Difference between revisions 38078 and 38094 on enwiki

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin:0.5em;"
!colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#336699" | <font color="#FFFFFF">'''Jagiellonian University'''
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|colspan="2" align=center | [[Image:Jagiellonian University.png|Coat of Arms of the Jagiellonian University]]
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!colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#336699" | <font color="#FFFFFF">'''Data'''
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|bgcolor="#888888" | <font color="#FFFFFF"> '''Motto''' || bgcolor="#efefef" | Plus ratio quam vis <br>(''Reason means more than power'')
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|bgcolor="#888888" | <font color="#FFFFFF"> '''Polish''' || bgcolor="#efefef" | Uniwersytet Jagiello&#324;ski
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|bgcolor="#888888" | <font color="#FFFFFF"> '''Latin''' || bgcolor="#efefef" | Universitas Jagiellonica Cracoviensis
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|bgcolor="#888888" | <font color="#FFFFFF"> '''Established''' || bgcolor="#efefef" | [[1364]]
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|bgcolor="#888888" | <font color="#FFFFFF"> '''Location''' || bgcolor="#efefef" | [[Kraków]], [[Poland]] ([[EU]])
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|bgcolor="#888888" | <font color="#FFFFFF"> '''Enrolment''' || bgcolor="#efefef" | 38 538 ([[September 19]], [[2003]])
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|bgcolor="#888888" | <font color="#FFFFFF"> '''Rector''' || bgcolor="#efefef" | Professor Franciszek Ziejka
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|bgcolor="#888888" | <font color="#FFFFFF"> '''Address''' || bgcolor="#efefef" | Collegium Novum, ul. Go&#322;&#281;bia 24<br/>31-007 [[Kraków]]<br/>[[Poland]]
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|bgcolor="#888888" | <font color="#FFFFFF"> '''Phone''' || bgcolor="#efefef" | (+48 12) 422-10-33
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|bgcolor="#888888" | <font color="#FFFFFF"> '''E-mail''' || bgcolor="#efefef" | [email protected]
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|bgcolor="#888888" | <font color="#FFFFFF"> '''Homepage''' || bgcolor="#efefef" | [http://www.uj.edu.pl/index.en.html www.uj.edu.pl]
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|bgcolor="#888888" | <font color="#FFFFFF"> '''Membership''' || bgcolor="#efefef" | [[EUA]], [[Coimbra Group]], [[Europaeum]]
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!colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#336699" | <font color="#FFFFFF">'''Map'''
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|colspan="2" align=center |[[Image:Krakow Mapa1.png|250px|Kraków in Poland]]<br/>[[Kraków]] in [[Poland]]
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|}

'''Jagiellonian University''' (Polish: ''Uniwersytet Jagiello&#324;ski'') is a [[university]] in [[Krakow]], [[Poland]]. It was founded in [[1364]] by [[Casimir III of Poland]] as ''Akademia Krakowska''. 

==History==

Its development was stalled by the death of the king, and later the university was re-established ([[1400]]) by King [[Wladislaus II of Poland|Wladislaus Jagiello]] and his wife [[Hedwig of Poland|Hedwig]]. The queen donated all of her personal [[jewelry]] to the university. In the [[19th century]] the university was named Jagiellonian to commemorate [[Jagiellonian dynasty|this dynasty]] of Polish kings.

Throughout the history of the University, thousands of students from all over Poland, from [[Lithuania]], [[Russia]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]], [[Bohemia]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]] have studied there. In the second half of the 15th century, over 40% of university students came from the countries other than the Kingdom of Poland.  For several centuries, virtually the entire intellectual elite of Poland was educated at the University.

The first chancellor of the university was Peter Wysz and the first professors were Czechs, Germans and Poles, many of them trained at the [[University of Prague]] in [[Bohemia]]. The university and the chancellors were partisans of the [[Council of Basel]]. Of the students attending about one third were Poles.

Haller established a printing press in Krakow before [[1500]]. By [[1520]] Greek philology was introduced by [[Constanzo Claretti]], [[Wenzel von Hirschberg]] and [[Libanus]];  Hebrew was also taught.

