
* Discovery Basin near [[Philipsburg, Montana|Philipsburg]]
* [[Great Divide Ski Area|Great Divide]] near [[Helena, Montana]]
* [[Lookout Pass]] near St. Regis, Montana
* Lost Trail near [[Darby, Montana]]
* [[Maverick Mountain]] near Dillon, Montana
* [[Moonlight Basin]] near [[Big Sky, Montana]]
* Red Lodge Mountain near [[Red Lodge, Montana|Red Lodge]]
* [[Showdown Ski Area]] near [[White Sulphur Springs, Montana]]
* Snowbowl Ski Area near [[Missoula, Montana|Missoula]]
* [[Teton Pass Ski Area]] near [[Choteau, Montana|Choteau]]
* [[Turner Mountain Ski Resort]] near [[Libby, Montana|Libby]]
* [[Whitefish Mountain Resort]] near [[Whitefish, Montana|Whitefish]]

== న్యాయ మరియు ప్రభుత్వ ==
{{See also|List of Montana Governors}}

The current Governor is [[Brian Schweitzer]] (Democrat) who was sworn in on January 3, 2005. Montana's two U.S. senators are [[Max Baucus]] (Democrat) and [[Jon Tester]] (Democrat). The state's congressional representative is [[Denny Rehberg]] (Republican).

Montana in 1916 became the first state to elect a woman to [[Congress of the United States|Congress]] ([[Jeannette Rankin]]) (Republican) and was one of the first states to give women voting rights (see [[suffrage]]).

== రాజకీయాలు ==
Historically, Montana is a [[swing state]] of cross-ticket voters who tend to fill elected offices with individuals from both parties.  Through the mid-20th century, the state had a tradition of "sending the liberals to Washington and the conservatives to Helena."  However, beginning in the 1980s, the pattern flipped, with voters more likely to elect conservatives to federal offices.  There have also been long-term shifts of party control. During the 1970s, the state was dominated by the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]], with Democratic governors for a 20-year period, and a Democratic majority of both the national congressional delegation and during many sessions of the state legislature. This pattern shifted, beginning with the 1988 election, when Montana elected a [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] governor and sent a Republican to the U.S. Senate for the first time since the 1940s. This shift continued with the [[reapportionment]] of the state's legislative districts that took effect in 1994, when the Republican Party took control of both chambers of the state legislature, consolidating a Republican party dominance that lasted until 2004.

In presidential elections, Montana was long classified as a swing state, though in recent years, Montana has been classified as a Republican-leaning state, as the state supported Republican presidential candidates in every election from 1996 to the present. The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when [[Bill Clinton]] won a plurality victory. Overall, since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Democratic presidents 40 percent of the time, with these numbers being 40/60 for Republican candidates.  In the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential election]], Montana was considered a [[swing state]] and was ultimately won by Republican [[John McCain]], albeit by a narrow margin of two percent.<ref name = "2008 Election">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/individual/#mapPMT |title=2008 Election Results, CNN |publisher=CNN |accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref>

However, at the state level, the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds.  Democrats currently hold both U.S. Senate seats, as well as four of the five statewide offices (Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of State and State Auditor).  The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010, when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control.  The [[Montana State Senate|state Senate]] is, as of 2010, controlled by the Republicans 28 to 22, and the [[Montana House of Representatives|State House of Representatives]] at 68 to 32.

Montana is an [[Alcoholic beverage control state]].

{{Further2|[[Political party strength in Montana]]}}

== విద్య ==
=== కళాశాలలు మరియు విశ్వవిద్యాలయాలు ===
<table><tr><td valign=top>
రాష్ట్ర నిధులతొ నడుస్తున్న [[మోంఠానా విశ్వవిద్యాలయ వ్యవస్ధ]] లో:
* [[ఫ్లాట్ హెడ్ లోయ కమ్మ్యూనిటి కళాశాల]]
* [[డాసన్ కమ్మ్యూనిటి కళాశాల]]
* [[మైల్స్ కమ్మ్యూనిటి కళాశాల]]
* [[మోంఠానా రాష్ట్ర విశ్వవిద్యాలయం – బోజ్మేన్]]
** [[మోంఠానా రాష్ట్ర విశ్వవిద్యాలయం బిల్లింగ్స్]]
** [[మోంఠానా రాష్ట్ర విశ్వవిద్యాలయం – ఉత్తరాది]]—Havre
** [[మోంఠానా రాష్ట్ర విశ్వవిద్యాలయ సాంకేతిక కళాశాల – గ్రేట్ ఫాల్స్]]
* [[మోంఠానా విశ్వవిద్యాలయం – మిజ్సులా]]
** [[మోంఠానా Tech of the University of Montana]]—Butte
** [[మోంఠానా విశ్వవిద్యాలయ Western]]—[[Dillon, మోంఠానా|Dillon]]
** [[మోంఠానా విశ్వవిద్యాలయ – హెలేన సాంకేతిక కళాశాల]]

