Difference between revisions 1896609 and 1952685 on enwikiversity

[[Image:Skylab-73-HC-440HR.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Saturn V SA-513 lifts off to boost the Skylab Orbital Workshop into Earth orbit on March 14, 1973. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Astronomy]] is performed by location and is subject to local conditions. The shapes and sizes of observatories have changed over time, as have their altitude. The motivations for putting an observatory manned or unmanned at different altitudes has led to a great variety in '''lofting technology'''.
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(contracted; show full)==Lofting technology theory==

Here's a [[Definitions/Theory#Theoretical definition|theoretical definition]]:

'''Def.''' an organization of knowledge for the practical purpose of propelling high into the air or above the air is called '''lofting technology'''.

==Observatories==
{{main|
Astronomy/Observatories|Observatories}}
'''Def.''' "[a] place where stars, planets and other [[wikt:celestial body|celestial bodies]] are observed"<ref name=ObservatoryWikt>{{ cite book
|author=[[wikt:User:Paul G|Paul G]]
|title=observatory
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|date=19 March 2004
|url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/observatory
|accessdate=2012-12-05 }}</ref> is called an '''observatory'''.
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|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/148/what-is-sea-level#1
|title=''What is "Mean Sea Level"?''
|publisher=Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory }}</ref> MSL also plays an extremely important role in [[w:aviation|aviation]], where standard sea level pressure is used as the measurement datum of altitude at [[w:flight level|flight level]]s.

==Atmospheres==
{{main|
Astronomy/Atmospheres|Atmospheric astronomy}}
[[Image:Atmospheric window EN.svg|thumb|450px|right|Absorption spectrum during atmospheric transition of electromagnetic radiation. An atmospheric transmission 'window' can be seen between 8-14 µm. Credit: .]]
'''Def.''' a layer of [[w:Gas|gases]] that may surround a material body of sufficient [[w:Mass|mass]],<ref name=Ontario>{{ cite book
|url=http://www.ontariosciencecentre.ca/school/clc/visits/glossary.asp
(contracted; show full)|doi=10.1888/0333750888/4166
|pmid=
|isbn=
|accessdate=2011-11-14 }}</ref> The CFHT is at an altitude of 4,204 meters [[w:Mauna Kea|Mauna Kea]] last erupted 4,000 to 6,000 years ago [~7,000 b2k]. The Mauna Kea Observatories are used for scientific research across the electromagnetic spectrum from visible light to radio, and comprise the largest such facility in the world.
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==Balloons==
{{main|
Astronomy/Balloons|Balloons}}
[[Image:Wallops Balloon With BESS Payload DSC00088.JPG|thumb|left|250px|A research balloon is readied for launch. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:Maxislaunch.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The MeV Auroral X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy experiment (MAXIS) is carried aloft by a balloon. Credit: Michael McCarthy and NASA.]]
(contracted; show full)|location=McMurdo Station
|date=December 26, 2012
|url=http://news.yahoo.com/nasa-launches-telescope-toting-balloon-antarctica-christmas-164200686.html
|accessdate=2012-12-26 }}</ref>
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==Aircraft==
{{main|
Astronomy/Airborne|Aircraft}}
[[Image:NASA C-141A KAO.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The telescope is within the rectangular black hole on the side of the C-141A KAO aircraft. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:446826main ED10-0080-03c 946-710.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The SOFIA observatory is flying with 100% open telescope door. Credit: NASA.]]
(contracted; show full)| publisher=SPIE — The International Society for Optical Engineering
| location=Munich, Germany
|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0004253
| arxiv=astro-ph/0004253 }}</ref> The aircraft can also travel to almost any point on the Earth's surface, allowing observation from the northern and southern hemispheres.
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==Space cannons==
{{main|
Astronomy/Space cannons|Space cannons}}
[[Image:Project Harp.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image shows the High Altitude Research Project (HARP) 16 inch (406 mm) gun. Credit: [[w:User:Noahcs|Noahcs]].]]
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The lower troposphere is the densest layer of the atmosphere, and some of these issues may be mitigated by using a space gun with a "gun barrel" reaching above it (e.g. a gun emplacement on a mountaintop).

