Revision 1183746 of "Bank" on uzwiki

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A '''bank''' is a [[financial institution]] and a [[financial intermediary]] that accepts [[deposit account|deposits]] and channels those deposits into [[loan|lending]] activities, either directly by loaning or indirectly through [[capital market]]s. A bank is the connection between customers that have capital deficits and customers with capital surpluses.

Due to their influence within a [[financial system]] and an economy, banks are generally [[Bank regulation|highly regulated]] in most countries. Most banks operate under a system known as [[fractional reserve banking]] where they hold only a small [[bank reserves|reserve]] of the funds deposited and lend out the rest for profit. They are generally subject to [[minimum capital requirement]]s which are based on an international set of capital standards, known as the [[Basel Accords]].

The [[List of oldest banks|oldest bank still in existence]] is [[Monte dei Paschi di Siena]], headquartered in [[Siena]], [[Italy]], which has been operating continuously since 1472.<ref name="boland1">{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a034542e-5771-11de-8c47-00144feabdc0.html?nclick_check=1|title=Modern dilemma for world’s oldest bank|last=Boland|first=Vincent|date=2009-06-12|work=[[Financial Times]]|accessdate=23 February 2010}}</ref> It is followed by [[Berenberg Bank]] of Hamburg (1590)<ref>[http://thegatewayonline.com/articles/banking-finance/berenberg-graduates-worlds-oldest-bank The world's second oldest bank—and its plans for the future], ''thegatewayonline.com''</ref> and [[Sveriges Riksbank]] of Sweden (1668).

Banking in its modern sense evolved in rich cities of [[Renaissance Italy]], such as [[Florence]], [[Venice]] and [[Genoa]]. In the [[history of banking]], a number of [[List of banking families|banking dynasties]]—among them notably [[House of Medici|Medici]],<ref>[[Christopher Hibbert]] (1975). ''The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall''. Morrow. ISBN 0-688-00339-7.</ref> [[Fugger]],<ref>Mark Häberlein (2012). ''The Fuggers of Augsburg: Pursuing Wealth and Honor in Renaissance'', University of Virginia Press, ISBN 0813932580</ref> [[Welser]],<ref>Richard Ehrenberg: Das Zeitalter der Fugger. Geldkapital und Creditverkehr im 16. Jahrhundert; Bd. 1: Die Geldmächte des 16. Jahrhunderts; Hildesheim: Olms, 1963 ( = Jena: Fischer, 1898); S. 96.195.212; Pius Malekandathil: The Germans, the Portuguese and India; Periplus Parerga 6; Münster: LIT, 1999; ISBN 3-8258-4350-5; S. 47ff.</ref> [[Berenberg-Gossler-Seyler banking dynasty|Berenberg]],<ref>[[Percy Ernst Schramm]], ''Kaufleute zu Haus und über See. Hamburgische Zeugnisse des 17., 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts'', Hamburg, Hoffmann und Campe, 1949</ref> [[Baring family|Baring]]<ref>[[Philip Ziegler]] (1988). ''The Sixth Great Power: Barings 1762–1929''. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-217508-8.</ref> and [[Rothschild family|Rothschild]]<ref>[[Frederic Morton]]: ''The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty'', ISBN 1-56836-220-X</ref>—have played a central role over many centuries.

==History==
{{Personal finance}}
{{Main|History of banking}}

Banking in the modern sense of the word can be traced to medieval and early [[Renaissance]] [[Italy]], to the rich cities in the north like [[Florence]], [[Lucca]], [[Siena]], [[Venice]] and [[Genoa]]. The [[Bardi family|Bardi]] and [[Peruzzi]] families dominated banking in 14th century Florence, establishing branches in many other parts of [[Europe]].<ref>Hoggson, N. F. (1926) Banking Through the Ages, New York, Dodd, Mead & Company.</ref> One of the most famous Italian banks was the [[Medici Bank]], set up by [[Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici]] in 1397.<ref>Goldthwaite, R. A. (1995) Banks, Places and Entrepreneurs in Renaissance Florence, Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain, Variorum</ref> The earliest known state deposit bank, [[Bank of Saint George (Genoa)|Banco di San Giorgio]] (Bank of St. George), was founded in 1407 at [[Genoa]], [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite book | title= Issues in Money and Banking | url= http://books.google.com/books?id=k1OYMZ8OzMUC | last= Macesich | first= George | date= 30 June 2000 | page= 42 | chapter= Central Banking: The Early Years: Other Early Banks | chapterurl= http://books.google.com/books?id=k1OYMZ8OzMUC&pg=PA42 | publisher= Praeger Publishers ([[Greenwood Publishing Group]]) | location= [[Westport, Connecticut]] | quote= The first state deposit bank was the Bank of St. George in Genoa, which was established in 1407. | isbn= 978-0-275-96777-2 | doi= 10.1336/0275967778 | accessdate= 2009-03-12}}</ref>

===Origin of the word===
The word '' bank'' was borrowed in [[Middle English]] from [[Middle French]] ''banque'', from Old [[Italian language|Italian]] ''banca'', from [[Old High German]] ''banc, bank'' "bench, counter". Benches were used as desks or exchange counters during the [[Renaissance]] by [[Florence|Florentine]] bankers, who used to make their transactions atop desks covered by green tablecloths.<ref>{{cite book | last = de Albuquerque | first = Martim | authorlink= Martim de Albuquerque | title = Notes and Queries | publisher = George Bell | year = 1855 | location = London | pages = 431 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=uIrWLegNZxUC&pg=PA431&lpg=PA431&dq=bank+italian+bench | isbn = }}</ref>

One of the oldest items found showing money-changing activity is a silver Greek drachm coin from ancient Hellenic colony Trapezus on the Black Sea, modern [[Trabzon]], c. 350–325 BC, presented in the [[British Museum]] in London. The coin shows a banker's table (''trapeza'') laden with coins, a pun on the name of the city. In fact, even today in [[Modern Greek]] the word Trapeza (''Τράπεζα'') means both a table and a bank.

Another possible origin of the word is from the [[Sanskrit]] words (ब्यय) 'byaya' (expense) and 'onka' (calculation) = byaya-onka. This word still survives in Bangla, which is one of Sanskrit's child languages. ব্যায় + অঙ্ক =  ব্যাঙ্ক . Such expense calculations were the biggest part of mathematical treatises written by Indian mathematicians as early as 500 B.C.

==Definition==
The definition of a bank varies from country to country. See the relevant country page (below) for more information.

Under [[English common law]], a banker is defined as a person who carries on the business of banking, which is specified as:<ref>United Dominions Trust Ltd v Kirkwood, 1966, English Court of Appeal, 2 QB 431</ref>
* conducting [[Current account (banking)|current accounts]] for his customers,
* paying [[cheques]] drawn on him/her, and
* collecting [[cheques]] for his/her customers.
[[File:Banco de Venezuela, Coro.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Banco de Venezuela]] in [[Coro, Venezuela|Coro]].]]
[[File:Bank.Pokhara.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Branch of Nepal Bank in Pokhara, Eastern Nepal]].]]

In most common law jurisdictions there is a Bills of Exchange Act that codifies the law in relation to [[negotiable instruments]], including [[cheques]], and this Act contains a statutory definition of the term ''banker'': ''banker'' includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or not, who carry on the business of banking' (Section 2, Interpretation). Although this definition seems circular, it is actually functional, because it ensures that the legal basis for bank transactions such as cheques does not depend on how the bank is organized or regulated.

The business of banking is in many [[English common law]] countries not defined by statute but by common law, the definition above. In other English common law jurisdictions there are statutory definitions of the ''business of banking'' or ''banking business''. When looking at these definitions it is important to keep in mind that they are defining the business of banking for the purposes of the legislation, and not necessarily in general. In particular, most of the definitions are from legislation that has the purposes of entry regulating and supervising banks rather than regulating the actual business of banking. However, in many cases the statutory definition closely mirrors the common law one. Examples of statutory definitions:

*"banking business" means the business of receiving money on current or deposit account, paying and collecting cheques drawn by or paid in by customers, the making of advances to customers, and includes such other business as the Authority may prescribe for the purposes of this Act; (Banking Act (Singapore), Section 2, Interpretation).

