Difference between revisions 196583 and 199206 on wuuwiki

{{勿是吳語}}<!--{{ Underconstruction }}-->

== 编年 ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! 年代
! 事体搭人物
|-
| '''about BC 250'''
| '''头曼单于，匈奴第一代单于。当政时辖地东与东胡、南与秦、西与月氏为邻。秦始皇三十二年（前215），秦派蒙恬进取河南地，头曼率部属北徙，秦末边防松弛，头曼又悄悄南进。匈奴的兴起，是匈奴国家的创立者头曼统治的结果，《史记•匈奴传》载：“当是之时，东胡强而月氏盛，匈奴单于曰头曼。”
|-
| '''BC 209'''
| '''冒顿单于是头曼单于长子，初被质于月氏。头曼爱其异母弟，曾阴谋借月氏之手杀之。冒顿得悉，盗取月氏善马逃回。他的英勇行动，使头曼受到感动，遂授之为“万骑长”。冒顿为洗雪前耻，刻苦练习骑射，严格训练士卒，于公元前209年杀死头曼，自立为单于。Die bulgarische Fürstenliste und die Sprache der Protobulgaren, Ural-Altaische Bibliothek, Otto Harrassowitz - Wiesbaden, 1955, founder of [[Xiongnu]] Empire. The [[Huns]] have possibly descended from Xiongnu.
|-
| '''BC174'''
| '''冒顿单于病死，其子稽粥立，号老上单于。在位时曾攻打月氏，占据全部河西地区。此间匈奴军事上空前强大，西面击走月氏，平定了西域；南方屡破汉朝，使汉朝无计可施。
|-
| '''BC160'''
| '''老上单于病逝，由他的儿子军臣单于即位。自汉朝策划“马邑之围”后，汉匈彻底决裂，匈奴常常侵入汉朝边境抢掠，次数多得无法计算，匈奴进入全盛时期。
|-
| '''BC126'''
| '''军臣单于死，其弟左谷蠡王伊稚斜自立为单于，逼迫军臣单于太子于单，于单逃入汉境投降，汉封他为涉安侯，数月后去世。此时的匈奴已经今非昔比，而中原的汉朝也进入了最鼎盛的时期.汉武帝先后派遣卫青、李广、霍去病等在中国历史上显赫一时的将军对匈奴进行了疯狂的进攻。在王庭之战中，匈奴主力被卫青率领的汉朝大军几乎全部消灭，匈奴向北处逃走，迁至荒芜的漠北草原.经过后来其他汉朝几位将军的进攻下，原来属于匈奴的国土几乎全部沦为汉朝领地。喧赫一时的匈奴帝国时代结束了。经过这次失败，匈奴势力从此退出河套及其以西一带。史称“是后匈奴远遁，而幕（漠）南无王庭”。
|-
| '''BC114'''
| '''伊稚斜单于死。其子乌维单于（前114—前105）即位。
|-
| '''BC105'''
| '''孙乌师庐单于（前105—前102）即位。
|-
| '''BC102'''
| '''呴犁湖单于即位。
|-
| '''BC101'''
| '''且鞮侯单于即位。
|-
| '''BC96'''
| '''狐鹿姑单于即位。
|-
| '''BC85'''
| '''壶衍鞮单于即位。
|-
| '''BC68'''
| '''虚闾权渠单于即位。
|-
| '''BC60'''
| '''握衍朐提单于即位。
|-
| '''2th c.'''
| The region of South-Uralic steppe, around the River [[Don]] or the [[Syr Darya]], first historical record by [[Ptolemy]].
|-
| '''370'''
| '''The [[Huns]] appeared in [[Europe]]'''. Under [[Balamber]].
|- 
| '''370s'''
| '''[[Balamber]]''', ruler of Huns.
|- 
| '''370'''
| '''Huns crush the [[Alans]]''', after crossed the [[Don]], subjutaged them.<ref name="Thomson">Thompson, E.A. (1996), The Huns, The Peoples of Europe (Revised ed.), Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-21443-7</ref>
|- 
| '''370s'''
| '''Huns and Alans crush the [[Ostrogoth]]s''' coalition of king [[Ermanaric]], who commited suicide.<ref name="Thomson"/><ref name="Marczali">[[List of Jewish Historians#M|Marczali, Henrik]]: History of Hungary, 1894, Budapest, Hungary.</ref>
|- 
| '''380s'''?
| '''Hunnic campaign against [[Persia]]''' reached as far as [[Syria]].<ref name="Thomson"/>
|- 
| '''400'''
| '''[[Uldin]]''', one of the primary chieftains of the Huns located beyond the Danube. He did not, however have total control of the Hunnic people.
|- 
| '''405'''
| Uldin led a body of Huns, together with his allies the [[Sciri]], in the service of the western [[Magister Militum]], [[Stilicho]], against the invasion of [[Radagaisus]].
|- 
| '''408'''
| '''Uldin's invasion of [[Moesia]]''' was repulsed, with thousands of his Germanic allies falling into Roman hands. Uldin was forced to retreat.
|- 
| '''412'''
| Uldin died. And the Huns divided into three large groups.
|- 
| '''410'''–422
| '''[[Charaton]]''' king of the Huns
|- 
| '''42?'''
| '''[[Octar]]''', a Hunnic ruler. His rule dates are unknown. He succeeded Charaton.