మోంఠానా లోని ప్రధాన గిరిజన కళాశాలలో:
* [[Fort Peck కమ్మ్యూనిటి కళాశాల]] or [[Ft. Peck కమ్మ్యూనిటి కళాశాల]]
* [[Little Big Horn కళాశాల]]
* [[Salish Kootenai కళాశాల]]
* [[Stone Child కళాశాల]]
* [[Blackfeet కమ్మ్యూనిటి కళాశాల- Browning]]

There are three small private colleges based in Montana, in addition to branch campuses of out-of-state schools:
* [[Carroll College (Montana)|Carroll College]]
* [[Rocky Mountain College]]
* [[University of Great Falls]]

</td></tr></table>

== మీడియా ==
Montana's largest circulating daily newspapers are the [[Billings Gazette]], [[Great Falls Tribune]], and [[Missoulian]].<ref>http://www.mondotimes.com/newspapers/usa/montana-newspaper-circulation.html</ref>

== ఆరోగ్యం ==
Montana does not have a Trauma I hospital, but does have Trauma II hospitals in Billings, Missoula, and Great Falls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.facs.org/trauma/verified.html|title=Verified Trauma Centers|publisher=American College of Surgeons|accessdate=April 21, 2012}}</ref>

== రవాణా ==
[[దస్త్రం:West Yellowstone MT - aerial.jpg|thumb|[[Yellowstone Airport]], [[West Yellowstone, Montana]]<ref>{{cite book |title= USA by Rail |last= Pitt |first= John |year= 2008|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn= 1-84162-255-9 |page= 100|url= http://books.google.com/?id=zaqJV1s4PMsC}}</ref>]]
{{See also|List of Montana railroads|List of Montana numbered highways|List of airports in Montana}}

Railroads have been an important method of transportation in Montana since the 1880s. Historically, the state was traversed by the main lines of three east-west transcontinental routes: the [[Milwaukee Road]], the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern]], and the [[Northern Pacific Railway|Northern Pacific]]. Today, the [[BNSF Railway]] is the state's largest railroad, its main transcontinental route incorporating the former Great Northern main line across the state.  [[Montana RailLink]], a privately-held [[Class II railroad]], operates former Northern Pacific trackage in western Montana.

In addition, [[Amtrak]]'s ''[[Empire Builder]]'' train runs through the north of the state, stopping in the following towns: [[Libby, Montana|Libby]], [[Whitefish, Montana|Whitefish]], [[West Glacier, Montana|West Glacier]], [[Essex, Montana|Essex]], [[East Glacier Park Village, Montana|East Glacier Park]], [[Browning, Montana|Browning]], [[Cut Bank, Montana|Cut Bank]], [[Shelby, Montana|Shelby]], [[Havre, Montana|Havre]], [[Malta, Montana|Malta]], [[Glasgow, Montana|Glasgow]], and [[Wolf Point, Montana|Wolf Point]].

[[Billings Logan International Airport]] is the busiest airport within a four state region (Montana, Wyoming, North and South Dakota) both in passenger boardings and air cargo. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faa.gov/airports/ |title=faa.gov |publisher=faa.gov |date=January 9, 2012 |accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref>  Montana's other major Airports include [[Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport]] (formerly Gallatin Field) [[Missoula International Airport]], [[Great Falls International Airport]], [[Glacier Park International Airport]], [[Helena Regional Airport]], [[Bert Mooney Airport]] and [[Yellowstone Airport]]. Eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the [[Essential Air Service]] program.