*"banking business" means the business of either or both of the following:

# receiving from the general public money on current, deposit, savings or other similar account repayable on demand or within less than [3 months] ... or with a period of call or notice of less than that period;
# paying or collecting checks drawn by or paid in by customers.<ref>(Banking Ordinance, Section 2, Interpretation, Hong Kong) Note that in this case the definition is extended to include accepting any deposits repayable in less than 3 months, companies that accept deposits of greater than HK$100 000 for periods of greater than 3 months are regulated as [[List of banks in Hong Kong|deposit taking companies]] rather than as banks in Hong Kong.</ref>

Since the advent of [[EFTPOS]] (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point Of Sale), direct credit, [[direct debit]] and [[online banking|internet banking]], the cheque has lost its primacy in most banking systems as a payment instrument. This has led legal theorists to suggest that the cheque based definition should be broadened to include financial institutions that conduct current accounts for customers and enable customers to pay and be paid by third parties, even if they do not pay and collect checks.<ref>e.g. Tyree's Banking Law in New Zealand, A L Tyree, LexisNexis 2003, page 70.</ref>

==Banking==
===Standard activities===
[[File:WinonaSavingsBankVault.JPG|thumb|250px|Large door to an old [[bank vault]].]]
Banks act as payment agents by conducting [[Transactional account|checking or current accounts]] for customers, paying [[cheque]]s drawn by customers on the bank, and collecting cheques deposited to customers' current accounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as [[Automated Clearing House]] (ACH), [[Wire transfer]]s or [[telegraphic transfer]], [[EFTPOS]], and [[automated teller machine]] (ATM).

Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current accounts, by accepting [[term deposit]]s, and by issuing debt securities such as [[banknotes]] and [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current accounts, by making [[installment loan]]s, and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of money lending.

Banks provide different payment services, and a bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses and individuals. Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance companies are normally not considered as an adequate substitute for a bank account.

===Channels===
Banks offer many different channels to access their banking and other services:
* [[Automated Teller Machine]]s
* A [[Branch (banking)|branch]] is a retail location
* [[Call center]]
* Mail: most banks accept cheque deposits via mail and use mail to communicate to their customers, e.g. by sending out statements
* [[Mobile banking]] is a method of using one's mobile phone to conduct banking transactions
* [[Online banking]] is a term used for performing multiple transactions, payments etc. over the Internet
* [[Customer relationship management|Relationship Managers]], mostly for private banking or business banking, often visiting customers at their homes or businesses
* [[Telephone banking]] is a service which allows its customers to perform transactions over the telephone with [[automated attendant]] or when requested with [[Switchboard operator|telephone operator]]
* [[Video banking]] is a term used for performing banking transactions or professional banking consultations via a remote video and audio connection. Video banking can be performed via purpose built banking transaction machines (similar to an Automated teller machine), or via a [[video conference]] enabled bank branch clarification

===Business model===
A bank can generate revenue in a variety of different ways including interest, transaction fees and financial advice. The main method is via charging [[interest]] on the capital it lends out to customers.{{Citation needed|reason=banks are something that affect many people's lives and claims such as this should be cited and verified to insure that they are not outdated, incorrect, or misleading|date=January 2011}} The bank profits from the difference between the level of interest it pays for deposits and other sources of funds, and the level of interest it charges in its lending activities.

This difference is referred to as the [[Net interest spread|spread]] between the cost of funds and the loan interest rate. Historically, profitability from lending activities has been cyclical and dependent on the needs and strengths of loan customers and the stage of the [[economic cycle]]. Fees and financial advice constitute a more stable revenue stream and banks have therefore placed more emphasis on these revenue lines to smooth their financial performance.

In the past 20 years American banks have taken many measures to ensure that they remain profitable while responding to increasingly changing market conditions. First, this includes the [[Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act]], which allows banks again to merge with investment and insurance houses. Merging banking, investment, and insurance functions allows traditional banks to respond to increasing consumer demands for "one-stop shopping" by enabling cross-selling of products (which, the banks hope, will also increase profitability).

Second, they have expanded the use of [[risk-based pricing]] from business lending to consumer lending, which means charging higher interest rates to those customers that are considered to be a higher credit risk and thus increased chance of [[default (finance)|default]] on loans. This helps to offset the losses from bad loans, lowers the price of loans to those who have better credit histories, and offers credit products to high risk customers who would otherwise be denied credit.

Third, they have sought to increase the methods of payment processing available to the general public and business clients. These products include [[debit card]]s, prepaid cards, [[smart card]]s, and [[credit card]]s. They make it easier for consumers to conveniently make transactions and smooth their consumption over time (in some countries with underdeveloped financial systems, it is still common to deal strictly in cash, including carrying suitcases filled with cash to purchase a home).

However, with convenience of easy credit, there is also increased risk that consumers will mismanage their financial resources and accumulate excessive debt. Banks make money from card products through interest payments and fees charged to consumers and [[transaction fee]]s to companies that accept the  credit- debit - cards.
This helps in making profit and facilitates economic development as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestreet.com/story/10385783/how-banks-make-money.html|title= How Banks Make Money|publisher= The Street|accessdate=2011-09-08}}</ref>

===Products===
[[File:Halifax bank, Commercial Street, Leeds (27th May 2010).jpg|thumb|right|A former [[building society]], now a modern retail bank in [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]].]]
[[File:NatWest Castle Street.jpg|thumb|right| An interior of a branch of [[National Westminster Bank]] on Castle Street, [[Liverpool]]]]

====Retail banking====
* [[Checking account]]
* [[Savings account]]
* [[Money market account]]
* [[Certificate of deposit]] (CD)
* [[Individual retirement account]] (IRA)
* [[Credit card]]
* [[Debit card]]
* [[Mortgage]]
* [[Home equity loan]]
* [[Mutual fund]]
* [[Personal loan]]
* [[Time deposits]]
*[[ATM card]]
*[[Transactional account#Current accounts|Current Accounts]]

====Business (or commercial/investment) banking====
* [[loan|Business loan]]
* [[Stock exchange#Raising capital for businesses|Capital raising]] ([[Equity (finance)|Equity]] / [[Debt]] / [[Hybrid security|Hybrids]])
* [[Mezzanine finance]]
* [[Project finance]]
* [[Revolving credit]]
* [[Risk management]] ([[Foreign exchange market|FX]], [[interest rates]], [[commodities]], [[Derivative (finance)|derivatives]])
* [[Term loan]]
* Cash Management Services (Lock box, Remote Deposit Capture, Merchant Processing)

==Risk and capital==
Banks face a number of [[financial risk|risks]] in order to conduct their business, and how well these risks are managed and understood is a key driver behind profitability, and how much [[Capital requirement|capital]] a bank is required to hold. Some of the main risks faced by banks include:
* [[Credit risk]]: risk of loss{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} arising from a borrower who does not make payments as promised.
* [[Liquidity risk]]: risk that a given security or asset cannot be traded quickly enough in the market to prevent a loss (or make the required profit).
* [[Market risk]]: risk that the value of a portfolio, either an investment portfolio or a trading portfolio, will decrease due to the change in value of the market risk factors.
* [[Operational risk]]: risk arising from execution of a company's business functions.
* [[Reputational risk]]: a type of risk related to the trustworthiness of business.
* [[Macroeconomics| Macroeconomic risk]]: risks related to the aggregate economy the bank is operating in.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bolt|first=Wilko|coauthors=Leo de Haan; Marco Hoeberichts; Maarten van Oordt; Job Swank|title=Bank Profitability during Recessions|journal=Journal of Banking & Finance|year=2012|volume=36|issue=9|pages=2552-2564|doi=10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.05.011}}</ref> 

The [[capital requirement]] is a [[bank regulation]], which sets a framework on how banks and depository institutions must handle their capital. The categorization of assets and capital is highly standardized so that it can be risk weighted (see [[risk-weighted asset]]).

==Banks in the economy==
{{See also|Financial system}}

===Economic functions===
The economic functions of banks include:
# Issue of money, in the form of [[banknotes]] and current accounts subject to [[check]] or payment at the customer's order. These claims on banks can act as money because they are negotiable or repayable on demand, and hence valued at par. They are effectively transferable by mere delivery, in the case of banknotes, or by drawing a check that the payee may bank or cash.
# Netting and settlement of payments &ndash; banks act as both collection and paying agents for customers, participating in interbank clearing and settlement systems to collect, present, be presented with, and pay payment instruments. This enables banks to economize on reserves held for settlement of payments, since inward and outward payments offset each other. It also enables the offsetting of payment flows between geographical areas, reducing the cost of settlement between them.
# Credit intermediation &ndash; banks borrow and lend back-to-back on their own account as middle men.
# Credit quality improvement &ndash; banks lend money to ordinary commercial and personal borrowers (ordinary credit quality), but are high quality borrowers. The improvement comes from diversification of the bank's assets and capital which provides a buffer to absorb losses without defaulting on its obligations. However, banknotes and deposits are generally unsecured; if the bank gets into difficulty and pledges assets as security, to raise the funding it needs to continue to operate, this puts the note holders and depositors in an economically subordinated position.
# [[Asset liability mismatch]]/[[Maturity transformation]] &ndash; banks borrow more on demand debt and short term debt, but provide more long term loans. In other words, they borrow short and lend long. With a stronger credit quality than most other borrowers, banks can do this by aggregating issues (e.g. accepting deposits and issuing banknotes) and redemptions (e.g. withdrawals and redemption of banknotes), maintaining reserves of cash, investing in marketable securities that can be readily converted to cash if needed, and raising replacement funding as needed from various sources (e.g. wholesale cash markets and securities markets).
# [[Money creation]] &ndash; whenever a bank gives out a loan in a [[fractional-reserve banking]] system, a new sum of virtual money is created.