==Alumni==

Famous historical figures connected with the University:

* [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] (1473-1543), astronomer, founder of [[heliocentrism]]
* [[Józef Cyrankiewicz]] (1911-1989), communist politician, prime minister of Poland (1947-1970)
* [[Norman Davies]] (b. 1939), [[United Kingdom|British]] historian
* [[Antoni Kepinski|Antoni K&#281;pi&#324;ski]] (1918-1972), psychiatrist
* [[Jan Kochanowski]] (1530-1584), poet, one of the pioneers of the [[Polish language]]
* [[John of Kolno]] (1435&#8211;1484), explorer
* [[Stanislaw Koniecpolski|Stanis&#322;aw Koniecpolski]] (1590?-1646), military commander and politician, Grand [[Hetman]] of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Crown]]
* [[Marcin Kromer]] (1512-1589), historian, a [[Prince-Bishop|Prince-]][[Bishop of Warmia]]
* [[Stanislaw Lem|Stanis&#322;aw Lem]] (b. 1921), writer
* [[Johannes Longinus]] (1415-1480), historian
* [[Carl Menger]] (1840-1921), economist and lawyer, founder of the [[Austrian School]] of economics
* [[Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski]] (1503?-1572), poet, diplomat and political thinker
* [[Waclaw Sierpinski|Wac&#322;aw Sierpinski]] (1882-1969), mathematician
* [[Francysk Skaryna]] (1485?-1540?), pioneer of the [[Belarussian language]], the first to print a book in an Eastern Slavic language
* [[Henryk Slawik|Henryk S&#322;awik]] (1894-1944), diplomat, one of the people who helped Jews during the Holocaust, a [[Righteous Gentile]]
* [[Wislawa Szymborska|Wis&#322;awa Szymborska]] (b. 1923), poet, [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (1996)
* [[John III of Poland|John III Sobieski]] (1629-1696), military leader and a king of [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], won the [[Battle of Vienna]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]] (b. 1920 as Karol Wojty&#322;a), poet, writer, [[pope]] and Catholic [[bishop]] of [[Rome]]
* [[Krzysztof Zanussi]] (b. 1939), film director

==Professors==

* [[Albert Brudzewski]] (1445-1497), astronomer and mathematician
* [[Stanislaw of Skarbimierz]] (1360-1431), rector, theologist, lawyer
* [[Pawel Wlodkowic|Pawe&#322; W&#322;odkowic]] (1370-1435), lawyer, diplomat and politician, representative of Poland on the [[Council of Constance]]
* [[Tadeusz Sulimirski]] (1898-1983), historian and archaeologist, experts on the ancient [[Sarmatians]]

==Enrollment==

With 38,538 (2003) students and 3174 scientists is one of the leading universities in Poland. 

== Library ==
The university library is one of the largest in the country, with almost 5,5 million volumes. It has a large collection of medieval manuscripts [http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/manus_e.html], for example [[Copernicus]]' ''De Revolutionibus'' or [[Balthasar Behem]]'s ''Codex''. 

It also gathered the underground literature (so called ''drugi obieg'') from the period of communist rule (1945-1989).

==Organisation==
[[Image:Globus_Jagellonicus.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Globus Jagiellonicus - made in [[1510]] is the first known globe to mention the name of [[Amerigo_Vespucci|America]].]]
The university is divided in 13 faculties:

* Law and Administration
* Medicine
* Pharmacy and Medical Analysis
* Health Care
* Philosophy
* History ([http://www.uj.edu.pl/dispatch.jsp?item=uniwersytet/wydzialy/historyczny.jsp&lang=en])
* Philology
* Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science 
* Mathematics and Computer Science
* Chemistry
* Biology and Earth Sciences
* Management and Social Communication
* International and Political Studies
* Biotechnology
  
Since 2000 the university is building the new complex of university buildings, so called the 3rd Campus.

