Difference between revisions 1528151 and 1555019 on enwikiversity

[[Image:Detectors summary 3.png|thumb|right|200px|This tree diagram shows the relationship between types and classification of most common particle detectors. Credit: [[commons:User:Wdcf|Wdcf]].]]
'''Radiation detectors''' provide a signal that is converted to an electric current. The device is designed so that the current provided is proportional to the characteristics of the incident radiation.

(contracted; show full)verted to a voltage and then a digital signal, which is interpreted by a computer to produce a digital image. Although silicon has outstanding electronic properties, it is not a particularly good absorber of X-ray photons. For this reason, X-rays first impinge upon scintillators made from such materials as gadolinium oxysulfide or caesium iodide. The scintillator absorbs the X-rays and converts them into visible light photons that then pass onto the photodiode array."<ref name=XRayDetector/>

==
Research==
{{main|Research}}⏎
Hypotheses==
{{main|Hypothesis:es}}
# Radiation detectors can be built to differentiate between superluminal, luminal, and subluminal radiations.
⏎
==Control groups==
{{main|Control groups}}
[[Image:Lewis rat.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This is an image of a Lewis rat. Credit: Charles River Laboratories.]]
The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the ''status quo'' or the control group.

“In the design of experiments, treatments [or special properties or characteristics] are applied to [or observed in] experimental units in the '''treatment group'''(s).<ref name=Hinkelmann>{{ cite book
|author=Klaus Hinkelmann, Oscar Kempthorne
|year=2008
|title=Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=T3wWj2kVYZgC&printsec=frontcover
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Wiley
|isbn=978-0-471-72756-9
|mr=2363107 }}</ref> In ''comparative'' experiments, members of the complementary group, the '''control group''',  receive either ''no''&nbsp;treatment or a ''standard'' treatment.<ref name="Bailey">{{ cite book
|author=R. A. Bailey
|title=Design of comparative experiments
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|url=http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521683579
|year=2008 
|mr=2422352
|isbn=978-0-521-68357-9
|url1=http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/~rab/DOEbook/ }}</ref>"<ref name=ControlGroup>{{ cite web
|title=Treatment and control groups, In: ''Wikipedia''
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|month=May 18,
|year=2012
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_group
|accessdate=2012-05-31 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Proof of concept==
{{main|Proof of concept}}
'''Def.''' a “short and/or incomplete realization of a certain method or idea to demonstrate its feasibility"<ref name=ProofofConceptWikt>{{ cite web
|title=proof of concept, In: ''Wiktionary''
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|month=November 10,
|year=2012
|url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proof_of_concept
|accessdate=2013-01-13 }}</ref> is called a '''proof of concept'''.

'''Def.''' evidence that demonstrates that a concept is possible is called '''proof of concept'''.

The proof-of-concept structure consists of
# background,
# procedures,
# findings, and
# interpretation.<ref name=Lehrman>{{ cite journal
|author=Ginger Lehrman and Ian B Hogue, Sarah Palmer, Cheryl Jennings, Celsa A Spina, Ann Wiegand, Alan L Landay, Robert W Coombs, Douglas D Richman, John W Mellors, John M Coffin, Ronald J Bosch, David M Margolis
|title=Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study
|journal=Lancet
|month=August 13,
|year=2005
|volume=366
|issue=9485
|pages=549-55
|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894952/
|arxiv=
|bibcode=
|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5
|pmid=
|accessdate=2012-05-09 }}</ref>

==Proof of technology==
{{main|Proof of technology}}
"[T]he objective of a proof of technology is to determine the solution to some technical problem, such as how two systems might be integrated or that a certain throughput can be achieved with a given configuration."<ref name=ProofofConcept>{{ cite web
|title=Proof of concept, In: ''Wikipedia''
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|month=December 27,
|year=2012
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_concept
|accessdate=2013-01-13 }}</ref>

'''Def.'''
# "[a]n original object or form which is a basis for other objects, forms, or for its models and generalizations",<ref name=PrototypeWikt>{{ cite web
|title=prototype, In: ''Wiktionary''
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|month=December 8,
|year=2013
|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prototype
|accessdate=2014-01-03 }}</ref>
# "[a]n early sample or model built to test a concept or process",<ref name=PrototypeWikt/> or
# "[a]n instance of a [[wikt:category|category]] or a [[wikt:concept|concept]] that combines its most representative attributes"<ref name=PrototypeWikt/> is called a '''prototype'''.

'''Def.''' "[t]o test something using the conditions that it was designed to operate under, especially out in the real world instead of in a laboratory or workshop"<ref name=FieldTestWikt>{{ cite web
|title=field-test, In: ''Wiktionary''
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|month=August 5,
|year=2012
|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/field-test
|accessdate=2013-01-13 }}</ref> is called "field-test", or a '''field test'''.

A "proof-of-technology prototype ... typically implements one critical scenario to exercise or stress the highest-priority requirements."<ref name=Liu>{{ cite journal
|author=A. Liu; I. Gorton
|title=Accelerating COTS middleware acquisition: the i-Mate process
|journal=Software, IEEE
|month=March/April
|year=2003
|volume=20
|issue=2
|pages=72-9
|url=http://cin.ufpe.br/~redis/intranet/bibliography/middleware/liu-cots03.pdf
|arxiv=
|bibcode=
|doi=10.1109/MS.2003.1184171
|pmid=
|accessdate=2012-02-15 }}</ref>

"[A] proof-of-technology test demonstrates the system can be used"<ref name=Wessel>{{ cite journal
|author=Rhea Wessel
|title=Cargo-Tracking System Combines RFID, Sensors, GSM and Satellite
|journal=RFID Journal
|month=January 25,
|year=2008
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=1-2
|url=http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/pdf/3870/1/1/rfidjournal-article3870.PDF
|arxiv=
|bibcode=
|doi=
|pmid=
|accessdate=2012-02-15 }}</ref>.

"The strongest proof of technology performance is based on consistency among multiple lines of evidence, all pointing to similar levels of risk reduction."<ref name=Rao>{{ cite book
|author=P. Suresh, C. Rao, M.D. Annable and J.W. Jawitz
|title=''In Situ'' Flushing for Enhanced  NAPL Site Remediation: 
Metrics for Performance Assessment, In: ''Abiotic ''In Situ'' Technologies for Groundwater Remediation Conference''
|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
|location=Cincinnati, Ohio
|month=August
|year=2000
|editor=E. Timothy Oppelt
|pages=105
|url=http://www.afcee.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-071003-081.pdf#page=108
|arxiv=
|bibcode=
|doi=
|pmid=
|accessdate=2012-02-15 }}</ref>{{seealso|Control groups|Proof of concept|Proof of technology}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Principles of Radiation Astronomy]]
* [[Radiation]]
* [[Radiation astronomy]]
{{Div col end}}
(contracted; show full)
* [http://www.springerlink.com/ SpringerLink]
* [http://www.tandfonline.com/ Taylor & Francis Online]
* [http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Main_Page WikiDoc The Living Textbook of Medicine]
* [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/advanced/search Wiley Online Library Advanced Search]
* [http://search.yahoo.com/web/advanced Yahoo Advanced Web Search]

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