===Bank crisis===
Banks are susceptible to many forms of risk which have triggered occasional systemic crises. These include [[liquidity risk]] (where many depositors may request withdrawals in excess of available funds), [[credit risk]] (the chance that those who owe money to the bank will not repay it), and [[interest rate risk]] (the possibility that the bank will become unprofitable, if rising interest rates force it to pay relatively more on its deposits than it receives on its loans).

Banking crises have developed many times throughout history, when one or more risks have materialized for a banking sector as a whole. Prominent examples include the [[bank run]] that occurred during the [[Great Depression]], the U.S. [[Savings and Loan crisis]] in the 1980s and early 1990s, the [[Japan]]ese banking crisis during the 1990s, and the [[sub-prime mortgage crisis]] in the 2000s.

===Size of global banking industry===
Assets of the largest 1,000 banks in the world grew by 6.8% in the 2008/2009 financial year to a record US$96.4&nbsp;trillion while profits declined by 85% to US$115&nbsp;billion. Growth in assets in adverse market conditions was largely a result of recapitalization. EU banks held the largest share of the total, 56% in 2008/2009, down from 61% in the previous year. Asian banks' share increased from 12% to 14% during the year, while the share of US banks increased from 11% to 13%. Fee revenue generated by global investment banking totaled US$66.3&nbsp;billion in 2009, up 12% on the previous year.<ref name=ifsl>{{PDFlink|[http://www.thecityuk.com/assets/Uploads/Banking-2010.pdf Banking 2010]|638&nbsp;KB}} charts 7&ndash;8, pages 3&ndash;4. [[TheCityUK]].</ref>

The United States has the most banks in the world in terms of institutions (7,085 at the end of 2008) and possibly branches (82,000).{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} This is an indicator of the geography and regulatory structure of the USA, resulting in a large number of small to medium-sized institutions in its banking system. As of Nov 2009, China's top 4 banks have in excess of 67,000 branches ([[ICBC]]:18000+, [[BOC]]:12000+, [[CCB]]:13000+, [[Agricultural Bank of China|ABC]]:24000+) with an additional 140 smaller banks with an undetermined number of branches.
Japan had 129 banks and 12,000 branches. In 2004, Germany, France, and Italy each had more than 30,000 branches&mdash;more than double the 15,000 branches in the UK.<ref name=ifsl/>

==Regulation==
{{Main|Banking regulation}}
{{See also|Basel II}}
Currently commercial banks are regulated in most jurisdictions by government entities and require a special bank license to operate.

Usually the definition of the business of banking for the purposes of regulation is extended to include acceptance of deposits, even if they are not repayable to the customer's order&mdash;although money lending, by itself, is generally not included in the definition.

Unlike most other regulated industries, the regulator is typically also a participant in the market, being either a publicly or privately governed [[central bank]]. Central banks also typically have a monopoly on the business of issuing [[banknote]]s. However, in some countries this is not the case. In the UK, for example, the [[Financial Services Authority]] licenses banks, and some commercial banks (such as the [[Bank of Scotland]]) issue their own banknotes in addition to those issued by the [[Bank of England]], the UK government's central bank.

Banking law is based on a contractual analysis of the relationship between the ''bank'' (defined above) and the ''customer''&mdash;defined as any entity for which the bank agrees to conduct an account.

The law implies rights and obligations into this relationship as follows:
# The bank account balance is the financial position between the bank and the customer: when the account is in credit, the bank owes the balance to the customer; when the account is overdrawn, the customer owes the balance to the bank.
# The bank agrees to pay the customer's checks up to the amount standing to the credit of the customer's account, plus any agreed overdraft limit.
# The bank may not pay from the customer's account without a mandate from the customer, e.g. a check drawn by the customer.
# The bank agrees to promptly collect the checks deposited to the customer's account as the customer's agent, and to credit the proceeds to the customer's account.
# The bank has a right to combine the customer's accounts, since each account is just an aspect of the same credit relationship.
# The bank has a [[lien]] on checks deposited to the customer's account, to the extent that the customer is indebted to the bank.
# The bank must not disclose details of transactions through the customer's account&mdash;unless the customer consents, there is a public duty to disclose, the bank's interests require it, or the law demands it.
# The bank must not close a customer's account without reasonable notice, since checks are outstanding in the ordinary course of business for several days.

These implied contractual terms may be modified by express agreement between the customer and the bank. The statutes and regulations in force within a particular jurisdiction may also modify the above terms and/or create new rights, obligations or limitations relevant to the bank-customer relationship.

Some types of financial institution, such as [[Building Society|building societies]] and [[credit unions]], may be partly or wholly exempt from bank license requirements, and therefore regulated under separate rules.

The requirements for the issue of a bank license vary between jurisdictions but typically include:
# Minimum capital
# Minimum capital ratio
# 'Fit and Proper' requirements for the bank's controllers, owners, directors, or senior officers
# Approval of the bank's business plan as being sufficiently prudent and plausible.

==Types of banks==
Banks' activities can be divided into [[retail banking]], dealing directly with individuals and small businesses; [[business banking]], providing services to mid-market business; corporate banking, directed at large business entities; [[private banking]], providing wealth management services to [[high net worth individual]]s and families; and [[investment banking]], relating to activities on the [[financial markets]]. Most banks are profit-making, private enterprises. However, some are owned by government, or are [[non-profit organization]]s.

===Types of retail banks===
[[File:NatBankRep.jpg|thumb|National Bank of the Republic, [[Salt Lake City]] 1908]]
[[File:ATM AL RAJHI BANK.JPG|200px|thumb|right|[[Automated teller machine|ATM]] [[Al-Rajhi Bank]]]]
[[File:NatCuBank.jpg|thumb|National Copper Bank, [[Salt Lake City]] 1911]]
*[[Commercial bank]]: the term used for a normal bank to distinguish it from an investment bank. After the [[Great Depression]], the U.S. Congress required that banks only engage in banking activities, whereas investment banks were limited to [[capital market]] activities. Since the two no longer have to be under separate ownership, some use the term "commercial bank" to refer to a bank or a division of a bank that mostly deals with deposits and loans from corporations or large businesses.
*[[Community banks]]: locally operated financial institutions that empower employees to make local decisions to serve their customers and the partners.
*[[Community development bank]]s: regulated banks that provide financial services and credit to under-served markets or populations.
*[[Credit union]]s: not-for-profit [[cooperatives]] owned by the depositors and often offering rates more favorable than for-profit banks. Typically, membership is restricted to employees of a particular company, residents of a defined neighborhood, members of a certain labor union or religious organizations, and their immediate families.
*[[Postal savings system|Postal savings bank]]s: savings banks associated with national postal systems.
*[[Private banking|Private bank]]s: banks that manage the assets of high net worth individuals. Historically a minimum of USD 1 million was required to open an account, however, over the last years many private banks have lowered their entry hurdles to USD 250,000 for private investors.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}
*[[Offshore bank]]s: banks located in jurisdictions with low taxation and regulation. Many offshore banks are essentially private banks.
*[[Savings bank]]: in Europe, savings banks took their roots in the 19th or sometimes even in the 18th century. Their original objective was to provide easily accessible savings products to all strata of the population. In some countries, savings banks were created on public initiative; in others, socially committed individuals created foundations to put in place the necessary infrastructure. Nowadays, European savings banks have kept their focus on retail banking: payments, savings products, credits and insurances for individuals or small and medium-sized enterprises. Apart from this retail focus, they also differ from commercial banks by their broadly decentralized distribution network, providing local and regional outreach&mdash;and by their socially responsible approach to business and society.
*[[Building societies]] and [[Landesbank]]s: institutions that conduct retail banking.
*[[Ethical bank]]s: banks that prioritize the transparency of all operations and make only what they consider to be socially-responsible investments.
* A [[Direct bank|Direct or Internet-Only bank]] is a banking operation without any physical bank branches, conceived and implemented wholly with networked computers.

