Difference between revisions 8358650 and 8486617 on viwiki

{{redirect3|Beefsteak mushroom|This name can also refer to the potentially lethal [[Gyromitra esculenta]].}}
{{stack|
{{Taxobox
| image = Fistulina hepatica.JPG
| image_width = 234px
| image_caption = Beefsteak fungus 
| regnum = [[Fungus|Fungi]]
| phylum = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Basidiomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Schizophyllaceae]]
| genus = '''''Fistulina'''''
| species = '''''F. hepatica'''''
| binomial = ''Fistulina hepatica''
| binomial_authority = ([[Schaeffer]])
}}
{{mycomorphbox 
| name = Fistulina hepatica
| whichGills = decurrent 
| capShape = flat 
| hymeniumType=pores
| stipeCharacter=bare
| ecologicalType=parasitic
| sporePrintColor=pink
| howEdible=edible
}}
}}

'''''Fistulina hepatica''''' ('''Beefsteak Fungus''', also known as '''Beefsteak Polypore''' or '''Ox Tongue''') is an unusual  [[bracket fungus]] classified in the [[Agaricales]], that is commonly seen in Britain, but can be found in North America, Australia, North Africa, and the rest of Europe.  As its name suggests, it looks remarkably similar to a slab of raw meat.  It has been used as a meat substitute in the past, and can still be found in some [[France|French]] markets. It has a sour, slightly acidic taste.  For eating it must be collected young and it may be tough and need long cooking.

== Details ==
[[Image:Fistulina hepatica JPG1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Fistulina hepatica, or beefsteak fungus]]

The shape resembles a large tongue, and it is rough-surfaced with a reddish-brown colour. The [[spore]]s are released from minute pores on the creamy-white underside of the fruit body. A younger ''Fistulina hepatica'' is a pinkish-red colour, and it darkens with age. It bleeds a dull red juice when cut, and the cut flesh further resembles meat.<ref name=Collins/>

The underside of the fruiting body, from which the spores are ejected, is a mass of [[tubules]].  The genus name is a diminutive of the Latin word [[fistula]] and means "small tube", whilst the species name ''hepatica'' means "liver-like", referring to the consistency of the flesh.

The species is fairly common, and can often be found on [[oak]]s and [[Sweet Chestnut|sweet chestnut]], from August to the end of Autumn, on either living or dead wood.  In [[Australia]], it can be found growing from wounds on ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' trees.  It causes a brown rot on the trees which it infects.<ref name=Funga/>

==Relationship to other fungi==
In the past, ''Fistulina'' was placed in its own family, Fistulinaceae,<ref name=Bon/> but now molecular studies have led to its placement with the seemingly very different ''[[agaric]]'' mushroom ''[[Schizophyllum]]'' in the [[Schizophyllaceae]].<ref name=MoncalvoHibbett/>  In fact ''Fistulina'' is a [[cyphelloid]] genus, meaning that it is closely related to [[gill]]ed fungi, but its fertile surface consists of smooth cup-shaped elements instead of gills.  The underside (the [[hymenium]]) is a mass of tubules which represent a "reduced" form of the ancestral gills.

<div style="clear: left" />

== Chú thích ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Collins>N. Arlott, R. Fitter and A. Fitter, ''Collins Complete Guide: British Wildlife'' ISBN 1-85927-092-1</ref>

<ref name=MoncalvoHibbett>See the following two journal references for molecular evidence of the family relationship: {{Cite journal | authorlink = Jean-Marc Moncalvo et al. | title = One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 23 | pages = 357–400 | publisher = Academic Press (Elsevier) | location = Amsterdam | year = 2002 | url = http://www.umich.edu/~mycology/publications_assets/moncalvo.mpe.2002.pdf }}, {{Cite journal | authorlink = David S. Hibbett and Manfred Binder | title = Evolution of complex fruiting-body morphologies in homobasidiomycetes | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume = 269 | pages = 1963–1969 | publisher = The Royal Society | location = London | year = 2002 | pmc=1691125 | pmid=12396494}}</ref>

<ref name=Funga>{{cite book |authorlink=Henning Knudsen |editor2-link=Jan Vesterhout |title=Funga Nordica |publisher=Nordsvamp |location=Copenhagen |year=2008 |page=40 & 250}}.</ref>

<ref name="Bon">{{cite book |last=Bon |first=Marcel |title=The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-Western Europe Publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |ISBN=0-340-39935-X}}.</ref>
}}

==Liên kết ngoài==
* [http://healing-mushrooms.net/archives/fistulina-hepatica.html healing-mushrooms.net] Description, bioactive compounds and medicinal properties
{{Commons|Fistulina hepatica}}

[[Thể loại:Agaricales]]


{{Agaricales-stub}}

[[ca:Fetge de vaca]]
[[cs:Pstřeň dubový]]
[[de:Eichen-Leberreischling]]
[[et:Maksak]]
[[en:Fistulina hepatica]]
[[fr:Fistuline hépatique]]
[[hr:Vukovo meso]]
[[it:Fistulina hepatica]]
[[ka:ღვიძლასოკო]]
[[lt:Ąžuolinė kepena]]
[[hu:Májgomba]]
[[nl:Biefstukzwam]]
[[ja:カンゾウタケ]]
[[pl:Ozorek dębowy]]
[[pt:Fistulina hepatica]]
[[ru:Печёночница обыкновенная]]
[[sh:Vukovo meso]]
[[fi:Häränkieli]]
[[sv:Oxtungssvamp]]
[[tr:Biftek mantarı]]
[[uk:Печіночниця звичайна (гриб)]]