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定向运动地图 
Orienteering map

Orienteering map定向运动地图 An orienteering map is a map specially prepared for use in orienteering competitions.一个定向地图是地图专门准备用于定向越野比赛。 It is a topographic map with extra details to help the competitor navigate through the competition area.这是一个地形图与额外的细节，以帮助竞争对手浏览的竞争领域。 

These maps are much more detailed than general-purpose topographic maps, and incorporate a standard symbology that is designed to be useful to anyone, regardless of native language.这些地图是更详细的比一般用途地形图，并把一个标准的符号，目的是有用的人，不管母语。 In addition to indicating the topography of the terrain with contour lines, orienteering maps also show forest density, water features, clearings, trails and roads, earthen banks and rock walls, gullies and ditches, wells and pits, fences and power lines, man-made objects, buildings, boulders, and other features of the terrain.除了显示的地形地形与等高线，野外定向地图还表明森林密度，水的功能，空地，步道和道路，土银行和岩壁，冲沟和壕沟，水井和坑，围栏和输电线路，人为物体，建筑物，石头，和其他功能的地形。 Orienteering maps are 1:15000 or 1:10000 scale . [ 1 ]定向地图1:15000或1:10000 规模 。 [ 1 ] 

=== Orienteering map ===
<!--(not to IOF standard) marked for amateur radio direction finding , with a triangle at Start, large and small concentric circles at Finish, and two of five control points (hidden radio beacons).//-->定向地图（不法语标准）标示为业余无线电测向 ，以三角形开始，大国和小同心圆上完成，两个五年控制点 （隐藏的无线电信标） 。 <!--Beacon control points are shown for post-competition analysis; ARDF competitors must find the beacons.灯塔显示控制点后竞争分析; ARDF竞争者必须找到标。 Contents目录  [hide]
1 Purpose 1 目的 
2 History 2 历史 
3 Map content 3 地图内容 
3.1 Brown : Land forms 3.1 布朗：土地形式 
3.2 Black : Rock features 3.2 黑色：摇滚功能 
3.3 Blue : Water features 3.3 蓝色：水景 
3.4 Green/Yellow : Vegetation 3.4 绿色/黄色：植被 
3.5 Black : Man-made features 3.5 黑色：人造功能 
3.6 Technical symbols 3.6 技术符号 
3.7 Other map information 3.7 其他地图资料 
3.8 Magenta : Overprinting symbols 3.8 品红：套印符号 
3.9 Related activities 3.9 相关活动 
4 Mapping process 4 映射过程 
4.1 Base map 4.1 相应的地图 
4.2 Magnetic north 4.2 磁北 
4.3 Field-work 4.3 现场工作 
4.4 Drawing (cartography) 4.4 绘图（制图） 
4.4.1 Corrected topographic maps 4.4.1 更正地形图 
4.4.2 Hand-drawn orienteering maps 4.4.2 手绘定向地图 
4.4.2.1 Hand-drawn maps 4.4.2.1 手绘地图 
4.4.2.2 Scribed maps 4.4.2.2 抄地图 
4.4.3 Computer aided maps (digital cartography) 4.4.3 计算机辅助地图（数字制图） 
4.5 Printing 4.5 印刷 
5 Map accuracy and map quality 5 地图的准确性和地图质量 
6 External links 6 外部链接 
7 References 7 参考资料 
 
//-->
==<!-- edit ] Purpose [ 编辑 //--> 目的 ==
An orienteering map, and a compass , are the primary aids for the competitor to complete an orienteering course of control points as quickly as possible. [ 2 ] A map that is reliable and accurate is essential so that a course can be provided which will test the navigational skills of the competitor.一个定向地图和一个指南针 ，是主要的竞争对手艾滋病完成定向过程中控制点 ，尽快。 [ 2 ]地图，是可靠和准确是至关重要的，这样当然可以提供这将测试航行技能的竞争者。 The map also needs to be relevant to the needs of the competitor showing the terrain in neither too much nor too little detail.该地图还需要相关的需要，竞争对手显示地形既不太多也不太少细节。 