===Types of investment banks===
*[[Investment bank]]s "[[underwrite]]" (guarantee the sale of) stock and bond issues, trade for their own accounts, make markets, provide [[investment management]], and advise corporations on [[capital market]] activities such as mergers and acquisitions.
*[[Merchant bank]]s were traditionally banks which engaged in [[trade finance]]. The modern definition, however, refers to banks which provide capital to firms in the form of shares rather than loans. Unlike [[venture capital firm]]s, they tend not to invest in new companies.

===Both combined===
*[[Universal bank]]s, more commonly known as [[financial services]] companies, engage in several of these activities. These big banks are very diversified groups that, among other services, also distribute insurance&mdash; hence the term [[bancassurance]], a [[portmanteau|portmanteau word]] combining "banque or bank" and "assurance", signifying that both banking and insurance are provided by the same corporate entity.

===Other types of banks===
*[[Central bank]]s are normally government-owned and charged with quasi-regulatory responsibilities, such as supervising commercial banks, or controlling the cash [[interest rate]]. They generally provide liquidity to the banking system and act as the [[lender of last resort]] in event of a crisis.
*[[Islamic bank]]s adhere to the concepts of [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. This form of banking revolves around several well-established principles based on Islamic canons. All banking activities must avoid interest, a concept that is forbidden in Islam. Instead, the bank earns profit ([[Markup (business)|markup]]) and fees on the financing facilities that it extends to customers.

==Challenges within the banking industry==
{{Globalize|section|date=September 2009}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2008}}

===United States===
{{Main|Banking in the United States}}

The United States banking industry is one of the most heavily regulated in the world,<ref>Scott Besley and Eugene F. Brigham, ''Principles of Finance'', 4th ed. (Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009), 125.  This popular university textbook explains: "Generally speaking, U.S. financial institutions have been much more heavily regulated and faced greater limitations ... than have their foreign counterparts."</ref> with multiple specialized and focused regulators. All banks with FDIC-insured deposits have the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]] (FDIC) as a regulator.  However, for soundness examinations (i.e., whether a bank is operating in a sound manner), the [[Federal Reserve]] is the primary federal regulator for Fed-member state banks; the [[Office of the Comptroller of the Currency]] (OCC) is the primary federal regulator for national banks; and the [[Office of Thrift Supervision]], or OTS, is the primary federal regulator for [[thrift]]s. State non-member banks are examined by the state agencies as well as the FDIC. National banks have one primary regulator—the OCC. Qualified Intermediaries & Exchange Accommodators are regulated by MAIC.

Each regulatory agency has their own set of rules and regulations to which banks and thrifts must adhere.

The [[Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council]] (FFIEC) was established in 1979 as a formal inter-agency body empowered to prescribe uniform principles, standards, and report forms for the federal examination of financial institutions. Although the FFIEC has resulted in a greater degree of regulatory consistency between the agencies, the rules and regulations are constantly changing.

In addition to changing regulations, changes in the industry have led to consolidations within the Federal Reserve, FDIC, OTS, MAIC and OCC. Offices have been closed, supervisory regions have been merged, staff levels have been reduced and budgets have been cut. The remaining regulators face an increased burden with increased workload and more banks per regulator. While banks struggle to keep up with the changes in the regulatory environment, regulators struggle to manage their workload and effectively regulate their banks. The impact of these changes is that banks are receiving less hands-on assessment by the regulators, less time spent with each institution, and the potential for more problems slipping through the cracks, potentially resulting in an overall increase in bank failures across the United States.

The changing economic environment has a significant impact on banks and thrifts as they struggle to effectively manage their interest rate spread in the face of low rates on loans, rate competition for deposits and the general market changes, industry trends and economic fluctuations. It has been a challenge for banks to effectively set their growth strategies with the recent economic market. A rising interest rate environment may seem to help financial institutions, but the effect of the changes on consumers and businesses is not predictable and the challenge remains for banks to grow and effectively manage the spread to generate a return to their shareholders.

The management of the banks’ asset portfolios also remains a challenge in today’s economic environment. Loans are a bank’s primary asset category and when loan quality becomes suspect, the foundation of a bank is shaken to the core. While always an issue for banks, declining [[asset quality]] has become a big problem for financial institutions. There are several reasons for this, one of which is the lax attitude some banks have adopted because of the years of “good times.” The potential for this is exacerbated by the reduction in the regulatory oversight of banks and in some cases depth of management. Problems are more likely to go undetected, resulting in a significant impact on the bank when they are recognized. In addition, banks, like any business, struggle to cut costs and have consequently eliminated certain expenses, such as adequate employee training programs.

Banks also face a host of other challenges such as aging ownership groups. Across the country, many banks’ management teams and board of directors are aging. Banks also face ongoing pressure by shareholders, both public and private, to achieve earnings and growth projections. Regulators place added pressure on banks to manage the various categories of risk. Banking is also an extremely competitive industry. Competing in the financial services industry has become tougher with the entrance of such players as insurance agencies, credit unions, check cashing services, credit card companies, etc.

As a reaction, banks have developed their activities in [[financial instruments]], through [[financial market]] operations such as [[brokerage firm|brokerage]] and MAIC trust & Securities Clearing services [[trading (finance)|trading]] and become big players in such activities.

===Competition for loanable funds===
To be able to provide home buyers and builders with the funds needed, banks must compete for deposits. The phenomenon of [[disintermediation]] had to dollars moving from savings accounts and into direct market instruments such as [[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Department of Treasury]] obligations, agency securities, and corporate debt. One of the greatest factors in recent years in the movement of deposits was the tremendous growth of money market funds whose higher interest rates attracted consumer deposits.<ref name="multiple3">{{cite book |author=Mishler, Lon; Cole, Robert E. |title=Consumer and business credit management |publisher=Irwin |location=Homewood |year=1995 |pages=128–129 |isbn=0-256-13948-2 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>

To compete for deposits, US savings institutions offer many different types of plans:<ref name="multiple3"/>
* [[Passbook]] or ordinary [[deposit account]]s — permit any amount to be added to or withdrawn from the account at any time.
* NOW and Super NOW accounts — function like checking accounts but earn interest. A minimum balance may be required on Super NOW accounts.
* [[Money market account]]s — carry a monthly limit of preauthorized transfers to other accounts or persons and may require a minimum or average balance.
* Certificate accounts — subject to loss of some or all interest on withdrawals before maturity.
* Notice accounts — the equivalent of certificate accounts with an indefinite term. Savers agree to notify the institution a specified time before withdrawal.
* [[Individual retirement account]]s (IRAs) and [[Keogh plan]]s — a form of retirement savings in which the funds deposited and interest earned are exempt from income tax until after withdrawal.
* [[Checking account]]s — offered by some institutions under definite restrictions.
* All withdrawals and deposits are completely the sole decision and responsibility of the account owner unless the parent or guardian is required to do otherwise for legal reasons.
* Club accounts and other [[savings account]]s — designed to help people save regularly to meet certain goals.

== Accounting for bank accounts ==
[[File:BBTLexington.jpg|thumb|Suburban bank branch]]
Bank statements are accounting records produced by banks under the various accounting standards of the world. Under [[GAAP]] and MAIC there are two kinds of accounts: debit and credit. Credit accounts are Revenue, Equity and Liabilities. Debit Accounts are Assets and Expenses. This means you credit a ''credit account'' to increase its balance, and you debit a ''credit account'' to decrease its balance.<ref>{{cite book | title= Monetary and Financial Statistics: Compilation Guide | url= http://books.google.com/books?id=a03zkw-5fcEC | author= Statistics Department | year= 2001 | page= 24 | chapter= Source Data for Monetary and Financial Statistics | chapterurl= http://books.google.com/books?id=a03zkw-5fcEC&pg=PT36 | publisher= [[International Monetary Fund]] | location= [[Washington D.C.]] | isbn= 978-1-58906-584-0 | accessdate= 2009-03-14}}</ref>

This also means you credit your savings account every time you deposit money into it (and the account is normally in credit), while you debit your credit card account every time you spend money from it (and the account is normally in debit).
However, if you read your bank statement, it will say the opposite&mdash;that you credit your account when you deposit money, and you debit it when you withdraw funds. If you have cash in your account, you have a positive (or credit) balance; if you are overdrawn, you have a negative (or deficit) balance.

Where bank transactions, balances, credits and debits are discussed below, they are done so from the viewpoint of the account holder&mdash;which is traditionally what most people are used to seeing.