==External links==
* http://www.uj.edu.pl (official site)

{{Europaeum}}
{{Coimbra Group}}

[[Category:Kraków]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Poland]]

[[de:Jagiellonen-Universität]]
[[it:Università Jagellonica]]
[[pl:Uniwersytet Jagiello&#324;ski<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="250">
<tr><td colspan="2" bgcolor="#336633" align="center">
[[Image:M551_Sheridan.jpg|250px|imagename]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Country Of Origin:</td><td>[[United States]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Designation:</td><td>Light Tank</td></tr>
<tr><td>Configuration:</td><td>Track</td></tr>
<tr><td>Manufacturer:</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td>Crew:</td><td>4</td></tr>
<tr><td>Length:</td><td>20.6 feet</td></tr>
<tr><td>Width:</td><td>9.2 feet</td></tr>
<tr><td>Height:</td><td>7.6 feet</td></tr>
<tr><td>Weight:</td><td> 17,5[[ton|t]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>Clearance:</td><td> mm</td></tr>
<tr><td>Fording:</td><td> mm</td></tr>
<tr><td>Obstacle:</td><td> mm</td></tr>
<tr><td>Trench:</td><td> m</td></tr>
<tr><td>Speed:</td><td>  43 mph (road)<br> km/h (off-road)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Range:</td><td>372 miles</td></tr>
<tr><td>Primary armament:</td><td>152mm gun</td></tr>
<tr><td>Secondary armament:</td><td>7.62mm MG</td></td></tr>
<tr><td>Armour:</td><td>mm</td></tr>
<tr><td>Power plant:</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2">''The above data pertains to the M551A1 Sheridan model''</td></tr>
</table>

The '''M551 Sheridan''' is a light [[tank]] and armoured reconnaissance vehicle developed by the [[United States]].  It is named after [[American Civil War|Civil War]] General [[Philip Sheridan]].

==Development==

In the immediate post-[[WWII]] era the [[US Army]] introduced the [[M41 tank]] into service to fill their light tank role, armed with the war-era British designed 76mm gun. However the lifetime of this system was fairly short, the 25 ton tank was considered too heavy to be a true light tank (the same as WWII mediums), and had a rather short cruising range. Plans started to build an even lighter replacement mounting the same gun, resulting in the T-71 and T-92 test designs. Two prototypes of the 19 ton T-92 were later ordered.

However as the prototypes were entering testing, information about the new Soviet [[PT-76 tank]] became available. The PT-76 was amphibious, and soon there were demands that any US light tank be able to swim as well. The T-92 was too far into the design to be refitted, so the design of an entirely new system started as the XM551, no longer known as a "light tank", but instead "armored reconnaissance/airborne assault vehicle".

The need for even lighter weight presented the design with a particularly difficult problem; guns capable of defeating modern tanks at reasonable ranges were so large as to make the vehicles able to carry them far too large and heavy to be used in the light tank role. The use of [[HEAT]] rounds instead of conventional penetrating ammunition could address this, but HEAT rounds work better at larger calibres. Gun weight is typically a function of the calibre and [[muzzle velocity]], so in the case of the XM551 they sacrificed the latter, producing the '''M81''' 152mm gun with very low muzzle velocity.

The M81 would allow the XM551 to deal with most tanks, but only at short ranges due to the low accuracy of the "lofted" low-velocity rounds. At longer ranges the tank would be vunerable, but it appeared there might be a solution to this problem. The solution was to equip the tank with gun-fired [[anti-tank missile]]s. A number of vehicles mounting only ATGM's, or alternately [[recoilless rifle]]s like the US's own [[Ontos tank]] were already in service, but typically these vehicles had limited firepower in the infantry support role. The XM551 appeared to offer the best of both worlds, for infantry support the large calibre gun allowed it to fire full-sized artillery rounds and canister shot, while also giving it reasonable short-range anti-tank performance from the same gun. Although the [[Shillelagh missile]] was considered a risky project, if it worked the XM551 would be able to deal with even the largest tanks at extreme ranges.