Historically, the primary east-west highway route across Montana was [[U.S. Route 10]], which connected the major cities in the southern half of the state. Still the state's most important east-west travel corridor, the route is today served by [[Interstate 90]] and [[Interstate 94]]. [[U.S. Route 2|U.S. Routes 2]] and [[U.S. Route 12|12]] and [[Montana Highway 200]] also traverse the entire state from east to west.

Montana's only north-south [[Interstate Highway]] is [[Interstate 15 in Montana|Interstate 15]]. Other major north-south highways include [[U.S. Route 87|U.S. Routes 87]], [[U.S. Route 89|89]], [[U.S. Route 93|93]] and [[U.S. Route 191|191]]. [[Interstate 25]] terminates into I-90 just south of the Montana border in Wyoming.

Montana and [[South Dakota]] are the only states to share a land border which is not traversed by a paved road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nris.mt.gov/gis/gisdatalib/downloads/hwymapmdt.pdf |title=hwymap_side1.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref>

== రాష్ట్ర చిహ్నాలు ==
[[దస్త్రం:Montana quarter, reverse side, 2007.png|thumb|right|160px|Montana's state quarter, released in 2007.]]

* [[List of U.S. state flowers|State flower]]: [[Bitterroot]] ''(Lewisia rediviva)'', since 1895
* [[List of U.S. state trees|State tree]]: [[Ponderosa Pine]], since 1949
* [[List of U.S. state mammals|State animal]]: [[Grizzly Bear]] ''(Ursus arctos horribilis)'', since 1862
* [[List of U.S. state birds|State bird]]: [[Western Meadowlark]] ''(Sturnella neglecta)'', since 1931
* [[State fish]]: [[Cutthroat trout]] ''Oncorhynchus clarkii'', since 1977<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.opi.mt.gov/bills/mca/1/1/1-1-507.htm |title=Montana Code Annotated-1-1-507. State fish |accessdate=November 29, 2010}}</ref>
* State Song: ''"[[Montana (song)|Montana]]"'', since 1945
* State Ballad: ''"[[Montana Melody]]"'', since 1983
* State Gemstones: [[Yogo sapphire]] & [[Agate]], since 1969
* [[State Fossil]]: Maiasaur ("Duck-billed Dinosaur") ''([[Maiasaura]] peeblesorum)'', since 1985
* State Butterfly: [[Nymphalis antiopa|Mourning cloak]] ''(Nymphalis antiopa)'', since 2001
* State Grass: [[Pseudoroegneria spicata|Bluebunch wheatgrass]], since 1973
* State Motto: "Oro y Plata" (Spanish: Gold and Silver)

== See also ==
{{ports|History|Geography|North America|Northern America|United States|Montana}}
{{cto}}
{{Navbox link}}  
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana|List of National Register of Historic Places in Montana]]
*[[List of people from Montana]]
*[[List of places in Montana]]
*[[Missouri River]]
*[[Music of Montana]]
*[[Rocky Mountains]]
{{clear}}