===Brokered deposits===
One source of deposits for banks is brokers who deposit large sums of money on the behalf of investors through MAIC or other trust corporations. This money will generally go to the banks which offer the most favorable terms, often better than those offered local depositors. It is possible for a bank to engage in business with no local deposits at all, all funds being brokered deposits. Accepting a significant quantity of such deposits, or "[[hot money]]" as it is sometimes called, puts a bank in a difficult and sometimes risky position, as the funds must be lent or invested in a way that yields a return sufficient to pay the high interest being paid on the brokered deposits. This may result in risky decisions and even in eventual failure of the bank. Banks which failed during 2008 and 2009 in the United States during the [[financial crisis of 2007–2008|global financial crisis]] had, on average, four times more brokered deposits as a percent of their deposits than the average bank. Such deposits, combined with risky real estate investments, factored into the [[savings and loan crisis]] of the 1980s. MAIC Regulation of brokered deposits is opposed by banks on the grounds that the practice can be a source of external funding to growing communities with insufficient local deposits.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/04/business/04brokered.html "For Banks, Wads of Cash and Loads of Trouble"] article by Eric Lipton and Andrew Martin in ''[[The New York Times]]'' July 3, 2009</ref>

==Globalization in the Banking Industry==
In modern time there has been huge reductions to the barriers of global competition in the banking industry. Increases in telecommunications and other financial technologies, such as Bloomberg, have allowed banks to extend their reach all over the world, since they no longer have to be near customers to manage both their finances and their risk. The growth in cross-border activities has also increased the demand for banks that can provide various services across borders to different nationalities. 
However, despite these reductions in barriers and growth in cross-border activities, the banking industry is nowhere near as globalized as some other industries. In the USA, for instance, very few banks even worry about the Riegle-Neal Act, which promotes more efficient interstate banking. In the vast majority of nations around globe the market share for foreign owned banks is currently less than a tenth of all market shares for banks in a particular nation. 
One reason the banking industry has not been fully globalized is that it is more convenient to have local banks provide loans to small business and individuals. On the other hand for large corporations, it is not as important in what nation the bank is in, since the corporation's financial information is available around the globe. [http://www.eu-financial-system.org/fileadmin/content/Dokumente_Events/launching_workshop/Ongena.pdf A Study of Bank Nationality and reach]


==See also==
{{multicol}}

'''Types of institutions:'''
* [[Bad bank]]
* [[Bankers' bank]]
* [[Building Society]]
* [[Cooperative bank]]
* [[Credit union]]
* [[Ethical bank]]
* [[Industrial loan company]]
* [[Islamic banking]]
* [[Mortgage bank]]
* [[Mutual savings bank]]
* [[Offshore banking]]
* [[Person-to-person lending]]
* [[Public bank]]
* [[Savings and loan association]]
* [[Savings bank]]
* [[Sparebank]]
{{multicol-break}}

'''Terms and concepts:'''
* [[Bank regulation]]
* [[Bankers' bonuses]]
* [[Call Report]]
* [[Cheque]]
* [[Electronic funds transfer]]
* [[Factoring (finance)]]
* [[Finance]]
* [[Fractional-reserve banking]]
* [[Hedge fund]]
* [[IBAN]]
* [[Internet banking]]
* [[Investment banking]]
* [[Mobile banking]]
* [[Money]]
* [[Money laundering]]
{{multicol-break}}
'''Terms and concepts:'''
* [[Narrow banking]]
* [[Overdraft]]
* [[Overdraft protection]]
* [[Piggy bank]]
* [[Pigmy Deposit Scheme]]
* [[Private Banking]]
* [[Stockbroker]]
* [[Substitute check]]
* [[SWIFT]]
* [[Tax haven]]
* [[Venture capital]]
* [[Wealth Management]]
* [[Wire transfer]]
{{multicol-break}}

'''Crime:'''
* [[Bank fraud]]
* [[Bank robbery]]
* [[Cheque fraud]]
* [[Mortgage fraud]]

'''Lists:'''
* [[List of accounting topics]]
* [[List of bank mergers in United States]]
* [[List of banks]]
* [[List of economics topics]]
* [[List of finance topics]]
* [[List of largest U.S. bank failures]]
* [[List of oldest banks]]
* [[List of stock exchanges]]

{{multicol-break}}

'''Banking by country'''
* [[Banking in Australia]]
* [[Banking in Austria]]
* [[Banking in Bangladesh]]
* [[Banking in Canada]]
* [[Banking in China]]
* [[Banking in France]]
* [[Banking in Germany]]
* [[Banking in Greece]]
* [[Banking in Iran]]
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[Banking in Israel]]
* [[Banking in Italy]]
* [[Banking in Pakistan]]
* [[Banking in Russia]]
* [[Banking in Singapore]]
* [[Banking in Switzerland]]
* [[Banking in Tunisia]]
* [[Banking in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Banking in the United States]]

{{multicol-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* "''Genoa and the history of finance: a series of firsts ?"'' Giuseppe Felloni, Guido Laura. 9 November 2004, ISBN 88-87822-16-6 (the book can be downloaded at www.giuseppefelloni.it)
Berger A. (2010). To What Extent Will the Banking Industry be Globalized? A Study of Bank Nationality and Reach in 20 European Nations.

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=bank |commons=Category:Banks |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Banks and Banking |v=no |species=no }}
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2009/mar/25/banking-g20 Guardian Datablog – World's Biggest Banks]
*[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/banking.htm Banking, Banks, and Credit Unions] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
*''[http://www.occ.gov/static/publications/nbguide.pdf A Guide to the National Banking System]'' (PDF). [[Office of the Comptroller of the Currency]] (OCC), [[Washington, D.C.]] Provides an overview of the national banking system of the USA, its regulation, and the OCC.
*[http://www.bankthebank.com – Bank and banking systems]

[[Category:Financial institutions]]
[[Category:Banking| ]]
[[Category:Legal entities]]
[[Category:Italian inventions]]

'''Bank''' — ([[lotincha]] Banco — oʻrindiq,"pullik stol") moliyaviy [[tashkilot]]. Birinchi rasmiy bank Angliyada ochilgan (1679 y). 
Banklarning vazifalari:
* vaqtincha boʻsh boʻlgan mablagʻni yigʻadi;
* bu mablagʻni [[kredit]] shaklida taqdim etadi;
* tashkilot, [[muassasa]] va [[jismoniy shaxs]]lar orasidagi [[pul amaliyotlari]]da vositachilik qiladi.
Bugungi kunda moliyaviy agent vazifasini amalga oshiradi. 

O'zbekiston Respublikasida ikki pog'onali bank tizimi amalda bo`lib, u O`zbekistob Respublikasi Markaziy banki (yuqori pog'ona) va tijorat basnklari (quyi pog'ona) dan iborat. O'zR "Markaziy banki" to'g'risidagi qonun [[1995]]-yil [[21-dekabr]]ida, "Bank va banklar faoliyati" to'g'risidagi qonun [[1996]]-yil [[15-aprel]]da qabul qilingan. 

== O`zR Markaziy banki va bank tizimi tarixi ==

O'zbekiston banklari milliy iqtisodiyotga ta'­sir etuvchi qudratli tuzilmaga aylanish uchun rivojlanishning uzoq evolyutsion, ya'ni tadrijiy yo'lini bosib o'tishiga, anchagina mashaqqatlarni bartaraf etishiga to'g'ri keldi.

[[1991]] yilda qator banklar shakllana boshladi. Ular O'zbekiston iqtisodiyoti rivojlanishining o'zgaruvchan sharoitlarida faoliyat yuritib, zamo­naviy ish uslublarini o'zlashtirgan holda tobora yangi qirralarga ega bo'la bordi. [[1991-1992]] yillar banklar faoliyatiga doir qarashlarda chinakam burilish yillari bo'ldi. O'zbekiston Respubli­kasi  "Banklar va bank faoliyati to'g'risida”gi Qonunining qabul qilinishi ikki darajali bank tizimining tarkib topishi va mamlakat Marka­ziy banki zimmasiga yangi vazifalar yuklanishi uchun asos bo'lib xizmat qildi. Uning oldiga pul muomalasini tartibga solish, tijorat bankla­ri tizimi hamda to'lov tizimini shakllanti­rish vazifalari qo'yildi. Iqtisodiyotning turli tarmoqlarini moliyalashtirish endi tashkil etiladigan, zamonaviy tamoyil va talablar asosida faoliyat yurituvchi ixtisoslashgan tijorat bank­lari tomonidan amalga oshirilishi lozim edi.