==<!--[ edit ] History [ 编辑 //--> 历史 ==
Orienteering map定向运动地图 In the early days of orienteering, competitors used whatever maps were available; these were typically topographic maps from the national mapping agency.在初期，野外定向，竞争对手使用的地图有什么，这些是典型的地形图由国家测绘局。 Gradually, specially drawn maps have been provided to meet the specific requirements of orienteering.渐渐地，特别提请地图已提供，以满足特定要求的定向。 These maps are produced by local orienteering clubs and are a valuable resource for the club.这些地图是由俱乐部和当地野外定向是一种宝贵的资源俱乐部。 Established clubs with good resources eg maps and manpower are usually able to host more events.成立俱乐部，良好的资源，例如地图和人力通常能够举办更多的活动。 Maps produced specifically for orienteering show a more detailed description of terrain features.地图制作专门为野外定向查看详细描述地形特征。 For example, large rocks above the soil surface do not normally appear on topographic maps but can be important features on many orienteering maps.例如，大石头上面土壤表面通常不会出现在地形图，但可以在许多重要的特点定向地图。 Because the competition must test the navigational skills of the competitor, areas are sought which have a terrain that is rich in usable features.由于竞争的航行必须测试技能的竞争者，谋求地区有丰富的地形是在实用功能。 Notable examples include Pawtuckaway State Park , New Hampshire and Valles Caldera , New Mexico , both having many boulders and boulder fields.显着的例子包括Pawtuckaway国家公园 ，新罕布什尔州和瓦勒斯卡尔德拉 ，新墨西哥，双方有许多巨石和巨石领域。 

==<!-- edit ] Map content [ 编辑 //--> 地图内容 ==
The map scale is 1:15000, with a permitted enlargement to 1:10000 (with symbols at 150%). 地图规模 1:15000 ，以允许扩大到1:1 （与符号150 ％ ） 。 Other map scales may be provided for various purposes.其他地图表可提供用于各种目的。 The map is printed in five colours [ 2 ] , which cover the main groups: Land forms, rock and boulders, water and marsh , vegetation, and man-made features.地图印制在五个颜色[ 2 ] ，其中涉及的主要群体：土地的形式，岩石和石块，水和沼泽 ，植被和人为的功能。 There are additional specifications for technical symbols, and an extra colour for overprinting symbols.还有其他规格的技术符号，和一个额外的颜色套印符号。 The symbols used should be explained in a legend . [ 2 ]使用的符号，应加以解释的一个传奇 。 [ 2 ] 

==<!-- Contours-->轮廓 ==
[ edit ] Brown : Land forms [ 编辑 ] 布朗：土地形式 
Land forms are shown using contour lines with a contour interval of 5 metres.土地形式的显示都是使用等高线的轮廓间隔5米。 Additional symbols are provided to show eg earth bank, knoll , depression , small depression, pit, broken ground etc.提供额外的符号显示如地球银行， 小丘 ， 抑郁症 ，抑郁症小，坑槽，破土动工等 


[ edit ] Black : Rock features [ 编辑 ] 黑：摇滚功能 
This group covers cliffs , boulders , boulder fields, and boulder clusters etc.这组包括悬崖 ， 巨石 ，巨石领域和巨石群等 


[ edit ] Blue : Water features [ 编辑 ] 蓝色：水景 
This group covers lakes, ponds, rivers, water channels, marshes, and wells etc.这组包括湖泊，池塘，河流，水道，沼泽，水井等 

 

 Vegetation: White colour is forest, yellow is open area, and green indicates reduced runability.植被： 白色是森林， 黄色是开放的领域， 绿色表示减少runability 。 
[ edit ] Green/Yellow : Vegetation [ 编辑 ] 绿色/黄色：植被 
This group covers vegetation. White is typically open runnable forest. Green means a forest of low visibility with reduced running speed, being graded from slow running, through difficult running, to impassable. Yellow colour shows open areas.这组包括植被。 白宫通常是开放式运行的森林。 绿色是指森林的低能见度降低运行速度，正在缓慢运行等级，通过艰难的运行，以通行。 黄色表明开放地区。 Green vertical stripes are used to indicate undergrowth (slow or difficult running) but otherwise with good visibility.绿色纵向条纹是用来表明下层 （运行缓慢或困难） ，但其他有良好的能见度。 

<!--
[ edit ] Black : Man-made features [ 编辑 ] 黑：人为功能 
Man-made features include roads, tracks, paths, power lines, stone walls, fences, buildings, etc.人为的功能包括道路，轨道，道路，供电线路，石墙，围墙，建筑物等 


[ edit ] Technical symbols [ 编辑 ] 技术符号 
Two technical symbols are required on all maps: Magnetic north lines printed in blue, and register crosses (these show that the printed colours are coincident). [ 2 ]两项技术的符号都需要所有地图： 磁北线印在蓝，注册十字架（这些表明，印刷颜色一致） 。 [ 2 ] 


