Difference between revisions 1012257101 and 1012267131 on enwiki

{{short description|Irish republican and socialist leader}}
{{Other people}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = James Connolly
| image         = James_Connolly2.jpg
| alt = A side view black-and-white photo of Connelly in a suit
| caption       = Connolly in {{circa}} 1900
| nickname      = 
(contracted; show full)

In the 1880s, Connolly read [[Friedrich Engels]] and [[Karl Marx]].<ref name=morgan1>{{cite book|author=Austen Morgan|title=James Connolly: A Political Biography|year=1989|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-2958-5|page=17}}</ref> Connolly was impatient with with "theory" as such. Later, in America, he was to laud  the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] for never being "a party of theorickers".
<ref>Letter from Connolly to John Carstairs Matheson, March 1908; cited in Allen, K., The Politics of James Connolly, London : Pluto, 1990. DOI : 10.2307/j.ctt1cx3tsf</ref> Having left formal education before his teens, it is suggested that Connolly read and absorbed influences "independently, sometimes putting those influences into play or into action in unorthodox ways" and that he would have agreed with Antonio Gramsci’s description of Marxismretained an understanding of Marxism that was [[Antonio Gramsci|Gramscian]] in the sense of regarding it as a "philosophy of praxis".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCarthy|first=Conor|date=2018-12-01|title=James Connolly, Civil Society and Revolution|url=http://journals.openedition.org/osb/2778|journal=Observatoire de la société britannique|language=en|issue=23|pages=11–34|doi=10.4000/osb.2778|issn=1775-4135}}</ref> The result is what his biographers chave described as aracterise as Connolly's mix of [[marxism]], [[nationalism]] and [[Christian ethics]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lubienski|first=Christopher Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2i7ak67BG4EC&q=james+connolly+christian+socialism|title=James Connolly's Integration of Socialism, Nationalism, and Christianity in the Context of Irish History|date=1992|publisher=Michigan State University. Department of History|language=en}}</ref>  

In Scotland in 1889, living in Dundee, Connolly joined the [[Socialist League (UK, 1885)|Socialist League]], which had been founded by [[William Morris]], [[Eleanor Marx]] and others in 1885. Later he joined the [[Scottish Socialist Federation]], serving as its secretary from 1895 to 1896. He was also active in the [[Independent Labour Party]], founded in 1893 by [[Keir Hardie]] and allies. 

At some time during this period, he took up the study of, and advocated the use of, the neutral international language, [[Esperanto]].<ref>[http://esperanto.ie/en/ireland/connolly.html James Connolly and Esperanto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215171329/http://www.esperanto.ie/en/ireland/connolly.html |date=15 December 2016 }}, esperanto.ie; accessed 28 May 2017</ref> His expresses his belief in "the necessity of a universal language" interest in his article "The Language Movement" (''The Worker's Republic'', October 1898), which primarily purpose of which, however, was to persuade Irish language activists to take their "proper place" in his [[Irish Socialist Republican Party]]: you cannot teach Gaelic to a people who "toil from early morning to late at night for a mere starvation wage".<ref>{{Cite web|title=James Connolly: The Language Movement (1898)|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/connolly/1898/10/language.htm|access-date=2021-03-15|website=www.marxists.org}}</ref> A short story, called ''The Agitator’s Wife'', which appeared in the ''Labour Prophet'', a short lived Christian Socialist journal, has been attributed to Connolly.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-15|title=Short story in 1894 journal may be lost James Connolly play|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/jan/15/short-story-in-1894-journal-may-be-lost-james-connolly-play|access-date=2020-12-19|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-01|title=Long-Lost James Connolly Play May Be Found|url=https://irishamerica.com/2019/03/long-lost-james-connolly-play-may-be-found/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=Irish America|language=en-US}}</ref> His interest in Esperanto is implicit in his 1898 article "The Language Movement", which primarily attempts to promote socialism to the nationalist revolutionaries involved in the Gaelic Revival.

In 1896, two months after the birth of his third daughter, word came to Connolly that the Dublin Socialist Club was looking for a full-time secretary, a job that offered a salary of a pound a week.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Kearney | first = Richard | title = The Irish mind: exploring intellectual traditions | publisher = Wolfhound Press | year = 1985 | location = Dublin | page = 200 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7BnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22dublin+socialist+club%22+job+that+pound+week | isbn = 978-0-391-03311-5}}</ref>  Connolly and his family moved to Dublin,.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Sheehan | first = Sean | title = Famous Irish Men and Women | publisher = Evans Brothers | year = 2008 | location = London | page = 12 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMI7pODIPGUC&pg=PA12 | isbn = 978-0-237-53432-5}}</ref> where he took up the position. 

===Irish Socialist Republican Party===
At Connolly's instigation, the Dublin Socialist Club quickly evolved into the [[Irish Socialist Republican Party]] (ISRP).<ref>{{Cite news | last = Hadden | first = Peter | title = The real ideas of James Connolly | magazine = Socialism Today | location = London | issue = 100 | publisher = Socialist Party (England and Wales) | date = Apr–May 2006 | url = http://www.socialismtoday.org/100/connolly.html | access-date =28 April 2011}}</ref> James Conno(contracted; show full)chwriter.com/portfolio.html Radical Politics in Modern Ireland- A History of the Irish Socialist Republican Party 1896-1904 (Irish Academic Press)], David Lynch,</ref> Connolly clashed with the ISRP's other leading light, [[E. W. Stewart|E. W. Stewart,]] and with whom he was a party candidate for Dublin City Council. In [[1902 Dublin Corporation election|March1902 municipal elections]] Connolly won 432 votes in the Wood Quay Ward, against 1,434 for the incumbent, the independent nationalist and 
well-knownpopular songwriter, [[Patrick Joseph McCall]].<ref name="Dublin 78">{{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Joseph V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5DYJEavqNAC&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&dq=1902+dublin+election#q=1902%20dublin%20election|title=Dear, Dirty Dublin: A City in Distress, 1899-1916|year=1982|isbn=9780520039650|page=93}}</ref>   

==="Irish socialist agitator" in the United States===
(contracted; show full)[[Category:Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America]]
[[Category:Members of the Socialist Party of America]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic]]
[[Category:Social Democratic Federation members]]
[[Category:Socialist Labour Party (UK, 1903) members]]
[[Category:Socialist League (UK, 1885) members]]
[[Category:Syndicalists]]