|- 
| ''' '''
| '''[[Mundzuk]]''', Hunnic prince, father of Attila and Bleda.
|- 
| '''432'''
| '''[[Rugila|Ruga]]''', a warlord of the Huns, early victories over the [[Roman Empire]]. Under his command, the Huns invaded Roman territory and, after threatening the capitol, managed to take tribute from the [[Roman emperor]] of the time.
|-
| '''434'''
| '''[[Bleda]]''' and '''[[Attila the Hun]]''' '''rule''' jointly
|-
| '''443'''
| '''Attila's campaign''' strikes along the Danube, <br />the Huns overran the military centres of Ratiara and <br />successfully besieged Naissus (modern [[Niš]]), then pushing along the Nisava River,<br />they took Serdica (Sofia), Philippopolis (Plovdiv), and [[Arcadiopolis]]. <br />They encountered and destroyed the Roman army outside Constantinople and stopped by the double walls of the Eastern capital. <br />A second army was defeated near Callipolis (modern Gallipoli). <br />[[Theodosius]], now without any armed forces to respond, admitting defeat, sent the court official [[Anatolius]] to negotiate peace terms.
|-
| '''445'''
| '''[[Bleda]] died''', after some intrigue he was killed by his brother Attila. <br />'''Attila became sole ruler'''.
|-
| '''447'''
| '''Attila''' rode south into the empire through [[Moesia]] and '''defeated the Roman army in the [[Battle of the Utus]]'''.
|-
| '''451 Jun 20'''
| '''[[Battle of the Catalaunian Plains]]''' in France,<br />"Battle of the Barbarians" between Attila's Huns and [[Flavius Aetius|Aetius]]'s Romans
|-
| '''453'''
| '''Attila died''' in the early months of the year from nosebleed or <br />assasination by princess [[Gudrun]].
|-
| '''453'''
| '''Civil war''' among his sons: '''[[Ellac]], [[Dengizich]], [[Ernakh]]'''. Ellac wins and became king of Huns. Some Hun tribes migrated eastwards.
|-
| '''453'''
| '''Ernakh founded''' the [[Onoguria|'''Proto-Bolgar Empire''']] at the Volga river.
|-
| '''454'''
| '''[[Battle of Nedao]]''', the subjugated Germanic tribes rebelled against Ellac, lead by king [[Ardaric]] of [[Gepids]]. Ardrik won, and Ellak was killed.<ref name="Marczali"/>
|-
| '''454'''
| [[Dengizich]] became Hunnic ruler over the western tribes.
|-
| '''469'''
| Dengezich was defeated and killed by Byzantine army, ending his Hunnic raids.
|-
| '''470s'''
| A part of Huns offered their military services to the [[East Roman Empire]] in return for land in which they could settle. The East Roman Emperor allowed them to settle in [[Thrace]], where they were to serve as a buffer zone against the incursion of other tribes.
|- 
| '''480'''?
| [[Mundo]] leader of a raiding group rules from Herta.
|- 
| '''500s'''?
| Tribes of '''[[Utigurs]]''' and '''[[Kutrigurs]]''', '''[[Sabirs]]''', '''[[Ogurs]]''', '''[[Saragurs]]''', '''[[Onogurs]]''', '''[[Bulgars]]''' living in [[Scythia]], region north of Black Sea, mentioned as Hunnic people by the sources.
|- 
| '''520s'''
| '''[[Grod|Gordas]]''' ruler over Huns, but they rebelled against him. The rebellion led by his brother Muageris was succesful, Gordas was killed.
|-
| '''528-'''
| '''[[Muageris]]''', king of Huns in region of [[Azov]] Sea.
