Difference between revisions 44593 and 47122 on enwiki

''This article is about the bones called '''ribs'''. For other meanings, see [[rib (disambiguation)]].''

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In [[anatomy]], the '''ribs''' ([[Latin]] ''costae'') are the long curved [[bone]]s which form the '''rib cage'''. They surround the [[chest]] (Latin [[thorax]]) of land [[vertebrate]]s. They protect the [[lung]]s, [[heart]], and other internal [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]]s of the [[thoracic cavity]].

In mammals, obvious ribs only occur in the chest: fused-on remnants of ribs can be traced in development in neck vertebrae and sacral vertebrae. In reptiles, ribs sometimes occur in all vertebrae from the neck to the sacrum.

In fish, the full set is four ribs on each vertebra. This can easily be seen in the [[herring]]. Not all fish have the full set.

The [[human skeleton]] has 24 ribs, 12 on each side. (A small proportion have one pair more or fewer). They are attached to the [[vertebral column]] behind. The first seven pairs are connected to the [[sternum]] in front and are known as ''true ribs'' (''costae verae'', I-VII). The eighth, ninth, and tenth are attached in front to the [[cartilage|cartilaginous]] portion of the next rib above and are known as ''false ribs'' (''costae spuriae'', VIII-X). The lower two, that is the eleventh and twelfth, are not attached in front and are called ''floating ribs'' (''costae fluitantes'', XI-XII). The spaces between the ribs are known as intercostal spaces; they contain the intercostal [[muscle]]s, [[nerve]]s, and [[artery|arteries]]. The rib cage allows for [[breathing]] due to its elasticity. In some humans, the rib remnant of the 7th neck vertebra on one or both sides is replaced by a free extra rib called a ''cervical rib'', which can cause trouble for the nerves going to the arm.

There is a [[legend]] that men have one rib fewer than women. This is false, and originates from the ''[[Bible]]'s'' description of the creation of [[Adam and Eve|Eve]] (from the rib of [[Adam]]).

== See also ==
*[[Bone#Terminology|Bone terminology]]
*[[Terms for anatomical location]]

[[Category:Skeletal system]]

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[[pl:żebra (anatomia)'Darius III''' or '''Codomannus''' (c. [[380 BC | 380]] - [[330 BC]]), was the last king of the [[Achaemenid dynasty]] of [[Persia]] from [[336 BC]] to [[330 BC]]. He was deposed after [[Alexander the Great]]'s conquest.

After the ambitious chiliarch [[Bagoas]] murdered King [[Artaxerxes III of Persia]] in [[338 BC]], and his son King [[Arses of Persia|Arses]] in [[336 BC]], he sought to install a new monarch who would be easier to control. He chose Codomannus, a distant relative of the royal house who had distinguished himself in a combat of champions in a war against the [[Cadusians]] (Justin 10.3; cf. Diod. 17.6.1-2) and was serving at the time as a royal courier (Plutarch, Life of Alexander 18.7-8, First Oration On the Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander 326.D). Codomannus was the son of Arsames son of Ostanes, one of Artaxerxes's brothers and Sisygambis, daughter of Artaxerxes II Mnenon.

Codomannus took the regnal name Darius III, and quickly demonstrated his independence from his assassin benefactor. Bagoas then tried to poison Darius as well, but Darius was warned and forced Bagoas to drink the poison himself (Diodorus 17.5.6). The new king found himself in control of an unstable empire, large portions of which were governed by jealous and unreliable satraps and inhabited by disaffected and rebellious subjects.

In [[336 BC]] [[Philip II of Macedon]] was authorized by the [[League of Corinth]] as its Hegemon to intiate a sacred war of vengence against the Persians for desecrating and burning the Athenian temples during the [[Second Persian War]]. He sent an advance force into [[Asia Minor]] under the command of his generals Parmenion and Attalus to "liberate" the Greeks living under Persian control. After they took the Greek cities of Asia from [[Troy]] to the Maiandros river, Philip was assassinated and his campaign was suspended while his heir consolidated his control of Macedonia and the rest of Greece. 

In the spring of [[334 BC]], that heir, [[Alexander the Great]], who had himself been confirmed as Hegemon by the League of Corinth, invaded Asia Minor at the head of a combined Greek army and almost immediately faced and defeated a numerically-superior Persian force at the [[Battle of the Granicus|Battle of the Granicus River]]. In [[333 BC]] Darius himself took the field against the Greek king, but his much larger army was outflanked and defeated at the [[Battle of Issus]] and Darius was forced to flee, leaving behind his chariot, his camp, and his family, all of which were captured by Alexander. In [[331 BC]], Darius' sister-wife Statira, who had otherwise been well-treated (Plutarch, Life of Alexander 21.2-5), died in captivity, reputedly in childbirth (Plutarch, Life of Alexander, 30.1). In September of that year, after rejecting the Great King's peace overtures, Alexander again defeated Darius at the [[Battle of Gaugamela]], when his chariot driver was killed and the Great King was knocked off his feet, which set off a general Persian rout, as his troops panicked at what they believed was the death of their king. Darius then fled to [[Ecbatana]] to begin raising a fourth army, while Alexander took possession of [[Babylon]], [[Susa]] and the Persian capitol at [[Persepolis]].

Darius was deposed by his [[satrap]] [[Bessus]] and was assassinated at Bessus' order in [[July]] [[330 BC]], in order to slow Alexander's pursuit. Alexander gave Darius a magnificent funeral and eventually married his daughter Statira at [[Opis]] in [[324 BC]].

==External links==
*[http://www.gaugamela.com A detailed biography of Darius]
*[http://www.american-pictures.com/genealogy/persons/per01592.htm A genealogy of Darius] 
*[http://www.pothos.org/alexander.asp?paraID=14&keyword_id=9&title=Darius%20III Pothos.org: Darius III]

{| align="center" cellpadding="2" border="2"
|-
| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2" | Preceded by:<br>'''[[Arses of Persia|Artaxerxes IV Arses]]'''
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[List of kings of Persia|Shahanshah of Persia]]'''
| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="3" | Succeeded by:<br>'''[[Alexander the Great|Alexander III the Great]]'''
|-
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[Pharaoh|Pharaoh of Lower Egypt]]'''<br>''[[Achaemenid dynasty]]''
|-
| width="30%" align="center" | '''[[Khabbabash]]'''
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[Pharaoh|Pharaoh of Upper Egypt]]'''
|}

[[Category:Monarchs of Persia]]
[[Category:Pharaohs]]

[[de:Dareios III.]]
[[fr:Darius III]]
[[pl:Dariusz III]]
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