[ edit ] Other map information [ 编辑 ] 其他地图资料 
Other information is required to be on the printed map although the presentation is not specified, eg scale, contour interval and scale bar.其他资料须在打印地图虽然没有具体说明介绍，如规模，轮廓间隔和规模酒吧。 Good practice requires information such as date of survey, survey scale, copyright information, and proper credit for the people who produced the map (surveyor, cartographer).好的做法需要的信息，如最新的调查，调查表，版权信息和适当的信贷的人谁制作了地图（测量，制图） 。 

 

 Course课程 
[ edit ] Magenta : Overprinting symbols [ 编辑 ] 品红：套印符号 
Symbols are specified so that a course can be overprinted on the map.符号指定，这样当然可以叠加在地图上。 It includes symbols for the start, control points , control numbers, lines between control points, and finish.它包括符号开始， 控制点 ，控制人数，控制点之间的界线，并完成。 Extra symbols are available so that information relating to that event may be shown eg crossing points, forbidden route, first aid post, and refreshment point etc. These are not permanent features and cannot be included when the map is printed.提供额外的符号，使有关这一事件可能会表现出如过境点，禁止路线，急救后，和小食点等等这些都不是永久性的功能和不能列入当地图印刷。 


[ edit ] Related activities [ 编辑 ] 相关活动 
The International Specification for Orienteering Maps [ 2 ] sets out the specifications for orienteering maps for use in foot orienteering, together with specifications for the other sports governed by the International Orienteering Federation (IOF) ie mountain bike orienteering, ski orienteering, and trail orienteering.国际规范定向地图[ 2 ]规定了规范定向地图 ，用于徒步定向，连同其他规格的体育由国际定向运动联合会 （法语）即山地自行车定向，滑雪定向，野外定向和开拓者。 The specifications are mostly the same but with a few sport specific symbols eg ski-o needs to distinguish snow-covered roads from cleared roads.规格都是相同的，但有一些具体的体育符号如滑雪邻需要区分冰雪覆盖的道路扫清道路。 


[ edit ] Mapping process [ 编辑 ] 映射过程 
The mapping process has four main stages: base map, field-work , drawing, and printing. 绘制过程有四个主要阶段：基础地图， 外地工作 ，绘画，和印刷。 


[ edit ] Base map [ 编辑 ] 基地地图 
The base map can be a topographic map made for other purposes eg mapping from the National Mapping Agency, or a photogrammetric plot produced from an aerial survey .这个基本地图可以是一个地形图用于其他用途如测绘由国家测绘局，或摄影阴谋生产航空测量 。 


[ edit ] Magnetic north [ 编辑 ] 磁北 
Cartographers use a projection to project the curved surface of the earth onto a flat surface.制图使用投影项目曲面地球到一个平面上。 This generates a grid that is used as a base for national topographic mapping.这会生成一个网格，用来作为基地，为国家地形测绘。 The projection introduces a distortion so that grid north differs from true north; magnetic north is a natural feature that differs from both.投影介绍了失真，使网格不同于真正的北北，磁北是一种天然的功能，不同于两个。 As an example: at 52° 35' N 1° 10' E (approx 7 km west of Norwich, England) true north is 2° 33' west of grid north, and magnetic north is about 7° west of grid north.作为一个例子：在52 ° 35 '东经1 ° 10 '电子（约7公里以西的诺里奇，英格兰）正北是2 ° 33 '西部电网北，磁北约7 °以北以西的网格。 Magnetic north varies continually and in this example (1986) was reducing by about ½° in four years. [ 3 ] Orienteering maps are printed using magnetic north and this requires an adjustment to be made to the base map.磁北不同不断和在这个例子中（ 1986年）是减少了约2.5 °的4年。 [ 3 ]定向地图印刷使用磁北，这需要进行调整，使该基地地图。 