|- 
| '''567'''
| '''[[Avars]]''' came to Europe, after battles with [[Sabirs]] and others, they conquered a number of Hunnic remnant tribes.
|- 
| '''632'''
| '''[[Kubrat]] Khan''' of Utigurs defeated the Avars and reunited the Utigurs and Kutrigurs into an empire called [[Onoguria]] (Old Great Bulgaria). He was successed by his eldest son Batbayan.
|- 
| '''650s'''
| '''[[Kotrag]]'''. A dissenting faction of Kutrigurs have traveled to the upper Volga where, along with part of the Utigurs, they founded the state of [[Volga Bulgaria]] with Kotrag as its ruler.
|- 
| '''665'''
| '''[[Batbayan]]''', ruled from Poltava the lands north of the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Azov Sea]].
|- 
| '''668'''
| Batbayan engaged in wars with his relative [[Cozrig]] and was temporarily driven into Crimea. Cozrig's [[Khazars]] attacked and eventually took the steppes between Don and the Urals, the war ended with a treaty between Batbayan and the Khazar [[Khagan]] [[Kaban]].
|- 
| '''668'''
|  Batbajan's Onogur state disintegrated under Khazar attack in 668, and  his brothers parted ways, leading their people to seek a more secure home in other lands.
|- 
| '''668'''
| '''[[Asparuch]]''' went with one branch (20,000 to 30,000 Bulgars) to the lower Danube, to the territory of present day [[Bulgaria]] and conquered the Slavs living there and his people later assimilated.
|- 
| '''668'''
| '''[[Kuber]]'''. Under the leadership of him, an other part of the Kutrigur tribe moved to [[Sirmium]] ([[Pannonia]]) into the Avar Khaganate.
|- 
| '''668'''
| The fifth and smallest group, of [[Alcek]], after many wanderings, ended up led by Emnetzur and settled mainly in [[Italy]], near Naples in the Benevento and Salerno.
|- 
| '''700s'''
| Civil war in the Avar Khaganate between the old Avars and the newcomer Bulgars. Avars won.
|- 
| '''800'''
| [[Charlemagne]] and his son leaded an army to against Huns (Avars), defeated them, so the Avar Khaganate ended.
|- 
| '''892'''
| Later some of the Onogur nomad tribes were united with blood covenant under the tribe of [[Magyar]] and with the lead of [[Arpad]], described as a descendant of Attila, conquered the Carpathian Basin, "domains of King Attila", around the former Hunnic capital [[Buda]], in the center territory of the old Avar Khaganate, united with the remained Avars and had became known as '''[[Hungarians]]'''. They were considered and described as Huns by the contemporary and later historical sources. ("Ungars, formerly Avars, the remnants of Huns"). They had established their country '''[[Hungary]]''', what still presents in our days.
|}

=== 特殊页面 ===
'''Sources'''<br />
Major: [[Priscus]], [[Jordanes]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], [[Procopius]]

Minor: [[Ptolemy]], [[Socrates of Constantinople]]
<!--
===特殊页面 ===
[[Huns]]<br />
[[List of Hunnic rulers]]<br />
[[Dulo clan]]//-->

== 外部链接 ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscat|Xiongnu}}

[[分类:匈奴]]⏎
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{{Link GA|zh-classical}}