The vehicle designed to mount the gun was based on an [[aluminum]]-armored multipurpose tracked vehicle, powered by a large 300hp diesel engine. The XM551 thus had an excellent [[power-to-weight ratio]] and mobility, able to run at speeds up to 45mph, which at that time was unheard of for a tracked vehicle. Unfortunately the armor was thin enough that it could be penetrated even by heavy machine gun rounds, and is apparently particularly vunerable to mines.

Swimming capability was provided in a unique and somewhat odd fashion. The front armor was actually three folded layers, hinged together. They could be opened up into a sloping vertical surface in front of the driver providing a bow of a boat hull, about even with the top of the turret. Fabric formed the rest of the hull, folding up from hatches lining the upper corner where the side met the top of the hull, and held up at the back with poles. The front of the "hull" was provided with a plastic window, but in practice it was found that water splashing onto it made it basically useless, and the driver instead had to stand up to see.

==Production History==

Production started in 1966, and reached service in 1968 as the Sheridan. 1,562 M551s were built between 1966 and 1970. The M81 gun had problems with cracks developing near the breach after repeated firing, a problem that was later tracked to the "key" on the missiles that ran in a slot cut into the barrel. Most field units were modified to help address the problem, but later the modified M81E1 was introduced with a shallower slot, along with a similar modification to the missile, that cured the problem.

The Sheridan saw limited action in Vietnam. Like the Ontos, the battle reports from the troops were glowing, while the reports higher up the chain of command were entirely negative. Of course an anti-tank vehicle being fielded against an enemy that didn't use tanks was something of a waste, but the gun proved an able anti-personnel weapon, and was generally loved by the infantry who were desperate for direct-fire support. In this role the real problem with the Sheridan was its limited ammunition load, of only 20 rounds and 8 missiles. A common field-modification was to mount a large steel shield around the commander's 50cal gun, allowing it to be fired with some level of protection.

The Army started to phase out the Sheridan in 1978, although at the time there was no real replacement. Nevertheless the [[82nd Airborne]] were able to keep them on, to the extent of 57 machines today. The Sheridan was the only air-deloyable tank in the inventory, and as an elite force they had considerably more "pull" than general infantry and armor units who were forced to get rid of them. Their units were later upgraded to the '''M551A1''' model, including a thermal sighting system for the commander and gunner. Sheridans were used [[Operation Just Cause]] in Panama in 1989, and were again lauded by their operators as providing firepower in needed situations. The Sheridan was also deployed in [[Operation Desert Shield]] in 1991.

Several attempts to upgun or replace the Sheridan have been made over the years since it was introduced, but none have yet been successful. Several experimental versions of the Sheridan mounting a new turret carrying the [[NATO]]-standard 105mm gun were made, but the recoil was so great as to make it almost unusable. Several new vehicles were tested as a part of the [[Armored Gun System]] effort of the 1980s, but none of these entered service. Today the [[Stryker]] is intended to replace the Sheridan at long last, but many have commented that the Stryker's [[Armored personnel carrier|APC]]-based hull is even less capable than the Sheridan. Perhaps more annoyingly the 105 is a dedicated anti-armor gun and therefore less useful in the anti-personnel role than the M81.

The most ironic part of the M511 story is that it was created in order to give the US forces an amphibious tank, causing the existing T-92 design to be adbandoned. However for all the trouble, it appears that the swimming system of the M511 was never used in combat.

==Variants==
* M551: the basic production model
* M551A1: upgraded M551, used by the 82nd airborne only

==Operators==
: [[United States]]
: [[Singapore]] (in Reserve Storage)

==Combat History==

: [[Vietnam]]
: [[Operation Just Cause]] in Panama
: [[Operation Desert Shield]]

==See Also==
* [[List of "M" series military vehicles]]
* [[Patton tank|M-60A2]] used a similar 152 mm gun which also fired the [[Shillelagh missile]]s.

==External links==
*[http://www.eaglehorse.org/4_ftx_gunnery/equipment/m551_sheridan/sheridan_intro.htm Vietnam-Germany-Fort Irwin: the Eaglehorse and the M551 Sheridan] - an excellent and in-depth history of the M551 Sheridan

[[Category:Light tanks]]
[[Category:Weapons named after people]]