[ edit ] Field-work [ 编辑 ] 外地工作 
Field-work is carried out using a small part of the base map fixed to a survey board, covered with a piece of draughting film, and drawn with pencils.实地开展工作使用的一小部分底图固定的一项调查局，覆盖着一块通风电影，并得出铅笔。 The final map needs to be drawn with sufficient accuracy so that a feature shown on the map can be identified clearly on the ground by the competitor, thus, field-workers need to locate features with a high level of accuracy, to ensure consistency between map and terrain.最后的地图需要在有足够的精度，使一个功能显示在地图上可以清楚地确定地面上的竞争对手，因此，外地工人需要找到具有高水平的准确性，以确保一致性地图和地形。 Where the map and terrain are inconsistent, the feature becomes unusable: no control point can be placed there.凡地图和地形不符的，该功能无法使用：没有控制点可以放在那里。 Periodic corrections to the map may be necessary, typically vegetation changes in forested areas.定期更正地图可能是必要的，通常在森林植被变化的领域。 


[ edit ] Drawing (cartography) [ 编辑 ] 制图（制图） 

[ edit ] Corrected topographic maps [ 编辑 ] 更正的地形图 
The earliest orienteering maps used existing topographic maps eg United Kingdom Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 plans.最早的定向地图使用现有的地形图如英国测绘1:25000计划。 These were cut down to a suitable size, corrected by hand, and then copied.这些都是降低到一个合适的大小，纠正了手，然后复制。 


[ edit ] Hand-drawn orienteering maps [ 编辑 ] 手绘定向地图 

[ edit ] Hand-drawn maps [ 编辑 ] 手绘地图 
These were drawn by hand on draughting film, which is a plastic film etched on one side so that the ink will hold.这些得出的手放在通风电影，这是一个塑料薄膜蚀刻一方，使墨水将举行。 One sheet of film was needed for each of the five colours; the various dot or line screens being added using dry transfer screens , for example Letratone manufactured by Letraset in the UK.一张电影是需要五个颜色;各点或线屏幕正在增加使用干转让 屏幕 ，例如Letratone生产Letraset在英国。 The map was drawn at twice final map scale, and photographically reduced to produce the five film positives for printing.在地图上两次被提请最后地图规模，降低生产摄影五个电影正片打印。 This was a simple process that required very few specialist tools.这是一个简单的过程，需要很少的专业工具。 


[ edit ] Scribed maps [ 编辑 ] 抄地图 
This is the standard process used by National Mapping Agencies.这是标准的过程中使用的国家测绘机构。 It uses a plastic film, which is coated on one side with a photo-opaque film.它采用了塑料薄膜，这是涂层一方的照片不透明薄膜。 The layer is removed with a scribing tool or scalpel to produce a negative image.该层被删除的工具或手术刀切割产生负面形象。 One sheet of film is needed for each solid colour, and one for each screen, usually requiring about ten sheets of film altogether.一张电影是需要为每个坚实的颜色，并为每个画面，通常需要大约10张胶片了。 The map is drawn at final map scale, and the negatives are printed with high quality dot screens to produce the five film positives for printing.在地图上绘制最后地图规模和底片都印有高品质的屏幕产生斑点的五个电影正片印刷。 The process makes it easy to produce high quality maps, but it does require a number of specialist tools.这个过程可以很容易将生产出高质量的地图，但它确实需要一些专业工具。 


[ edit ] Computer aided maps (digital cartography) [ 编辑 ] 计算机辅助地图（数字制图） 
Computer software is available to aid in the drawing of digital maps.计算机软件可帮助绘制的数字地图。 OCAD is the leading provider. OCAD的领先供应商。 Other computer software is available that will link with OCAD, or with the digital map files, so that courses can be incorporated into the map ready for printing.其他计算机软件可将联系OCAD ，或与数字地图的文件，从而使课程可纳入地图准备打印。 


[ edit ] Printing [ 编辑 ] 印刷 
Colour maps were sent to commercial printers for printing in five colours, with the overprinting being added after the map had been printed.彩色地图被送往商业打印机打印在五个颜色，正与套印后添加地图已经印制。 This process was chosen as it gave a higher quality for the fine line-work than the industry standard four-colour process ( cymk ).这一进程，因为它被选为了更高质量的罚款线工作的行业标准比四色工艺（ cymk ） 。 As computer and software technology has advanced, and the cost reduced, many clubs are now in a position to print their own maps.随着计算机和软件技术的进步，成本降低，许多俱乐部现在可以打印出自己的地图。 This enables clubs to print the six colours together (map and overprinting symbols) using that same four-colour process, but with a reduction in quality over traditional printing.这使得俱乐部的6色打印一道（地图和套印符号）使用相同的四色的过程，但减少了传统的印刷质量。 Printing costs can be minimised by using standard stock sizes of paper eg A4 or Letter .印刷成本可降到最低使用标准尺寸的纸张库存例如A4 或信纸。 It is important to use the correct type of paper: both the weight and the coating affect the usability of the final map.重要的是要使用正确类型的文件：在体重和涂层影响的可用性的最后地图。 


