Difference between revisions 23344 and 23345 on elwikiversity

Με τον όρο Ναυτιλιακά Οικονομικά ή αλλιώς Ναυτιλιακή Οικονομία (shipping) χαρακτηρίζεται το σύνολο των πάσης φύσεως συστηματικών ενεργειών που αποσκοπούν στη παροχή υπηρεσιών και που σχετίζονται με τις [[Μεταφορές|θαλάσσιες μεταφορές]] ικανοποιώντας ανθρώπινες ανάγκες, έναντι κάποιου ωφελήματος.


=='''Υπαγωγή:'''==

(contracted; show full)

'''Address Commission (ADCOM)'''. Commission payable by the shipowner to the charterer, expressed as a percentage of the freight or hire. Although this commission was sought by charterers as a means of reducing the freight or hire, these are capable of being adjusted or increased by the shipowner to allow for it.
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'''Voyage charter.''' A voyage charter involves the carriage of a specific amount and type of cargo on a load port-to-discharge port basis, subject to various cargo handling terms. Owners are also responsible for any positioning movement costs. Most of these charters are of a single voyage nature, as trading patterns do not encourage round voyage trading. The owner of the vessel receives one payment derived by multiplying the tonnage of cargo loaded on board by the agreed upon freight rate expressed on a U.S. dollar-per-ton basis. The owner is responsible for the payment of all voyage and operating expenses, as well as the capital costs of the vessel. 

'''Voyage expenses.''' Expenses incurred due to a vessel's traveling from a loading port to a discharging port, such as fuel (bunkers) costs, port expenses, agents' fees, canal dues and extra war risk insurance, as well as commissions.

'''Aframax.''' A medium size crude oil tanker of approximately 80,000 to 120,000 deadweight tons. Because of their size, Aframaxes are able to operate on many different routes, including from Latin America and the North Sea to the U.S. They are also used in Lightering. Modern Aframaxes can generally transport from 500,000 to 800,000 barrels of crude oil. 

'''Classification society.''' An independent society that certifies that a vessel has been built and maintained according to the society's rules for that type of vessel and complies with the applicable rules and regulations of the country of the vessel's registry and the international conventions of which that country is a signatory. A vessel that receives its certification is referred to as being "in-class." 

'''CLC.''' International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969, as amended. 

'''COFR.''' Certificates of financial responsibility sufficient to meet potential liabilities under OPA and CERCLA, which owners and operators of vessels must establish and maintain with the United States Coast Guard. 

'''Contract of affreightment.''' A contract of affreightment ("CoA") relates to the carriage of multiple cargoes over the same route and enables the CoA holder to nominate different vessels to perform the individual voyages. Essentially, it constitutes a series of voyage charters to carry a specified amount of cargo during the term of the CoA, which usually spans a number of years. All of the ship's costs are borne by the shipowner. Freight normally is agreed on a U.S. dollar-per-ton basis. 

'''Multipurpose ship (MPP).''' A newer version of general cargo ship with holds designed for container stowage. The holds generally have tween decks and containers can be stacked and lashed on to the hatch covers. The MPP is still capable of carrying breakbulk cargoes, and bulk cargoes. Some are also equipped with tanks for liquid cargoes. It generally also has its own cranes and derricks, sometimes with heavy lift capability.

'''Newbuilding.''' A new vessel under construction or just completed. 

'''Off-hire.''' The period in which a vessel is unable to perform the services for which it is immediately required under a time charter. Off-hire periods can include days spent on repairs, drydocking and surveys, whether or not scheduled. Charterhire is generally not paid during off-hire periods. This is usually agreed in the charterparty. If the off-hire period is subject to dispute then resolutions are usually met through arbitration panels.