A space gun, by itself, is generally not capable of placing objects into stable orbit around the planet, unless the objects are able to perform course corrections after launch.
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==Sounding rockets==
{{main|
Astronomy/Sounding rockets|Sounding rockets}}
[[Image:Nike-Black Brant VC XQC launch.gif|thumb|left|250px|Carried aloft on a Nike-Black Brant VC sounding rocket, the microcalorimeter arrays observed the diffuse soft X-ray emission from a large solid angle at high galactic latitude. Credit: NASA/Wallops.]]
(contracted; show full)|bibcode=1974STIN...7513787H
|doi=
|pmid=
|accessdate=2012-12-09 }}</ref> Vertikal 1 and 2 studied solar radiation in the wavelength range 0.1 nm to 150.0 nm with regard to X-ray emission of the quiet Sun and solar X-ray bursts.
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==Aircraft assisted launches==
{{main|
Astronomy/Airborne/Launches|Aircraft assisted launches}}
[[Image:Lockheed_TriStar_launches_Pegasus_with_Space_Technology_5.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Orbital Sciences' L-1011 jet aircraft releases the Pegasus rocket carrying the Space Technology 5 spacecraft with its trio of micro-satellites. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:Pegasus Carried by B-52 - GPN-2003-00044.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This image shows a Pegasus being carried to altitude by B-52. Credit: NASA.]]
(contracted; show full)|url=http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/masint/98-062.html
|accessdate=17 August 2011
|publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory
|date=23 April 1998 }}</ref>
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==Orbital rocketry==
{{main|
Astronomy/Rocketry/Orbitals|Orbital rocketry}}
[[Image:TRACE in cleanroom during assembly.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The TRACE spacecraft is imaged in its cleanroom during assembly. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:Atlas IIAS launch with SOHO.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is launched atop an ATLAS-IIAS expendable launch vehicle. Credit: NASA.]]
(contracted; show full)|orbital]] satellite that carried the first space-borne gamma-ray telescope. This was the earliest beginning of space [[gamma-ray astronomy]]. Launched on April 27, 1961 by a [[w:Juno II|Juno II rocket]] the satellite returned data until November 17, when power supply problems ended the science mission. During the spacecraft's seven month lifespan it detected twenty-two events from gamma-rays and approximately 22,000 events from cosmic radiation.
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==Sun-synchronous orbital rocketry==
{{main|
Astronomy/Rocketry/Sun-synchronous|Sun-synchronous orbital rocketry}}
[[Image:Heliosynchronous Orbit.png|thumb|right|250px|Diagram shows the orientation of a Sun-synchronous orbit (green) in four points of the year. A non-sun-synchronous orbit (magenta) is also shown for reference. Credit: [[commons:User:Brandir|Brandir]].]]
[[Image:ERS 2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The photograph shows a full-size model of ERS-2. Credit:Poppy.]]
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* GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) is a nadir scanning ultraviolet and visible spectrometer.
* ATSR-2 included 3 visible spectrum bands specialized for [[w:Chlorophyll|Chlorophyll]] and [[w:Vegetation|Vegetation]]

==Shuttle payloads==
{{main|
Astronomy/Rocketry/Orbitals/Shuttles|Shuttle payloads}}
[[Image:Onboard_Photo_-_Astro-1_Ultraviolet_Telescope_in_Cargo_Bay.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The ASTRO-1 observatory's suite of four telescopes points skyward from the payload bay of Columbia, STS-35. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:STS-45 payload.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The image provides a view of Atlantis's payload bay for the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS-1). Credit: NASA.]]
(contracted; show full) aboard the Spartan platform were sensitive to the energy range 1-12 keV. The instrument scanned its target with narrowly collimated (5' x 3°) GSPCs. There were 2 identical sets of counters, each having ~ 660 cm<sup>2</sup> effective area. Counts were accumulated for 0.812 s into 128 energy channels. The energy resolution was 16% at 6 keV. During its 2 days of flight, Spartan-1 observed the Perseus cluster of galaxies and our galactic center region.
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==Orbital platforms==
{{main|
Astronomy/Rocketry/Orbitals/Platforms|Orbital platforms}}
[[Image:Salyut7 with docked spacecraft.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This view of the Soviet orbital station Salyut 7 follows the docking of a spacecraft to the space station. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:Skylab and Earth Limb - GPN-2000-001055.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Skylab is an example of a manned observatory in orbit. Credit: NASA.]]
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|date= }}</ref> slightly inside the orbit of [[Mercury]]. Helios 2 was sent into orbit 13 months after the launch of Helios 1. The probes are no longer functional but still remain in their elliptical orbit around the Sun." On board, each probe carried an instrument for cosmic radiation investigation (the CRI) for measuring protons, electrons, and X-rays "to determine the distribution of cosmic rays.
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==Exploratory rocketry==
{{main|
Astronomy/Rocketry/Exploratory|Exploratory rocketry}}
[[Image:72410main ACD97-0036-2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This diagram shows each of Pioneer 10's systems. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:Launch of Pioneer 10-2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The launch of Pioneer 10 aboard an [[w:Atlas-Centaur|Atlas/Centaur]] vehicle. Credit: NASA Ames Resarch Center (NASA-ARC).]]
[[Image:Pioneer 10 mission jupiter.png|thumb|right|250px|This diagram shows the interplanetary trajectory for Pioneer 10. Credit: NASA.]]
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On November 17, 1998, ''Voyager 1'' overtook ''Pioneer 10'' as the most distant man-made object from Earth, at a distance of {{convert|69.419|AU|km|abbr=on}}. It is currently the most distant functioning space probe to receive commands and transmit information to Earth.
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==Rocky-object rocketry==

{{main|Astronomy/Rocketry/Rocky objects|Rocky-object rocketry}}
[[Image:Apollo 11 Saturn V lifting off on July 16, 1969.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|right|250px|A [[w:Saturn V|Saturn V]] [[w:Saturn (rocket family)|rocket]] launches Apollo 11 in 1969. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:Missao Apollo.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This diagram shows each of the rocketry steps needed for lunar orbit and landing. Credit: NASA.]]
(contracted; show full)[[Category:Astronomy learning projects/Lectures]]
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