[ edit ] Map accuracy and map quality [ 编辑 ] 地图的准确性和地图质量 
Map accuracy refers to the work of the surveyor (field-worker) and relates not so much to the positional accuracy of the survey but rather to its utility for the competitor. Map quality refers to the quality of the artwork. 地图的准确性是指工作的验船师（外地工人）和涉及与其说的位置精度的测量，而是其效用的竞争对手。 地图质量指的是高质量的艺术作品。 Many national bodies have a competition in which awards are made to cartographers after assessment by a national panel.许多国家的机构有一个竞争的奖项，以制图评估后由一个国家小组。 It is generally agreed by cartographers that the quality of the artwork depends on the skills of the cartographer rather than on the tools. [ 4 ]人们普遍认为的制图的质量取决于作品的技能，制图，而不是工具。 [ 4 ] 


[ edit ] External links [ 编辑 ] 外部链接 
OCAD OCAD 
Interpreting Orienteering Maps 解读定向地图 

[ edit ] References [ 编辑 ] References 
^ Zentai, László, ed. ^ Zentai ，拉斯洛莫，教育署。 (2000). International Drawing Specifications for Orienteering Maps (ISOM2000) . （ 2000年） 。 国际制图规范定向地图（ ISOM2000 ） 。 International Orienteering Federation.国际定向运动联合会。 
^ a b c d e "International Specification for Orienteering Maps" . ^ 的 B ç 代码 “国际规范定向地图” 。 International Orienteering Federation. 国际定向运动联合会。 2000 . http://www.orienteering.org/i3/index.php?/iof2006/content/download/866/4026/file/International_Specification_for_Orienteering_Maps_2000.pdf . 2000年。 http://www.orienteering.org/i3/index.php?/iof2006/content/download/866/4026/file/International_Specification_for_Orienteering_Maps_2000.pdf 。 Retrieved on 2008-06-16 . 取自于2008年6月16号 。   
^ [United Kingdom] Ordnance Survey, 1:50000 Landranger Series, sheet 144, 1984 ^ [英国]地形测量， 1:5万Landranger系列，表144 ， 1984 
^ Proverb. A bad workman blames his tools . ^谚语。 不良工人指责他的工具 。 
v • d • e v • d •电子 Orienteering 定向运动  
 
History · IOF 历史 法语  
 
Types of orienteering:类型的定向：  Foot-O · Ski-O · Mountain bike O · Trail-O · Mounted O · Canoe-O 足氧 滑雪氧 山地车ö 径氧 式ö 独木舟氧  
 
Equipment, concepts:设备，概念：  Map · Compass ( thumb , protractor , Silva ) · Course · Control point · Route choice 地图 指南针 （ 拇指 ， 量角器 ， 席尔瓦 ） 课程 控制点 路线选择  
 
Events:活动：  Foot-O: World Championships · World Cup · World Games · Junior WOC · European Championships · O-Ringen · Tiomila · Jukola · WUOC 足氧： 世界田径锦标赛 世界杯 世界运动会 少年妇委会 欧洲锦标赛 O型 Ringen Tiomila Jukola WUOC 
Ski-O: World Championships · World Cup · Junior Ski-WOC 滑雪 氧 ：世界田径锦标赛 世界杯 初级滑雪场，妇委会  
 
Related articles:相关文章：  Fell running · Amateur radio direction finding · Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area · Salients, re-entrants and pockets · Resection 下跌运行 业余无线电测向 无线电定向运动在一个紧凑的面积 Salients ，再进入和口袋 切除  
 

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Categories : Orienteering | Cartography | Sports equipment 分类 ： 定向 | 制图 | 体育器材 
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== 啥链进来<!--点--> ==
*[http://www.ocad.com OCAD]
*[http://www.orienteering.asn.au/promotion/devel/develcoach/ Interpreting Orienteering Maps]



[[category:map]]⏎
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[[cs:Mapař]]
[[de:Orientierungslaufkarte]]
[[en:Orienteering map]]
[[it:Carta da orientamento]]
[[ru:Спортивная карта]]
[[sv:Orienteringskarta]]
[[zh:定向地圖]]
[[zh-yue:定向圖]]