Difference between revisions 1012251764 and 1012257101 on enwiki

{{short description|Irish republican and socialist leader}}
{{Other people}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = James Connolly
| image         = James_Connolly2.jpg
| alt = A side view black-and-white photo of Connelly in a suit
| caption       = Connolly in {{circa}} 1900
| nickname      = 
(contracted; show full)nd the [[Coat of arms of Ireland|Harp without the Crown]], and the warrant turning you out on the roadside will be stamped with the arms of the Irish Republic.|source=James Connolly, in ''Workers' Republic'', 1899<ref>{{cite news |title=Captain Moonlight Revived: Ireland's New Land War? |url=https://www.counterpunch.org/2018/12/21/captain-moonlight-revived-irelands-new-land-war/ |access-date=26 November 2019 |work=CounterPunch.org}}</ref>}}

In the 1880s, Connolly 
became influenced byread [[Friedrich Engels]] and [[Karl Marx]] and would later advocate a type of socialism that was based in [[Marxist theory]].<ref name=morgan1>{{cite book|author=Austen Morgan|title=James Connolly: A Political Biography|year=1989|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-2958-5|page=17}}</ref> Connolly described himself as a socialist, while acknowledgwas impatient with with "theory" as such. Later, in America, he was to laud  the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] for never being "a party of theorickers". Having left formal education before his teens, it is suggested that Connolly read and absorbed influences "independently, sometimes putting those influence of Marx.<ref name=morgan1/> He is credited with setting the groundwork for [[Christian socialism]] in Ireland.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lubienski|first=Christopher Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2i7ak67BG4EC&q=james+connolly+christian+socialism|title=James Connolly's Integration of Socialism, Nationalism, and Christianity in the Context of Irish History|date=1992|publisher=Michigan State University. Department of History|language=en}}</ref>  

He became secretary of the Scottish Socialist Federation. At the time his brother John was secretary; after John spoke at a rally in favour of the [[eight-hour day]], however, he was fired from his job with the Edinburgh Corporation, so while he looked for work, James took over as secretary.  During this time, Connolly became involved with the [[Independent Labour Party]] which [[Keir Hardie]] had formed in 1893. s into play or into action in unorthodox ways" and that he would have agreed with Antonio Gramsci’s description of Marxism as a "philosophy of praxis".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCarthy|first=Conor|date=2018-12-01|title=James Connolly, Civil Society and Revolution|url=http://journals.openedition.org/osb/2778|journal=Observatoire de la société britannique|language=en|issue=23|pages=11–34|doi=10.4000/osb.2778|issn=1775-4135}}</ref> The result is what biographers have described as a mix of [[marxism]], [[nationalism]] and [[Christian ethics]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lubienski|first=Christopher Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2i7ak67BG4EC&q=james+connolly+christian+socialism|title=James Connolly's Integration of Socialism, Nationalism, and Christianity in the Context of Irish History|date=1992|publisher=Michigan State University. Department of History|language=en}}</ref>  

In Scotland in 1889, living in Dundee, Connolly joined the [[Socialist League (UK, 1885)|Socialist League]], which had been founded by [[William Morris]], [[Eleanor Marx]] and others in 1885. Later he joined the [[Scottish Socialist Federation]], serving as its secretary from 1895 to 1896. He was also active in the [[Independent Labour Party]], founded in 1893 by [[Keir Hardie]] and allies. ⏎
⏎
At some time during this period, he took up the study of, and advocated the use of, the neutral international language, [[Esperanto]].<ref>[http://esperanto.ie/en/ireland/connolly.html James Connolly and Esperanto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215171329/http://www.esperanto.ie/en/ireland/connolly.html |date=15 December 2016 }}, esperanto.ie; accessed 28 May 2017</ref> A short story, called ''The Agitator’s Wife'', which appeared in the ''Labour Prophet'', a short lived Christian Socialist journal, has been attributed to Connolly.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-15|title=Short story in 1894 journal may be lost James Connolly play|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/jan/15/short-story-in-1894-journal-may-be-lost-james-connolly-play|access-date=2020-12-19|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-01|title=Long-Lost James Connolly Play May Be Found|url=https://irishamerica.com/2019/03/long-lost-james-connolly-play-may-be-found/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=Irish America|language=en-US}}</ref> His interest in Esperanto is implicit in his 1898 article "The Language Movement", which primarily attempts to promote socialism to the nationalist revolutionaries involved in the Gaelic Revival.

By 1893 he was involved in the [[Scottish Socialist Federation]], acting as its secretary from 1895. TIn 1896, two months after the birth of his third daughter, word came to Connolly that the Dublin Socialist Club was looking for a full-time secretary, a job that offered a salary of a pound a week.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Kearney | first = Richard | title = The Irish mind: exploring intellectual traditions | publisher = Wolfhound Press | year = 1985 | location = Dublin | page = 200 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7BnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22dublin+socialist+club%22+job+that+pound+week | isbn = 978-0-391-03(contracted; show full)

Ireland's first socialist party never reached beyond 80 active members.<ref>[http://www.davidlynchwriter.com/portfolio.html Radical Politics in Modern Ireland- A History of the Irish Socialist Republican Party 1896-1904 (Irish Academic Press)], David Lynch,</ref> Connolly clashed with the ISRP's other leading light, [[E. W. Stewart|E. W. Stewart,]] 
the party's sometime candidate for Dublin City Council. and with whom he was a party candidate for Dublin City Council. In [[1902 Dublin Corporation election|March1902 municipal elections]] Connolly won 432 votes in the Wood Quay Ward, against 1,434 for the incumbent, the independent nationalist and well-known songwriter, [[Patrick Joseph McCall]].<ref name="Dublin 78">{{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Joseph V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5DYJEavqNAC&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&dq=1902+dublin+election#q=1902%20dublin%20election|title=Dear, Dirty Dublin: A City in Distress, 1899-1916|year=1982|isbn=9780520039650|page=93}}</ref>   ⏎

==="Irish socialist agitator" in the United States===
In 1902 Connolly embarked on a lecture tour of the United States hosted by [[Daniel De Leon]]'s [[Socialist Labor Party of America|Socialist Labour Party]].  Connolly toured the East Coast and into the Midwest all the while, sending the income from his lectures to the ISRP back in Dublin. 

(contracted; show full)[[Category:Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America]]
[[Category:Members of the Socialist Party of America]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic]]
[[Category:Social Democratic Federation members]]
[[Category:Socialist Labour Party (UK, 1903) members]]
[[Category:Socialist League (UK, 1885) members]]
[[Category:Syndicalists]]