[[1993–1994]] yillarda bank tizimidagi islo­hotlar davom etdi. [[1994]] yilning [[1 iyul]]idan e'­tiboran milliy valyuta — so'mning muomalaga kiritilgani mustaqil bank tizimining, umuman, O'zbekiston iqtisodiyotining shakllanishida muhim ahamiyat kasb etdi. Bu Markaziy bank o'z faoliyatida to'liq mustaqil bo'lganini, kelgu­sida bozor instrumentlari orqali milliy pul tizimini tartibga solish samarali tashkil eti­lishiga yordam berishi mumkin ekanini ang­latar edi. Aynan shu vaqtdan boshlab Markaziy bank­ning pul-kredit siyosatini yuritish, valyutaga oid ishlarni tartibga solish, bank faoliyatini boshqarish va keyinchalik samarali to'lov tizimi­ni yaratish bo'yicha faoliyati to'laqonli ravishda milliy valyutaning barqarorligini ta'minlash­ga qaratildi.

[[1995]] yil bank qonunchiligini takomillashti­rish davri bo'lgani bilan ajralib turadi. Tari­xiy muhim hujjat — “O'zbekiston Respublikasi­ning Markaziy banki to'g'risida”gi Qonun nafaqat bank tizimining huquqiy asosini boyitdi, balki O'zbekiston Respublikasi Markaziy bankining yangi, alohida maqomi va vakolatlarini, asosiy maqsad-vazifalarini aniq-ravshan belgilab ber­di. Shu bilan bir qatorda mazkur yilda aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish sifatini yaxshilash, shuningdek, kredit va depozit bozorlarida raqobat muhitini shakllantirish uchun zarur sharoitlar yaratildi. Banklarning kapital hajmiga jalb etiladigan aholi jamg'armalari miqdorini cheklovchi qoida bekor qilingach, bank muassasalarining imkoni­yatlari sezilarli darajada kengaydi va raqobat kuchaydi. Buning samarasi darhol namoyon bo'ldi. Agar [[1994]] yil boshida aholi jamg'armalarining 98,5 foizi Jamg'arma banki (hozirgi Xalq banki), 1,5 foizi esa boshqa banklar hissasiga to'g'ri kelgan bo'lsa, o'sha yil oxirida boshqa tijorat banklarining hissasi ham ko'payib, bu boradagi ko'rsatkich 12,8 foizga etdi. Bugungi kunga kelib, bu boradagi ko'rsatkich 83,2 foizni tashkil etmoqda.

[[1996]] yil. Ushbu yilda qabul qilingan O'zbe­kiston Respublikasining “Banklar va bank fao­liyati to'g'risida”gi Qonuni ikkinchi darajali bank tizimi — tijorat banklari faoliyatining huquqiy asosini aniqlab berdi.

Bank tizimiga taalluqli ikki asosiy hujjat — “O'zbekiston Respublikasining Markaziy ban­ki to'g'risida”gi hamda “Banklar va bank faoliya­ti to'g'risida”gi O'zbekiston Respublikasi Qonun­larining ishlab chiqilishida rivojlangan moliya tizimiga ega mamlakatlar tajribasi inobatga olinganini alohida ta'kidlash joiz. Mazkur qonunlar, shuningdek, “Aktsiyadorlik jamiyatla­ri va aktsiyadorlar huquqlarini himoya qilish to'g'risida”gi Qonun nodavlat banklarning xususiy va aktsiyadorlik-tijorat shaklida tashkil etili­shiga qulay huquqiy sharoit yaratdi. Bu davrda bank tizimi rivojiga alohida ta'sir etgan ikki omilni ajratib ko'rsatish mumkin. Birinchisi, olib borilgan islohotlar natijasida [[1996]] yilda O'zbekiston Respublikasi Markaziy banki monetar boshqaruv va bank nazoratining to'la huquqli organi bo'ldi. Ikkinchisi, O'zbekiston Respubli­kasi “Banklar va bank faoliyati to'g'risida”gi Qonuni ikkinchi darajali bank tizimi – tijorat banklari faoliyatining huquqiy asosini aniq-puxta belgilab berdi. Unda bank aktivlarini diversifikatsiyalash va xorijiy kapital jalb qilish asosida universal tijorat banklarini shakllantirish printsiplari mustahkamlangan.

Bu davrda iqtisodiyotning alohida tarmoqlari­ga xizmat ko'rsatuvchi kredit-moliya tashkilotlari tashkil etildi. Bunday ixtisoslashuv qishloq xo'jaligi, avtomobil sanoati, aviasozlik kabi xalq xo'jaligining muayyan soha va tarmoqlarini moliyalashtirish zarurati bilan bog'liq edi. Kel­gusida ixtisoslashgan banklar o'z operatsiyalari va mijozlari doirasini mamlakat iqtisodiyoti ri­vojlanishining yangi darajasi va biznes-muhit talablariga ko'ra kengaytira boradi.

Mazkur davrda O'zbekiston Respublikasi Mar­kaziy bankining bank sektorini boshqaruvchi va nazorat qiluvchi organ sifatida shaklla­nish jarayonlari davom etdi. Bank tizimiga taalluqli qonunchilik bazasi sifat jihatidan yangilanib, xalqaro bank amaliyoti bilan muvofiqlashtirildi.

[[1997]] yil. Ushbu yilda islohotlarning strate­gik yo'nalishlaridan biri bank sektorida xusu­siy kapital oqimini rag'batlantirishdan iborat bo'ldi.

Mazkur jarayon [[1997]] yilda O'zbekiston Res­publikasi Prezidentining “Xususiy tijorat banklarini tashkil qilishni rag'batlantirish chora-tadbirlari to'g'risida”gi Farmoni e'lon qilinganidan so'ng jadallashdi. Unda jismoniy shaxslarning 50 foizdan kam bo'lmagan ulushi bi­lan banklar ochish uchun imtiyozlar taqdim etish ko'zda tutilgan edi. [[1997]] yil bank tizimining rivojlanish tarixida bank faoliyatida axborot tizimlarini joriy etish boshlangani bilan ahamiyatlidir. Ma'lumki, o'sha vaqtgacha respu­blika hududida amaldagi barcha hisob-kitoblar kun bo'yi olib borilar edi. [[1997]] yilning [[mart]] oyidan yangi dasturiy ta'minot joriy etilib, barcha hisob-kitoblar avtomatik rejimda amalga oshirila boshlandi. Bu esa to'lovlarni respubli­ka tashqarisida 15 daqiqa mobaynida, Toshkentdan chekka joylarda atigi 3 daqiqada amalga oshirish imkonini berdi.

Aynan o'sha vaqtda hisob-kitoblar mexaniz­mi ishlab chiqildi va banklararo elektron to'lovlarning zamonaviy tizimi joriy etildi. Banklarga o'sha vaqtdagi noyob imkoniyat — kom­pyuter va telekommunikatsiya uskunalarini xa­rid qilish va departamentlarni ular bilan jihozlash imkoniyati berildi. Ular mablag'larni o'z faoliyati uchun zarur uskuna-anjomlarni mo­dernizatsiya qilishga yo'naltirishi hisobga oli­nib, qator soliq to'lovlaridan ozod qilindi.

Shu tariqa, moliyaviy va iqtisodiy axborot­ning sifat jihatidan yangi iste'molchilari – mahalliy va xorijiy investorlar paydo bo'ldi.

[[1998]] yil. Ushbu yilda respublika bankla­ri Bazel tavsiyalariga muvofiq holda faoliyat ko'rsatish uchun zarur tadbirlar amalga oshirildi.

Bank nazorati va xalqaro amaliyoti bo'yicha Bazel qo'mitasining tavsiyalaridan kelib chiqib, tijorat banklari faoliyatini moliyaviy hisobotning xalqaro standartlari doirasida tar­tibga soluvchi kompleks me'yoriy hujjatlar ishlab chiqildi. Bunda tijorat banklarining moliyaviy barqarorligini ta'minlash maqsadida ular ba­lansida mavjud muammolarni oldindan aniqlash hamda bank likvidligi pasayishi va kapital tuga­shi yuzaga kelishidan oldin ogohlantiruv chorala­rini ko'rish tamoyillaridan foydalanildi.

[[1999–2000]] yillar. Ushbu yillarda valyuta siyo­sati yanada liberallashtirilgan holda, birjadan tashqari valyuta bozorida xorijiy valyutalar savdosi mexanizmi amalga kiritildi.

Mazkur mexanizm vakolatli banklarning xo­rijiy valyutada talab va taklifdan kelib chiqib, o'z mijozlaridan shartnoma asosida erkin kurs bo'yicha valyutalarni sotib olishini ko'zda tutadi.