== సూచనలు ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{main|Bibliography of Montana history}}
* [[Jon Axline|Axline, Jon]], ''et al.'' ''Still Speaking Ill of the Dead: More Jerks in Montana History''. Falcon Press, 2005. <small>ISBN 1-58592-032-0</small>
* [[Jon Bennion|Bennion, Jon]]. ''Big Sky Politics''. Five Valleys Publishing, April 2004. <small>ISBN 1-888550-13-9</small>
* [[Ivan Doig|Doig, Ivan]], ''Dancing at the Rascal Fair''. Scribner: 1987. <small>ISBN 0-689-11764-7.</small>
* [[Ivan Doig|Doig, Ivan]], ''English Creek''. Peter Smith Publisher Inc: 1992. <small>ISBN 0-8446-6608-4.</small>
* [[Joseph Kinsey Howard|Howard, Joseph Kinsey]]. ''Montana: High, Wide, and Handsome''. Bison Books: 2003. <small>ISBN 0-8032-7339-8.</small>
* [[Joseph Kinsey Howard|Howard, Joseph Kinsey]]. ''Montana Margins: A State Anthology''. Yale University Press,: 1946. <small>ISBN 0-8369-2652-8.</small>
* [[William Kittredge|Kittredge, William]]. ''The Last Best Place: A Montana Anthology''. (From the back cover: "...over 230 stories, poems, reminiscences, and reports written by 140 men and women. The book is divided into eight sections with introductory essays by [[William Bevis]], [[Mary Clearman Blew]], [[William Kittredge]], [[William L. Lang|William Lang]], [[Richard Roeder]], [[Annick Smith]], and [[James Welch (writer)|James Welch]].") [[University of Washington Press]]: 1990. 1158 pages. <small> ISBN 0-295-96974-1. </small>
* [[James Lopach|Lopach, James]]. ''We the People of Montana: The Workings of a Popular Government''. Falcon Press, 1983 <small>ISBN 0-87842-159-9</small>
* [[Norman MacLean|MacLean, Norman]], ''A River Runs Through It''. [[University of Chicago Press]]: 1976. <small>ISBN 0-226-50060-8.</small>
* [[Norman MacLean|MacLean, Norman]], ''Young Men and Fire''. University of Chicago Press: 1992. <small>ISBN 0-226-50061-6.</small>
* [[Michael P. Malone|Malone, Michael P.]], Richard B. Roeder and William L. Lang. ''Montana: A History of Two Centuries''. University of Washington: 1991. <small>ISBN 0-295-97129-0.</small>
* [[K. Ross Toole|Toole, K. Ross]]. ''Montana: An Uncommon Land''. [[University of Oklahoma Press]]: 1984. <small>ISBN 0-8061-1890-3.</small>
* [[Dave Walter|Walter, Dave]], ''et al.'' ''Speaking Ill of the Dead: Jerks in Montana History.'' Falcon Press, 2000. <small>ISBN 1-58592-032-0</small>
* [[Mildred Walker|Walker, Mildred]]. ''Winter Wheat''. Harcourt: 1967. <small>ISBN 0-15-197223-0.</small>

== External links ==
{{Sister project links}}
* [http://www.mt.gov/ State of Montana Website]
* [http://www.visitmt.com/ Official State Travel Information Site]
* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Montana}}
* [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=MT Montana energy data & statistics – From the U.S. Department of Energy]
* [http://www.his.state.mt.us/ Montana Historical Society]
* [http://montanakids.com/ Everything you need to know about Montana.]
* [http://www.montanahistory.net/ Montana History]
* [http://www.montanacapitol.com/ Montana State Capitol Information]
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/MT.htm Montana state facts from the U.S. Department of Agriculture]
* [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/30000.html Census of Montana]
* [http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Montana List of searchable databases produced by Montana state agencies] hosted by the [http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Main_Page American Library Association Government Documents Roundtable.]
* [http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=MT USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Montana]
* [http://www.greatfallstribune.com/multimedia/125newsmakers1/part1.html Famous and infamous Montanans]
* [http://www.stillwaterhooksandhorns.com/ Fly Fishing in Montana]
* {{osmrelation-inline|162115}}
* [http://pinterest.com/pin/252905335294533805/ Saturday Night Out – Montana 1936]
{{clear}}

== Related information ==
{{Anchor|Related information}} 
{{Navboxes
|title= [[దస్త్రం:Nuvola apps kpdf2.png|25px]] Topics related to {{PAGENAME}}
|state=off
|list1=</span>
{{Montana|expanded}}
{{MontanansLists}}
{{United States political divisions}}
{{United States topics}} 
}} 

{{Geographic location| Northwest = <br />           {{flag|British Columbia}}
 | North = {{flag|Canada}}<br /> | North = {{flag|Canada}}<br />{{flag|Alberta}}
 | Northeast = <br />           {{flag|Saskatchewan}}
 | West = {{flag|Idaho}}
 | Centre = '' Montana'': [[Outline of Montana|Outline]] • [[Index of Montana-related articles|Index]]
 | East = {{flag|North Dakota}}
 | Southwest =
 | South = {{flag|Wyoming}}
 | Southeast = {{flag|South Dakota}}
}}

{{succession
| preceded = [[South Dakota]]
| office = [[List of U.S. states by date of statehood]]
| years = Admitted on November 8, 1889 (41st)
| succeeded = [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]
}}

{{Coord|display=title|47|N|110|W|region:US-MT_type:adm1st_scale:3000000}}

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[[వర్గం:States of the United States]]
[[వర్గం:States and territories established in 1889]]

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