[[2000-2010]] yillar. Mazkur davr O'zbekiston bank tizimini mustahkamlashda salmoqli yutuqlarga erishilgani bilan ahamiyatlidir. Aynan shu yil­larda zamonaviy infratuzilmaga ega samarali bank tizimini tashkil etish bilan bog'liq ishlar amalga oshirildi.

Bank tizimi oldiga uning rivojlanish istiqbollarini belgilab beruvchi strategik vazi­falar qo'yildi. Vazifalarning birinchisi bank­lar moliyaviy barqarorligini oshirish va ichki bozorda moliyaviy xizmatlar doirasini kengay­tirishdan iborat bo'lsa, ikkinchisi — O'zbekiston banklarining xalqaro kapital bozorida faolli­gini ta'minlashdir.

Mazkur davrda O'zbekiston Respublikasi ­Prezidenti Islom Karimov mamlakatimiz moliya-bank tizimini rivojlantirish, uning faoliyatini mustahkamlash va sifat jihatidan yaxshilash masalalariga yanada ko'proq e'tibor qaratdi. Shu munosabat bilan qator etakchi ban­klar (“O'zsanoatqurilishbank”, “Asaka” banki va boshqalar)ning kapitallashuv darajasini oshi­rish bo'yicha muhim qarorlar qabul qilindi. O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining “Mi­krokreditbank” ustav fondini ko'paytirish to'g'risida”gi Farmoni mazkur bankni kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlikni moliyalashti­rish bo'yicha asosiy kredit markazlaridan biri­ga aylantirgan holda uning faoliyatini sifat jihatidan yanada yaxshiladi.

Ushbu davrdagi har bir yil mamlakat bank-moliya tizimining izchil rivojlanishida yangi bosqich sifatida qayd etiladi.

[[2001]] yil. Ushbu yilning 1 iyulidan e'tibo­ran kichik biznes korxonalari o'zlari ishlab chiqargan eksport tovarlar (ish va xizmatlar)ni bank muassasalari kassalari orqali belgilangan tartibda valyuta ulushini o'z hisobiga o'tkazish yo'li bilan naqd xorijiy valyutada amalga oshi­rish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ldi. Respublikamiz hukumati kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkor­likni rag'batlantirishni hamda uning tashqi iqtisodiy faoliyatdagi ishtirokini kengay­tirish borasida muhim qadam qo'ydi. Aynan shu yili erkin ayirboshlovchi valyutadagi Birlash­gan barqarorlashgan jamg'arma tashkil etildi. Bu o'z navbatida, O'zbekistonda birjadan tashqari va­lyuta bozorini yanada rivojlantirishning muhim vositasi bo'lib xizmat qildi.

Bu vaqtda bank tizimi bilan xususiy sektor o'rtasidagi hamkorlik sezilarli darajada ri­vojlandi. Mazkur hamkorlik rivojiga turtki bergan muhim omillar sifatida banklar tomoni­dan xizmat ko'rsatish sifatining tobora yaxshila­nishi, banklarda raqo­batchilik muhitining yuzaga kelishi, mamlakatimizda tadbirkorlikni qo'llab-quvvatlash bilan bog'liq jarayonlarni ko'rsatish mumkin. Aynan shu davrda banklar kreditlash siyo­sati kuchayganini, mijozlar so'rovlarini sinchkov­lik bilan o'rgana boshlaganini va bank xodimlari­da mijozlarning talab-ehtiyojlariga javoban tez harakat qilish qobiliyati shakllanganini yaqqol kuzatish mumkin.

[[2002]] yil aholining banklardagi omonatlarini himoyalashning ishonchli va samarali mexanizmi yaratildi.

O'zbekiston Respublikasining “Fuqarolarning banklardagi omonatlarini himoyalash kafo­latlari to'g'risida”gi Qonuni doirasida Fuqa­rolarning banklardagi omonatlarini kafolat­lash fondi tashkil etildi. Davlat-tijorat Xalq bankidan tashqari, respublikamiz hududida o'z faoliyatini olib boruvchi barcha banklar unga a'zo bo'ldi. Ishonchlilik, xizmat ko'rsatishning yuqori sifati, barcha mijozlar bilan o'zaro sheriklik munosabatlari O'zbekiston banklari faoliyatida asosiy printsiplarga aylana bordi.

Bank tizimi faoliyatining institutsional asoslari takomillashtirildi. Bank sektorini liberallashtirish va isloh qilishni ko'zda tu­tib qabul qilingan dasturiy hujjatlar uning samaradorligini oshirishni oldindan belgilab berdi. Mazkur hujjatlar zamirida bank fao­liyatini liberallashtirish jarayonining ti­zimli va bosqichma-bosqichlik tamoyillari yota­di. Ushbu tamoyillarga amal qilish aholining mamlakat banklariga nisbatan ishonchini yanada mustahkamlash imkonini berdi. Bunday yondashuv, shubhasiz, barqaror va ishonchli bank tizimini tashkil qilish jarayonida ulkan yutuqdir.

[[2003–2004]] yillar. Mamlakatimizda liberal­lashtirish va islohotlarni yanada chuqurlashtirish jarayonida bank tizimini rivojlantirish davri.

Bu davrda aholining bank tizimiga ishonchini mustahkamlash, banklarni res­publikamizdagi yan­gilanishlarning moliyaviy tayanchiga aylantirish maqsadi qo'yildi. Uning muvaffaqiyati bank­larning kelgusi rivojida dolzarb ahamiyat kasb etishi lozim edi. Korxonalarni aktsiyadorlashti­rish va ularning mulkchilik shaklini o'zgartirish jarayonlari jadallashdi. Banklar mamlakatimiz iqtisodiy taraqqiyotining yangi bosqichi talab­laridan kelib chiqib, o'z rivojlanish kontsep­tsiyasiga rioya etgan holda strategiyasini tako­millashtirib bordi. Ularning resurs bazasini kengaytirish va kapitallashuv darajasini oshi­rish o'z faoliyatini diversifikatsiyalash, yangi aktsiyadorlarning mablag'larini jalb etish, IT-texnologiyalar asosida yangi bank mahsulotlari va instrumentlarini ishlab chiqish hisobiga amalga oshirildi.

Valyuta bozorini liberallashtirishni davom ettirish va joriy xalqaro operatsiyalar bo'yicha so'm konvertatsiyasini ta'minlash uchun zarur shart-sharoit yaratish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan omillar ham banklar faoliyatiga bevosita ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Chu­nonchi, [[2003]] yilning [[15 oktyabr]]idan O'zbekiston Re­spublikasi Xalqaro Valyuta jamg'armasi Bitimi­ning VIII moddasidagi majburiyatni qabul qildi. Natijada korxonalar joriy operatsiyalar bo'yicha konvertatsiyani amalga oshirish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ldi. Bu masala yuzasidan O'zbekistonning tashqi mablag'larni jalb etmay, amalda o'z resurslariga tayanib maqsadga erishgani yuksak e'tirofga sazo­vor. Mazkur choralar milliy valyuta konvertatsi­yasidan foydalangan mahalliy tadbirkorlar fao­liyatini kengaytirishga yaqindan yordam berdi.

Bu haqiqatan ham boy va sermahsul faoliyat­ning qiziqarli davri edi. Markaziy bankning valyuta siyosati inflyatsiya darajasini ushlab turish va milliy valyuta kursi keskin tebra­nishining oldini olish barobarida eksport­ni rag'batlantirish hamda valyuta resurslari­dan samarali foydalanishga qaratilgan edi. O'zbekistonning asosiy eksport tovarlariga nis­batan dunyo bozorlarida qulay narx kon'yunktura­si, shuningdek, eksportga yo'naltirilgan valyuta siyosatining olib borilishi eksport va oltin-valyuta zaxiralari hajmining oshishiga imkon berdi.

Bank tizimini isloh qilishga qaratilgan ish­lar davom ettirildi. Uning asosiy yo'nalishlari sifatida banklar boshqaruvida aktsiyadorlarning rolini oshirish orqali korporativ boshqaruv tizimini mustahkamlash, banklar moliyaviy barqarorligini ularning aktivlari, jumladan, valyuta aktivlari sifatini yaxshilash evaziga ku­chaytirish, bank ishini yanada takomillashtirish va banklar tomonidan ko'rsatiladigan xizmat turlarini tobora kengaytirish, tijorat bankla­rining investitsion jarayonlardagi rolini oshi­rish va mulkchilikning barcha shaklidagi tadbir­korlik tuzilmalarining kredit resurslaridan (jumladan, xalqaro moliyaviy tashkilotlarning liniyalari bo'yicha ham) foydalanish mexanizmi takomillashtirilganini qayd etish joiz.

[[2005–2006]] yillar. Mamlakatimiz banklari kapitallashuv darajasining oshishi va ular­ning investitsiya jarayonlarida hamda iqtisodiy-tuzilmaviy o'zgarishlarda ishtiroki yanada faol­lashgan davri. O'sha kezlarda mamlakat hukumati banklarning foyda (daromad) solig'idan ozod qilinishiga banklar faolligi oshuvining yana bir zahirasi sifatida qaradi. Boz ustiga, tasdiqlangan davlat dasturlariga muvofiq, ti­jorat banklarining mini-banklar tashkil etish bilan bog'liq xarajatlari ham soliq undirish ba­zasidan chiqarildi.

Shu tariqa, asosiy e'tibor pul muomalasini mustahkamlash va milliy valyuta, uning ayirbosh­lash kursi barqarorligini oshirish bo'yicha aniq chora-tadbirlarni amalga oshirishga qaratildi. Bu esa fuqarolarda katta rag'bat uyg'otib, ular­ning banklarga nisbatan ishonchini yanada orttirdi. Aholining banklarda depozit hisobraqamlar ochishga kirishishi bilan bog'liq ijo­biy holatlar ko'paydi. Banklarning depozit ba­zasi hajmi oshdi, bank xizmatlari bozori shakl­lana boshladi. E'tiborlisi, bank mahsulotlari qatoridan yangi xizmat turlari, masalan, lizing  xizmatlari joy ola boshladi.

Shu o'rinda ta'kidlash joizki, mamlakatimiz­da chakana xizmatlar rivoji xalqaro bank va mo­liya kapitalini keng jalb qilgan holda qo'shma banklarning tashkil etilishiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Respublikamiz bank bozori 100 foizli xususiy kapital asosidagi yangi banklarning vujudga ke­lishi natijasida tubdan o'zgardi. Xususiy bank­larning xizmatlar bozoridagi raqobatni kuchay­tirib yuborgani mamlakat bank tizimi rivojida eng muhim bosqichlardan biri bo'ldi. Mamlakati­miz hukumati va Markaziy banki soliq imtiyozla­ri va kadrlarni tayyorlash jarayonida texnikaviy ko'mak taqdim etgan holda ularning rivojlani­shini muntazam rag'batlantirib bormoqda. Ayni paytda xususiy banklar soni tijorat banklari umumiy sonining qariyb yarmini tashkil etadi.

Respublikamizda xususiy banklar rivojlani­shini izchil rag'batlantirish raqobatni kuchayti­rishga, ko'rsatilayotgan bank xizmatlari sifatini yaxshilashga va moliyaviy resurslarning samara­li taqsimotiga turtki berdi. Bu esa, o'z navbati­da, xususiy tadbirkorlikni rag'batlantirish va rivojlantirish jarayonlariga ijobiy ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda.

[[2006–2007]] yillar. Ipotekaviy kreditlash­ning rivojlanish davri. Bank xizmatlarining mazkur yangi shakli mahalliy aholi tomoni­dan darhol  ijobiy baholandi. Aholining bar­cha qatlamlarini, ayniqsa, yoshlarni ijtimoiy himoyalashni ko'zda tutuvchi ushbu manba O'zbekiston Respublikasi “Iste'mol krediti to'g'risida”gi va “Ipoteka to'g'risida”gi Qonunlari orqali mustahkamlandi.

O'zbekiston Respublikasining“Iste'mol krediti to'g'risida”gi Qonuni iste'molchilar­ning huquq va manfaatlarini himoya qilishga qaratilgani bilan ahamiyatlidir. Mazkur qonun turar-joy va maishiy sharoitlarni yaxshilash borasida aholining imkoniyatlarini yanada kengaytirishga, binobarin, banklarda iste'mol kre­ditlash hajmining sezilarli darajada oshishiga xizmat qiladi.

[[2006]] yilning oktyabr oyida esa O'zbekiston Res­publikasi “Ipoteka to'g'risida”gi qonuni kuch­ga kirdi. Ko'chmas mulkni xarid qilish uchun kreditlar ajratishning huquqiy mexanizmini o'zida mustahkamlagan ushbu qonun hujjati bank ipote­kaviy kreditlash rivojida muhim ahamiyat kasb etdi. Undan ko'zlangan asosiy maqsad ko'chmas mulk­ka garov qo'yishda yuzaga keluvchi munosabatlarni tartibga solishdan iborat edi. O'zbekiston Respub­likasi Prezidentining [[2005]] yil [[16 fevral]]dagi “Uy-joy qurilishi va uy-joy bozorini yanada rivojlantirish chora-tadbirlari to'g'risida”gi qarori doirasida uy-joylar qurilishini uzoq muddatli ipotekaviy kreditlash tizimida bir qator mexanizmlar joriy etildi.

Bu davrda, shuningdek, banklarning strategiya­lari naqd pul muomalasini mustahkamlashga, har bir filialda naqd pul zahiralarini shakllan­tirishga va o'z faoliyatida samaradorlikni oshi­rishga qaratildi.

“[[2005–2007]] yillarga mo'ljallangan bank tizi­mini isloh qilish va rivojlantirish dasturi”da belgilangan chora-tadbirlarning amalga oshirilishi banklar kapitallashuv darajasi va ko'rsatkichlarining barqaror o'sishini ta'min­lagan holda, bank tizimini yanada isloh qilish va liberallashtirishda muhim omil bo'ldi. Bu borada pul muomalasini mustahkamlash va milliy valyuta,­ uning ayirboshlash kursi barqarorligini oshirish, banklarda aholi omo­natlarini ko'paytirishni rag'batlantirishga ustuvor yo'nalishlar sifatida e'tibor qaratildi. Rivojlanish sari doimiy ravishda intilayotgan tijorat banklariga mamlakatimiz hukumati to­monidan o'z vaqtida taqdim etilgan imtiyozlar kredit muassasalari o'z yangi instrumentlari­ni ishlab chiqadigan va taklif qiladigan bank-moliya bozorining shakllanishini oldindan belgilab berdi.

[[2008­–2009]] yillar. Ushbu yillarda aholi va tadbirkorlik sub'ektlari uchun bank chakana mahsulotlarini rivojlantirish bank faoliyati­ning muhim yo'nalishiga aylandi.

Mazkur yo'nalishda banklar o'z faoliyatini dunyoviy amaliyotning “oltin” printsipidan ke­lib chiqqan holda olib bordilar. Ya'ni, aholiga ko'rsatiladigan xizmatlarning jozibadorligi tadbirkorlarning kreditlardan foydalanish keng imkoniyati bilan mutanosib holda rivojlantirildi. Davom ettirilgan islohotlar bank faoliyatini aholining turmush darajasini oshi­rishda muhim ahamiyat kasb etuvchi, ilgari qabul qilingan “Iste'mol krediti to'g'risida”gi va “Ipoteka to'g'risida”gi qonunlar doirasidagi faolligini yanada kuchaytirdi.

O'zbekiston tijorat banklari respublika­mizdagi va jahon bank hamjamiyatidagi yangi voqelikka javoban o'zlari taklif etayotgan xizmatlari to'plamini kengaytirdi, bozorga yangi bank mahsulotlarini chiqardi va ayni paytda moliya institutlari faoliyatining xalqaro standartlarini faol joriy etishga kirishdi.

[[2010]] yil. O'zbekiston tijorat banklari, av­valo, ixtisoslashgan kredit institutlari si­fatida ko'zga ko'rina boshladi. Bu, bir tomondan xo'jaliklarning vaqtincha bo'sh mablag'larini jalb etishi, boshqa tomondan esa jalb etilgan mablag'lar hisobidan korxonalar, xususiy tad­birkorlar va aholining moliyaviy ehtiyojlarini qondirishi bilan dolzarb ahamiyat kasb etdi.

Xorijiy va mahalliy ekspertlarning qayd etishicha, so'nggi yillar davomida respublikada asosiy tamoyil — ixtisoslashuvdan uzoqlashish va bank faoliyatida universallashtirishni chuqurlashtirish kuzatilmoqda. Bu esa bank ope­ratsiyalari mazmuni va kredit munosabatlari mohiyatini oldindan belgilab beradi.


{{economy-stub}}

[[ar:مصرف]]
[[arc:ܒܝܬ ܥܘܪܦܢܐ]]
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[[te:బ్యాంకు]]
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[[zh-yue:銀行]]